Ji Fa, the founding monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty
Ji Fa (?) –c. 1043 BC) Ji (姬) (often referred to in Western Zhou bronze inscriptions as king of Hun), the second son of Ji Chang and Tai Ji the Prince of Zhou, a native of Qi Zhou (present-day Qishan, Shaanxi), and the founding monarch of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
During the reign of King Jichang of Zhou, the national strength gradually became stronger, and "the world was divided into three parts, and the second returned to Zhou", laying the foundation for the destruction of the Shang. After Ji Chang's death, his son Ji Fa succeeded to the throne as King Wu of Zhou.
Ji Fa reused Xianliang internally, continued to use Jiang Taigong (i.e., Jiang Shang) as his military master, and used his younger brother Zhou Gongdan as Dazai, and Zhao Gong, Bi Gong, Kang Shu, Dan Ji and other good ministers all held their positions, and talents gathered, and politics flourished. Strive to unite more princely states and strengthen their strength. King Wu judged the hour and sized up the situation, actively prepared conditions for the extinction of the merchants, and waited for the opportunity. In order to facilitate the attack on the Shang capital Chaoge, King Wu of Zhou established the new capital Haojing (present-day Xi'an) on the east bank of Fengshui.
In the second year after King Wu of Zhou ascended the throne, he led a large army to the tomb of King Wen of Biyuan (in present-day Chang'an District, Shaanxi Province) to pay homage to the tomb of King Wen, and then turned east to march towards Chaoge. In the Chinese army, a large wooden plaque with the name of his father Xi Bochang was erected, and he was only called Prince Fa, which meant that he was still commanded by King Wen. The army arrived at Mengjin (孟津, in present-day northeastern Mengjin County, Henan) on the south bank of the Yellow River, and eight hundred princes rushed to participate. The situation of the people's hearts and minds towards the Zhou and The King of Shang has been formed, and the princes have urged the King of Wu to march immediately to Chaoge. King Wu and Jiang Shang, believing that the time was not yet ripe, ordered the whole army to return after the army crossed the Yellow River, and warned everyone not to be too hasty with "you do not know the destiny of heaven". Because the time was not yet fully ripe, the class master returned to the dynasty. This rehearsal of the annihilation of business is known in history as "Mengjin's Meeting" or "Mengjin's Watching Soldiers".
After Mengjin watched the troops, King Wu stepped up the training of troops while sending people to listen to Yin Shang's movements. After hearing the spies' 3 reports, they learned that Yin Shang had been "slanderous and used, loyal and far away": the prince Bigan had been cut off from his chest and dug into his heart; Jizi pretended to be crazy and was punished as a slave; Weizi felt hopeless, had fled, and lived in seclusion; and the people did not dare to complain. King Wu felt that Yin Shang had fallen apart, that the rebels had left, and that the time was ripe to conquer the King of Sui.
In the spring of the fourth year after King Wu ascended the throne, an unprecedented war of annihilation of the shang was launched. Worshiping Jiang Shang as his commander, he sent 50,000 troops across the Yellow River to the east. When the army arrived in Mengjin, the eight hundred princes also led their troops to help in the battle, and the King of Wu held an oath meeting in Mengjin. In a solemn and solemn atmosphere, Ji Fa held the Huang Yu, which symbolized the command of the army, in his left hand, and the yak-tail staff used to give orders in his right hand, and under the protection of Lü Shang and Shu Dan, he ascended to the altar of earth and issued a famous oath to all the soldiers, which was called the "Pastoral Oath" by posterity: "Shi Jia Zi Is not cool, and the dynasty is an oath to the Shang suburbs and makino. Wang Left Staff Huang Yu, Right Bing Bai Yi Yi, said: "Yi Yi, the man of the Western Soil!" ”
Wang Yue: "Oh! My friend Tsukasa Jun, Imperial Affairs: Situ, Sima and Sikong, Ya Brigade, Shi Clan, Centurion, Centurion, and Yong, Shu, Qiang, Qi, Wei, Lu, Peng, Puren. Call Ergo, Birgan, Lil Spear, and give him an oath. ”
Wang Yue: "The ancients had a saying: 'There is no morning for the rooster; the morning of the rooster is only the rope of the family.' 'Now the king of Shang is subjected, but the words of the woman are used, and the fainting of the king's parents and brothers is not di, but the many sins of the four sides flee, and they are revered or long, and they are messengers, and they think that they are masters and secretaries, and they are tyrannical to the people, and they are adulterous to the merchants. Now to be sent, but to do the punishment of heaven. Today's affairs are not in the six steps, seven steps, but in the end, in unison. Master! Do not be ashamed of the four cuts, five cuts, six cuts, seven cuts, but stop, Qi Yan. Oh Master! Shang Huan Huan, like a tiger like a cat, like a bear like a cat, in the suburbs of Shang. Fu Yu Ke Ben, to serve the Western Earth, Xun Zhaofuzi! Ersophra, its Erzhu has a killing. ”
The gist of it is that the kings and generals of the friendly countries have abandoned the state government, disrespected shinto, abandoned their compatriots, and violently abused the people, and the heavens are angry and resentful. Now, God commands me to exercise punishment on yin. Raise up your go, your generals, and your shields, and fight as mighty as a tiger and as majestic as a bear. Work hard, soldiers!
