The Song Dynasty, a dynasty that could coexist with minority regimes, reached its peak in the economic and cultural fields. Some people may have doubts, the culture of the Song Dynasty was at its peak, so how high was the cultural level of ethnic minorities in the same period? Let's explore it together.
(Excerpt from the Qingming Upper River Map)
Many ethnic minority aristocrats reached the cultural level of participating in the Song Dynasty's imperial examinations.
In order to develop the culture of ethnic minorities, the Song Dynasty once set up a school in the areas inhabited by ethnic minorities. In the Song Dynasty, while setting up the School of Fertility to recruit the children of ethnic minority nobles, there were also places recommended to participate in the Imperial Examination of the Ministry of Rites, and encouraged students of the Imperial Household to participate in the Examination of the Imperial Examination after studying.
The Song government referred to ethnic minority submissives as "Guiming people." In the fifth year of Xuanhe, guiming people can participate in both literary and martial arts. For example, during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Yang Guang, a leader of ethnic minorities in Chengzhou (present-day Jingzhou, Hunan), took the initiative to ask for the establishment of a school after his return to Shun, and later,
His grandson Sheng Zheng and Jian entered the Taixue School with a tribute of years, denghui was elected, and his great-grandson Lizhong was promoted to Shaoxing Jiadi. Then the reverence for Confucianism is from its own nature, and the beauty of the toes is also manifested."
It can be seen that his grandchildren and great-grandchildren are all jinshi. Not only did I participate in the imperial examination, but I also went to high school.
There are also self-taught Confucian culture to participate in the imperial examination, such as Wei Min, a native of Shanglin zhuang in Pennsylvania, Guangxi, who is a literary scholar who has participated in the imperial examination. Then there is Qin Qingyuan, a Rongzhou man of the Mulam clan, whose three generations are officials from the Jinshi, Qin Qingyuan Jingde Jinshi, Qingyuanzi Kaibao Jinshi, and Qin Changguang Tenant Zi are Qingli Jinshi.
(Song Dynasty Keju scene)
Through these historical facts, the cultural level of many children of ethnic minorities can pass the test of the Song Dynasty, and it can also be seen that the Confucian education of the children of ethnic minorities by the Song government was successful.
Individual outstanding talents become cultural masters or masters.
The most famous person in the academic community is none other than the Sichuan Yi clan "I Ching" family Guo Xiaoshi: "Guo Shuo clan, the family Nanping, the ancestor of the Han Dynasty as Yan Junping's teacher, the hereditary "Yi" learning, GaiXiang number of the study also." "
The ancestors of the Nanping Yi clan, the Guo Yu clan, were masters of Yi studies as early as the Han Dynasty, Yan Junping was a Taoist scholar of the late Western Han Dynasty, and the Chengdu people Yan Zun worshiped him as a teacher. Up to the Song Dynasty, it still maintained the dominant position of the authority of yi studies. The famous "Yi" family everyone affirmed, that is, to get the essence from it:
"Shao Xi studied Buddhism and analyzed his reasoning to Confucianism." Later, he studied "Yi" in Guo Yu's clan, and entered it from the phrase "seeing is the image of the saying". "
And thus became the "Easy" learner. He was the founder of the Fuling School, one of the four schools of Bashu Science in the Song Dynasty, and was highly regarded by scholars. During the Jing Kang period, Emperor Qinzong of Song immediately ordered him to "send an official from Henan Province to go to Que".
There is also a famous painter in the painting world: Wang You. Historical records:
Wang You is a "tribal person", which can be seen that he actually comes from a minority tribe. Another historical source says: "Wang You, Zi Zhongyi, a Hanzhou native, and a teacher Zhao Chang." It is proved that he is an ethnic minority in Hanzhou, Sichuan.
Ethnic minorities read and speak the Chinese language.
For example, in the Southern Song Dynasty, there were literate readers in the Guiyang Army Yao Clan. The Shes in the southeast region were formed in the Song Dynasty, and many of them knew Chinese characters. Today, in the Wuwei area of Gansu Province, "most of the Descendants of the Chinese are Chinese descendants, all of whom know Chinese and are quite literate."
During the Song Dynasty, ethnic minorities and Han Chinese traded with each other, and all exchanges were in Chinese, and even more, Chinese did not have a special accent, which made it difficult to distinguish after wearing Hanfu. It can be seen that ethnic minorities have different degrees of Sinicization in the Song Dynasty, and their language and cultural level has also been continuously improved by its influence.
Ethnic minorities are also vibrant in their own cultures.
In addition to speaking Chinese, most ethnic minorities also have their own ethnic scripts, even if it is not as simple as Chinese, it is still a way of communication and memorization within ethnic minorities.
In addition, ethnic minorities have superb handicraft skills, such as the Guangxi Zhuang are good at weaving exquisite clothing fabrics, and the Guangxi Yaos have superb smelting technology. The handicrafts of ethnic minorities are exquisitely made rich in national style, and the quality is even better than that of the Central Plains. All of the above manifestations show that the cultural level of ethnic minorities in some aspects is very high, even no less than that of the Song Dynasty.
