The TV series "The Twelve Hours of Chang'an" set in the Tang Dynasty became popular, and the pronunciation of the official position "Right Guard Rate of the Eastern Palace" in the play was also on fire. In the second episode of "Zhang Xiaojing throws Yao Ru Neng to smash the shop", Yao Runeng reports his official position as "The Right Guard Rate of the Eastern Palace (lǜ)". Many viewers expressed different opinions on the Internet, believing that the word "rate" should be pronounced shuài, which caused controversy. The pronunciation of the word "rate" has actually become a hot problem on the Internet, which I am afraid that the crew did not expect in advance. So, how to read the "rate" of "East Palace Right Guard Rate"?
Yao Runeng reported himself as the official "Right Guard Of the Eastern Palace (lǜ)"
"Rate" and "shuai" are synonymous
Polysyllabic characters are a common phenomenon in Chinese, and a word with two tones or polyphonic characters often affect the meaning of the word. "Rate" is a polysyllabic word, and in modern Chinese (Mandarin), its common pronunciation is shuài and lǜ. When reading shuài, it generally means "leading" and "exemplary", such as "leading" and "exemplary"; when reading lǜ, it generally means "number", such as "efficiency" and "interest rate". "Wei Rate" is an ancient official position that cannot be touched in the modern Chinese environment. This kind of vocabulary that we don't usually encounter, we usually solve the problem by looking up reference books. However, sometimes reference books are also misrepresented. The Hanyu Da Dictionary places an entry under the lǜ pronunciation of the "rate" entry for "prince subordinate official", which is inappropriate.
The Hanyu Da Dictionary "rate" character
The Eastern Palace is the Tai Gong, and the "Right Guard Rate of the Eastern Palace", also known as the Prince Right Guard Rate, is a subordinate officer of the ancient crown prince. The Old Book of Tang and The First Official of the Tang Dynasty says: "In the seventh year of Wude (624), the decree was that the Eastern Palace should place the Three Divisions, the Three Shaos, the Zhan Shi Mansion, and the Menxia Classic Book. The Second Inner Fang; the Second Family Order, the Rate Change, and the Servant Three Temples; the Second Left and Right Guards Leading House, the Left and Right Zongwei Leading Houses, the Left and Right Yu Hou Leading Houses, the Left and Right Prison Gate Leading Houses, and the Left and Right Inner Rate Houses, are the Ten Rate Houses. ”
For ancient words such as "Donggong Right Guard Rate", the most appropriate way is to judge the pronunciation of the word "rate" by consulting ancient rhyme books. The Guangyun promulgated in the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1008) is the first official rhyme book in ancient China, and the Chinese characters it includes are all annotated with character sounds and meanings, and have the functions of dictionaries and dictionaries. Since most modern Chinese dialects are the inheritors of the Middle Chinese sounds, we can derive modern Chinese pronunciations through Guangyun. In the Guangyun, the character for "rate" is "cut like the same", which is translated into modern Chinese, and its pronunciation is shuài. In other words, in guangyun and its predecessors, the pronunciation of the word "rate" was not a problem at all, because there was no inverse cut of the lǜ sound.
"Guangyun" handsome rhyme and rate rhyme
When did the pronunciation of the word "rate" cause trouble? In the second year of Baoyuan (1039), the Northern Song Dynasty introduced an official rhyme "Collection Rhyme". The main difference between "JiYun" and "Guangyun" is that there are more variant characters and more heterophonic characters. The word "rate" was given a new pronunciation, "inferior cut, approximation also." "Inferior Cut" is translated into modern Chinese and is pronounced lǜ.
"Rhymes" with the word "rate"
After the "rate" has more different sounds, it is easy to misread, and the Song people also consider this problem. Emperor Shenzong's annals of Tang Jian Gaozuxia specifically notes the pronunciation of "Right Guard Rate of the Eastern Palace", "(Wu De) Decree at the beginning of the seventh year: ... The Eastern Palace placed the 3rd Division to the Tenth Rate House ("Rate Yin Shuai"). "Rate" sound "Shuai" is the straight tone method of phonetic pronunciation, that is, "rate" is pronounced as "shuai".
"Tang Jian Gao Zuxia"
In fact, the words "rate" and "handsome" are synonymous since ancient times. In "Broad Rhyme", not only do the two words have the same anti-tangent sound; they also have the same meaning. "Guangyun" Shuai Xiaoyun commented: "Shuai, general Shuai also." "Guangyun" rate Xiaoyun notes: "Rate ... Collar also, will also. The "Shuai" note of the "Commentary on the Interpretation of Words" points out more clearly: "Shuai, rate, 帨, 說, 㕞, brushing six characters are common in ancient homophones, and later generations analyze the characters in different texts." Thief towel. Commander-in-chief, training general. "Rate" and "Shuai" can be said to be different from each other, and the Ten Rate House is the Ten Shuai Mansion.