After the oath ceremony, after the oath, king Wu led a large army to kill the Shangdu Chaoge in a mighty way, and along the way, the momentum was like a bamboo, and soon they hit Makino, which was only 70 miles away from Chaoge, and the two armies opened a position near Makino for a decisive battle.
The king believed that he had 700,000 military horses, but the Zhou army only had 50,000, which was simply to hit the stone and the moth to put out the fire with pebbles. However, he knew that King Wu's army was a well-trained elite division, brave and tenacious in battle, and more than half of his 700,000 troops were temporarily armed slaves and prisoners captured from Dongyi, who had been oppressed and abused by King Huan on a daily basis, and hated King Huan to the bone, and who was willing to fight for him. Therefore, as soon as the two armies clashed, the slaves turned their spearheads and surrendered one after another, cooperating with the Zhou army to attack the Shang army, and the so-called 700,000 troops of the King of Lu collapsed in an instant. Jiang Shang then commanded the Zhou army, taking advantage of the victory to chase after it, all the way to Chaoge.
After the defeat of Makino, king Huan fled back to Chaoge, and feeling that he had no power to return to heaven, he ordered people to move all the treasures in the palace to Lutai, and then set fire to himself and burned himself to death. When the people of Chaoge heard that king Huan was dead, they lined up to welcome the Zhou army into the city. King Wu entered the city and came to Lutai, and when he saw the corpse of King Huan, he shot three arrows in a row, and cut off the heads of King Huan and Daji, and hung them under a white flag outside the palace for public display. Two of King Huan's favorites, Evil Lai and Fei Zhong, were also beheaded. The crowd was slaughtered, and the people's hearts were happy. Since then, the Yin Shang Dynasty, which has lasted for more than 600 years, completely perished with the self-immolation of the evil King Of Qi, and is known as the King of Wu Keyin.
Regarding the historical facts of the Wu King's cutting merchants, the first batch of Li Gui, which prohibited the exhibition of cultural relics abroad (border), can be proved. Li Gui, also known as Wu Wang Zheng Shang Gui, is a sacrifice vessel made by Yousi (official name) Li during the zhou wu wang period, excavated in Lintong, Shaanxi in 1976, and is the earliest western Zhou bronze ware of the era that has been discovered. The inner bottom of Li Gui's abdomen is cast with an inscription of 4 lines and 32 characters, to the effect that: King Wu cut the merchant, the early morning star of jia zi day is in his place, it is suitable for conquest; on Xin Wei day, eight days after the victory over the Shang Dynasty, the king of Wu rewarded the local army garrison with "Yousi" Li yi copper, Li felt very honored, and used copper to cast treasures to commemorate this event. The historical facts recorded by Li Gui confirm the records of the Shangshu Mu Oath and the Yi zhou Shu Shi Prisoner.
In the Book of Poetry, the song of the Battle of Makino is sung: "Wei Shi Shang Father, Shi Wei Ying Yang." "The Battle of Makino, with King Wu as the commander and Taigong Wang as the commander-in-chief, may be holding a military flag painted with an eagle emblem, fluttering with the wind, and morale is high, so it is called "Makino Eagle Yang".
The Zhou Dynasty was established, with the capital at Hojing (present-day southwest of Xi'an, Shaanxi). King Wu of Zhou posthumously honored his father Ji Chang as King Wen and divided them into princes.
Due to excessive toil, Ji Fa fell ill the year after the extinction of the business. At that time, the world was not yet at peace, and the ministers of the Zhou Dynasty were worried that Ji Fa's death would bring turmoil. After Ji Fa's condition improved slightly, it soon deteriorated again. At the time of his death, he still remembered the world that was not yet at peace, and he was worried that his son Ji Shu was still young and lacked political experience, and he was not enough to take on the heavy responsibility of managing the world, so he entrusted all the important affairs of the auxiliary government to Shu Dan soon.