(Zhuang cotton weaving technology)
In addition to the vitality of the culture of ethnic minorities, the increasing cultural level of ethnic minorities is inseparable from the vigorous support of the Song government. The Song government attached great importance to the improvement of the cultural level of ethnic minorities.
In previous dynasties, rulers always chose to use force to obtain the submission of ethnic minorities, which to some extent reflected the inequality between ethnic minorities and Han Chinese. The Song government adopted a strategy of civil rule, taking the cultural side and using it for a long time.
With the development of social politics and culture, as well as the needs of border consolidation and mountainous development, the Song Dynasty gradually began to strengthen the cultural education of ethnic minorities, and under the impetus of several waves of revival, the government-run schools specially set up for ethnic minorities flourished. Compared with the previous dynasties, the Song Dynasty attached the greatest importance to improving the cultural level of ethnic minorities, and actively promoted it with the strength of the imperial court, setting off several waves of revival of learning.
1. In the first wave of learning, the far-sighted northwest magistrate proposed the creation of fanxue.
During the Qing calendar, Huanzhou planted Shiheng, first.
The original intention of the establishment of the clan was mainly to establish a close relationship with the children of ethnic minority nobles, and to use it as a "soft" hostage to maintain friendship and consolidate border defenses. Even if the educational significance of the first school is not obvious, it has laid the foundation for the expansion of the scale of subsequent schools.
2. The second wave of xingxue, a veritable study of Theatrics, was established during the reign of Emperor Shenzong of song.
In the fifth year of Xi Ning, Emperor Shenzong of Song issued an edict. Unlike the previous local officials, who founded the clan by themselves, the order issued by the imperial court meant that the construction of the clan was elevated from the will of the local government to the will of the state. The armies of the northwestern frontier states could apply for it, obtain the approval of the imperial court and allocate funds, give books and school fields, and decompose the amount.
(Song Dynasty official architecture)
With the help of the imperial court, the school was established. The ethnic minorities in the territory also implemented the county system in this "foreign land" under the background of large-scale Sinicization actions, and newly established Anhua County, which was directly led by the imperial court, and then established official schools:
"Anhua County School, built in the west of the county, Song Xining." "Library Cabinet, in Anhua County, Song Jian." "
There are prefectural schools, and there are library buildings (i.e., libraries) in the prefectural schools. Anhua Shi "Yi zhi has learned, built from Xining, the beginning of the founding, the scale is also quite grand." This kind of state school, built in the "Mo Li" settlement, is mainly based on educating the Yao ethnic group, which belongs to the Fan school without the name of the "Mo Li", that is, the education of ethnic minorities is completely integrated into the same teaching system as in the interior, which is more formal and advanced.
However, this wave lasted only four years, and because of the lack of funds, the construction of the clan school encountered a large-scale suspension.
3. The third wave of revival of learning, the re-establishment of the study of Theatrics, is of far-reaching significance.
Due to the needs of Kaibian, thirty years after the construction of the last fan school, the northwest and other places of the school were re-established, and the scope and effect exceeded that of Xi Ning. Some local officials also gave lectures in ethnic minority areas, such as the Southern Song Dynasty Hu Quan who was in Charge of the Jiyang Army in Hainan, "in the cliff day to teach the scriptures, the Li chieftain heard about it, and sent his sons to enroll", which of course also belonged to the minority school.
(Baoshan College)
In addition, the atmosphere of college construction has also been further strengthened. The local government of the Southern Song Dynasty set up a number of teaching-oriented academies in the Yao settlements in western Hunan, such as the Zuoxin Academy in Jingzhou, the Dongzhou Academy in Luxi County ,present-day LuxiXi, Hunan), and the Baoshan Academy in Qianyang County, Yuanzhou, all of which complemented the education of minority children in official studies.
Finally, a total of about 20 schools and academies of various kinds have been established in areas with concentrated ethnic minorities, and a large number of children of ethnic minority nobles have been recruited as students in state and county schools, with Confucian classics as the main teaching materials, which has played a role in enlightening and disseminating civilization in ethnic minority areas, and improving their cultural level.
This political, ideological, cultural, and educational movement has far-reaching influence and is an unprecedented feat and moral government in history. In particular, the study of Buddhism in the northwest region "made the Tubo Dynasty of the Tang Dynasty decline and decline from the monopoly of cultural education by monasteries", which promoted the transformation of ethnic minority education in the Hehuang region and promoted the separation of secular school education and scholastic education, which is of great historical significance.
(As a new college)
The vigorous development of Song culture reached a historical peak, and the cultural level of ethnic minorities in the Song Dynasty also reached a peak. It can be said that it is a "win-win" situation. The rulers of the Song Dynasty used culture to make the ethnic minorities know etiquette and become gentle and polite, and the Song Dynasty also stabilized the ethnic minorities, making military conquest unnecessary.