Notes on the Interpretation of The Words of the Commentary on the Interpretation of the Text, the word "shuai" and the word "rate"
The Tang Dynasty canonical system history book "Tongdian And Officials XII" can also prove that the "rate" of the "Right Guard Rate of the Eastern Palace" should mean "rate (Shuai) Collar". "Emperor Wu of jin built the Eastern Palace, the rate of the guards, the rate of the first guards... Datang is the left and right Wei leading the province... One person each, the leader of the guards, the supervision of the team, the chief judge of the government affairs. The "Eastern Palace Military Officer" article of the Old Book of Tang and the Third Official: "The left and right guards of the crown prince lead one member each, and the deputy leader leads one person each." The left and right guards led the government decree of the Eastern Palace soldiers to fight the Yu Wei, and the matter of the general Cao..." How to read "rate", the answer is obvious.
"Sentence" and "tick" are separated by transliteration
It can be seen from the example of adding the "rate" character to the phonetic meaning of the word "ji rhyme" that polysyllabic characters will bring great trouble to future generations. In order to avoid misreading polysyllabic characters, the ancients distinguished polysyllabic characters by changing the glyphs of Chinese characters. The word "hook" that we are familiar with appeared very late, and it is not found in "Guangyun" and "Jiyun". In the "Guangyun" hook rhyme, the word "sentence" is interpreted as: "Shuowen, Qu also ... Nine more encounters, two cuts in the ancient days. The original meaning of "sentence" is to bend, and the "sentence" of the chapter sentence is its extended meaning. "Sentence" has two pronunciations at the same time: Jiuyuche (corresponding to the jù sound of modern Chinese) and Guhouqie (corresponding to the modern Chinese gōu sound).
"Guangyun" hook small rhyme
In order to avoid ambiguity, later generations divided the word "sentence" into the words "hook" and "sentence": "hook" means bending; "sentence" means the meaning of chapter and sentence. The sound words "enough", "goji", "dog" also indicate that "sentence" could have been read as gōu. In short, "sentence" is the original word of "hook", and "hook" is the differentiated word of "sentence".
"Commentary on the Interpretation of The Text" "sentence (hook)" word
In the modern Chinese environment, "sentences" generally do not read gōu, only jù. However, when encountering ancient names and place names (clan names, country names) such as "Sentence Wu", "Sentence Chapter", "Sentence Practice", etc., "Sentence" still needs to be read as gōu. In the pre-Qin period, Jiangnan belonged to the habitat of the ancient Yue people, and many place names bore the obvious imprint of ancient national languages. These nouns are characteristic of the Ancient Yue language (belonging to the Dongtai language family).
Ningbo Metro Jurzhang Road Station
What does this "sentence" mean? Before the 1980s, the word "sentence" was once considered to be a spoken word or an unethical prefix. In fact, "sentence" has a real meaning, and it is the central word (the central word of the ancient Yue language is first). The word "sentence" is pronounced *koo in ancient pronunciation, meaning ethnic group. This character is equivalent to the Thai kɔɔɔ for "clan, clan, group" (kɔɔ has another grass and bush meaning, and the ethnic meaning extends from this). "Sentence Wu" is named after Wu Zizhi Emperor, or because of the southern branch of the Yu (Wu) kingdom. "Sentence Chapter" is an ancient place name in Ningbo, meaning "Zhang(Zhang) Ming Clan". After the victory of Jujutsu, a city was built near present-day Cicheng, Ningbo, and the gongzong was enfeoffed here, so it was named "Sentence Chapter".
These Ancient Yue words have long been historical stereotyped nouns in the Chinese language and are generally not modified. According to the principle of differentiating the use of "hook" and "sentence" today, "sentence practice" cannot be forcibly changed to "hook practice". Otherwise, it is a common sense error, after all, in the pre-Qin period, the "Zuo Zhuan" and other literature only had "sentence practice", not "gouge practice".
"Chen" and "Tian" perform their respective duties
The pronunciation of the word "rate" is more complex than that of "sentence". It is not only a polysyllabic word, but also involves a common problem with other words. Two or more Chinese characters are common because of their phonetic synonyms, which was a common phenomenon in ancient times, especially in ancient times. In order to avoid this problem, the wise ancients began to standardize the phonetic meaning of Chinese characters as early as the Qin Dynasty.