After the Battle of Makino, King Wu entered the shang capital, and the three kingdoms of Shao, Shu, and Wei were divided into three kingdoms, with Shao fengzi Lu (i.e., Wu Geng), and Huang and Wei were managed by Guan Shuxian and Cai Shudu, the younger brothers of King Wu, and collectively known as the Three Prisons (one said Guan Shu Jianwei, Cai Shu Jian, and Huo Shu Jian Shao to monitor Wu Geng). Subsequently, troops were sent to conquer the Shang Dynasty princes who had not yet surrendered, and it is recorded that there were 99 conquerors and 652 countries.
In the fourth year of King Wu (c. 1046 BC), after King Wu destroyed the Shang, he returned to the west and held a grand ceremony in his newly moved capital of Yihaojing (宗周, in modern Fengshuidong, northwest of Xi'an, Shaanxi), officially announcing the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty.
After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, the political situation was quite grim, and King Wu ruled such a large area as the king of a "small state" and feared that the princes would rebel. In order to consolidate his political power and meet the needs of the new situation, King Wu decided to reward him for his merits, adjust the internal relations of the ruling clique, and implement a political system centered on the Zhou royal family. The meritorious people who have been knighted successively mainly include: Jiang Taigong, Zhou Gongdan, Zhao Gongyi and so on. In order to control the vast newly conquered areas, the early Zhou Dynasty followed the shang feudal system, and divided the royal family, meritorious servants, and nobles of the previous generations to various places as princes and established princely states. There were 71 vassal states such as Lu, Qi, Yan, Wei, Song, Jin, and Yu.
The main purpose of this feudalism of King Wu of Zhou was threefold:
1. Appease Yin Min: Seal wu geng in Yin, and set up the three kingdoms of Shao, Yong, and Wei around Yin, and seal them to Uncle Huo, Uncle Guan, and Uncle Cai to monitor Wu Geng, which clearly states to the world that the elimination of Yin is to hang the people and cut down the crime, and there is no intention of destroying Yin to appease the Yin people in the east.
Second, the rise and fall of the succession: Jiao, Zhu, Ji, Chen, Qi, these feudal states, to the descendants of ancient emperors who have merit in the people, expressing the intention of revering virtue and repaying merit, inspiring the people' hearts.
Third, the real side of immigration: The three kingdoms of Qi, Lu, and Yan, for the new territory of Zhou in the east, these feudal states are the real border of immigration, and the development of the area, the intention of enough food and foot soldiers, and at the same time, in the application of policies, it can also be said that in the rear of the Yin nation, a containment force has been established.
The patriarchal system sprouted as early as the primitive clan period, but the formation and emergence of a complete system as a complete system that maintained relations between nobles was in the Western Zhou Dynasty. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Shang and unified the world, under the patriarchal system, "the founding of the Son of Heaven, the establishment of the princes, the side room of the Qing, the second sect of the doctor, and the subordinate disciples of the scholars", a systematic and complete management system was formed.
The patriarchal system is a system of inheritance of the right to distinguish between relatives and relatives according to the distance and proximity of the bloodline, derived from the patriarchal system of the patrilineal clan, the core of which is the inheritance system of the eldest son of the concubine, which is mainly used to distinguish the relationship between the concubine and the relative, with the purpose of establishing the inheritance right of status and property within the family, improving and consolidating the sub-feudal system, and preventing disputes between the nobles because of the inheritance of power. Emperor Daizong was revered by Emperor Shuzong because he had the right to inherit property within the family, the so-called "Honoring the Ancestors and Respecting the Ancestors".
In coordination with the feudal system in political organizations, the patriarchal system in social organizations, and the ritual system in cultural thought, King Wu of Zhou implemented the well field system in economic terms. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, roads and channels crisscrossed each other, dividing the land into blocks, shaped like the word "well", so it was called "well field". Ida belonged to the King of Zhou and was assigned to the common people for use. Lords were not allowed to buy, sell or transfer wells, and they had to pay a certain amount of tribute. The lord forced the commoners to cultivate the well fields collectively, with private land around them and public land in the middle. The King of Zhou divided the land layer by layer to the princes, and the princes gave the land to Qing Dafu, who in turn gave the land to his sons and subordinates. The king of Zhou has the right to seize the land he has, the nobles who have been sealed at all levels only have the right to use the land, there is no ownership, they can only enjoy it for generations, they cannot transfer and buy and sell, and the recipients also have to bear the obligation to the king, that is, to pay tribute to the king, so that the king of Zhou effectively controls the vast territory and binds the people to the small peasant economy under the feudal system.
The ancient Chinese ida system was different from the Western manor system, accompanied by a corresponding political system. In the Western manor system, large pieces of arable land were cultivated by peasants cooperatively, and peasants were attached to the land, so they were serfs, that is, slavery. The landowner is the nobility. China's well field system divides the land into tic-tac-toe shapes, and the peasants are not attached to the land; although the ownership of land is noble, the peasants are not serfs, so the political systems of China and the West are naturally different. Therefore, strictly speaking, there was no slave society in the strict sense of ancient China, nor a primitive communist society, but a short-lived feudal society. After the abolition of the well field system by the Shang martingale, the political system implemented in China was actually a centralized system based on the county system.
After king Wu of Zhou established the Western Zhou Dynasty, he created a series of unprecedented great measures, the core idea of which was "respecting heaven and protecting the people", and since then, Shaanxi Ji Zhou has become the founder of Chinese civilization - the sub-feudal system in political organizations, the patriarchal system in social organizations, the well field system in economic organizations, and the ritual music system in cultural thought, which have influenced China for more than three thousand years.
The Zhou Dynasty ritual system should be called the liturgical system in its entirety, and it is divided into two parts: liturgy and music. The part of the ceremony mainly divides the identity of the person and social norms, and eventually forms a hierarchical system. The music part is mainly based on the hierarchy of etiquette, using music to alleviate social contradictions. The former is the basis and premise of all systems, and the latter is the form and guarantee for the operation of the system.
Zhou Li strictly distinguished and limited the position of each individual in society, from the national system and patriarchal level to impose mandatory constraints on the people, the establishment of a hierarchical differentiated society, in order to maintain a harmonious coexistence between people in such a society, the rulers use music, with spiritual and cultural appeal as the basic way to communicate emotions, to resolve the various antagonisms and contradictions caused by the hierarchy and orderliness of etiquette.
Anecdotal allusions and legends about King Wu of Zhou
Shi Zai Zhou Wu Wang "plucked his teeth and looked at the sheep (yang)". That is, there are double teeth and a wide field of view. Later generations explained that the Wu King needed force to destroy the Shang, and an extra heavy tooth was grown to show strength, and Wangyang said that he could be far-sighted.
When Jiang Ziya assisted the King of Wu in cutting the silk, he encountered a cat on a march, but no one knew it at the time, and Jiang Ziya felt that it looked mighty and extraordinary, so he tried to subdue it and use it as his mount. Take it to war and win many battles. King Wu of Zhou saw that Qi Qi was so brave and magical, so he gave him an official with the official name "Yun". At that time, Jiang Ziya found that the daily food intake was amazing, but he never urinated or defecated. And its only excretory system is to secrete a little bit of strange sweat from the fur of its whole body, and animals from all directions smell this strange fragrance and rush to compete for food involuntarily, and the result is eaten by cats.
Regarding its origin, there are still small stories that people like to hear about it! It is said that in the early days of the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, the world had just been at peace, but unexpectedly, a vicious dragon appeared in the Wei River to do evil and harm the people. One day, King Wu of Zhou, the son of King Wen of Zhou, was leading an inspection of his troops, and happened to encounter this evil dragon that wantonly harmed the people, and King Wu ordered the soldiers to line up and shoot arrows in unison to kill the dragon. To celebrate, a table of auspiciousness. The fireman in the army brought a large cauldron and fried the dragon meat cut into small pieces, because there were few soldiers, only a little shame could be put in the bowl for each person, and the result was that the noodles were multiplied. This is also the prototype of the Qishan face. > so when celebrating this victory in the future, pigs were used instead of dragons and noodles to be eaten collectively. It was later extended to other festivals and festivals. This cheek noodle also gradually spread, and its practice gradually spread and developed.
The giant bridge, also the name of the ancient bridge, is located on the north side of the ancient city of Yingxiang in present-day Qiu County. Mao Yisheng's "History of Ancient Bridge Technology in China" is called "Giant Bridge", which is found in the earliest documentation of a large wooden bridge with a porous beam type. "Notes on the Water Classics" contains: On the east bank of the giant bridge, there is a giant bridge pavilion, which is known as the giant bridge warehouse in history, which is the first warehouse in China. During the Shang Dynasty, the giant bridge was the central city of chaoge, Yindu, Handan, and sand dunes, and there was a palace annex. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed the Silk, the Southern Palace distributed grain from the Giant Bridge Warehouse to help the hungry, and the history called the Giant Bridge sent millet.
This story is mainly about king Wu of Zhou and Concubine Ning, who at first met by chance by the river, and eventually fell in love with each other and successfully joined together as a family. King Shang was very grumpy, and at the instigation of Dai Ji, he killed King Wu's brother Boyikao, cooked it, and forced King Wu to make four sheep fangzun.
In order to complete the task of building the Four Sheep Fangzun on time, the King of Wu could only rush to work day and night, and at that time, the people of Great Zhou were living in the depths of the water, and even many people died of direct exhaustion. Concubine Ning delivered water and food to the workers every day to make them feel more relaxed.
More and more people fell, and later the wizards of the Great Zhou proposed to use the children to forge the Four Sheep FangZun, and many people were very angry but there was no other way. Concubine Ning directly jumped into the altar in order to save more people, and the Four Sheep Fangzun was finally trained, and later the King of Shang was very happy to indulge in gentle township every day.
In 1046 BC, with his own troops, he launched an attack on the King of Shang, and finally fought a decisive battle at Makino, which was called the Battle of Makino. Later, King Wu successfully won the victory, becoming one of the few cases in history in which less won more, which also accelerated the demise of the Shang Dynasty to a certain extent.
Conclusion: Although this is just a love story, the authenticity needs to be examined, but it does look more touching, giving the Four Sheep Fang Zun a more mysterious feeling.
Nezha conjured up three heads and six arms, repelled Shen Gongbao and Yu Ling, and rushed to Jiang Ziya's hut by the WeiShui River, and used the Qiankun circle to repel Hu Xian'er and Qingqing. Jiang Ziya healed Bukit's mother and asked her to take the Hundred Herbs Pill. Jiang Ziya told him that the rain must be related to the Dragon God. Lady Nuwa saw that the dragon god Bu Rain was harming the people, and she sinned against the dragon god, telling her that she would be beheaded by Ji Fa at noon tomorrow. The dragon god was frightened, fled to the human world, was bumped by Nezha, and was taken to see Jiang Ziya. The Dragon God pleaded with Jiang Ziya. Jiang Ziya asked the Dragon God to ask Xi Bohou. Still tired and sad about the suffering of the people, the dragon god Tuo dreamed to Xi Bohou to save his own life and threaten to drown Xiqi. Xi Bohou cared for the people and promised to drag Ji Fa the next day. Daji used Nüwa Shi to treat Qingqing's whiplash wounds, and suspected that Nüwa Shi was not owned by Shen Gongbao at the beginning, but by Jiang Ziya, and that her perception might have helped the wrong person. Yu Ling and Qingqing persuaded that the matter had reached this point, and they could only make mistakes. At the same time, Dai Ji learned that the Dragon God was going to be beheaded by Ji Fa, and was afraid that he would not be able to eliminate Xiqi without the help of the Dragon God, so he decided to rescue him. At noon the next day, Ji Fa came to see Xi Bohou, who saw that Ji Fa was tired and asked him to sleep in his father's bed. Xi Bohou wanted to use this to keep Ji Fa and prevent him from killing the Dragon God. However, Ji Fa transformed into the Yuan God in his sleep or found the Dragon God, and fought with the Dragon God in a military costume, and Dai Ji arrived and rescued him, and Ji Fa fell into danger. Jiang Ziya sensed all this and asked Nezha to rush to the rescue. Nezha arrived, and the four of them fought together again. Ji Fa eventually beheaded the Dragon God, and Dai Ji repelled Nezha and fled. The dragon head of the Dragon God landed in the hall of the Marquis Mansion, and Xi Bohou saw it and fainted. At the behest of his master, Lei Zhenzi searched for treasures that had fallen from the sky and had fallen nearby. Xi Bohou was unconscious, and the courtiers asked Ji Fa to act as an agent of government affairs first.
King Wu cut down the forest, Fengming Qishan, Aiding and Abetting abuse, Beacon Drama Princes, The Battle of Makino, Whim, Panting, Ambition is not in high age, going back and forth in vain, lingering and forgetting, heart like a knife, sheep touching the fence, sacrificing one's life for the country, golden splendor, loyalty and righteousness, loyalty and filial piety, the general trend has gone, thinking before and after (from: Ming Xu Zhonglin's "Fengshen Yanyi")