The Chronicle of History mentions a famous allusion to "Tian Shi Dai Qi". After the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty, Hu Gongman, a descendant of Shun, was found and sealed in Chen Di (present-day Huaiyang County, Henan Province), establishing the State of Chen. Since Shun was a concubine surname, Chen Guo was called The Concubine Surname Chen Guo. During the Spring and Autumn Period, after the death of Chen Ligong, his brother Gongzi Lin took the throne as Duke Zhuang of Chen. Duke Li of Chen's son Gongzi was unable to succeed to the throne, and went out of the state of Qi to avoid disaster. Because the sound of "Chen" and "Tian" at that time was synonymous, "with the Chen character as Tian Shi", it was changed to Tian Shi. Chen Quan became Tian Quan, because his nickname was "Jing Zhong", and the history books called it "Tian Jing Zhong". When Tian He was the Chancellor of the State of Qi, he exiled the Duke of Qi Kang to the sea and established himself as a monarch. In 386 BC, King An of Zhou recognized Tian He as the Marquis of Qi. In order to distinguish the two States of Qi, later generations called the State of Qi founded by Lü Wang, the Prince of Jiang, Jiang Qi, and the State of Qi founded by Tian He as Tian Qi.
However, both the Spring and Autumn Literature and the Warring States cultural relics prove that Tian Jingzhong and his descendants did not write as Tian Shi, but directly as Chen Shi. According to the Analects of Gongyechang, "Cui Zi killed Qi Jun, chen Wenzi had ten horses, and abandoned them. "Chen Wenzi is Tian Wenzi Su Wu in the "History of Tian Jingzhong's Complete Family". According to the inscriptions of the Warring States cultural relics, after tian usurped the throne and stole the state of Qi, he did not call himself "Marquis of Qi", but "Marquis of Chen"; in addition, jiang Qiguojun was called "Marquis of Lü". Tian Qi called himself "Marquis of Chen", not "Marquis of Qi", in order to distinguish himself from Jiang Qi's "Marquis of Lü" and to avoid the world's thinking that the monarch of the State of Qi was still "Marquis of Lü". Chen Hou Wu of Chen Hou Wu Dun is Qi Huan Gong Tian Wu; Chen Hou Yin Zhi (last next month) in Chen Hou Yin Dun is Tian Yin Qi, the king of Qi Wei.
Spring and Autumn (Concubine) Chen Hougui and Warring States (Qi) Chen Houyin Consult dun
Due to the relationship between the patriarchal system, although the concubine Chen of The Emperor of The Emperor and the Qi Chen of the Xiaozong are both "Chen", the two "Chen" glyphs are still slightly different. Jin Wenfei Chen as "敶", Qi Chen as "upper Chen and lower soil".
Jin Wen "Chen" character
Why did Sima Qian, in the "Records of History", refer to Qi Chen as the Tian clan and the monarch as the Marquis of Qi or the King of Qi? This is because the current names of the Six Kingdoms are written according to the Qin people. Qin unified writing, far from being as simple as unifying glyphs, it also standardized the use of words. A large number of people's names and place names in the East of the Warring States are different after being transcribed by Qin Xiaozhu. For example, the State of Yan, which is also one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States, initially had the name of the country "匽", and was only later renamed the homophonous "Yan" after the Qin and Han Dynasties.
It can be said that it is because the Qin people want to distinguish between Concubine Chen and Qi Chen, and write Qi Chen as "Tian". Commentary on the "Tian" character in the Commentary on the Interpretation of the Text: "Each book is Chen. Now. The Bearer, the Column. Tian and Yugu are both pronounced Chen. Therefore, it is taught to rhyme. Take the neatness of its columns and call it the field. Whoever speaks of Tian Tian, that is, Chen Chen Xiangyin. Chen Chen was treated as a thief. Chen Jingzhong was followed by the Tian clan. Tian is the Chen character. 叚 (false) Tian is Chen Ye. Since the Qin Dynasty standardized the use of characters, the original sound synonymous "Chen" and "Tian", usage and pronunciation have been differentiated. In addition to the ancient pronunciation of the Modern Chinese dialect, "Chen" and "Tian" are completely two character sounds, and there will be no such troubles as "rate" and "shuai".
"Commentary on the Interpretation of the Text" "Tian" character
To sum up, it can be seen that the problem with the word "rate" is that it does not perform its duties with "rate" and "shuai", and "rate" still retains the usage of "shuai (rate) collar". If in modern Chinese, "Shuai" is only used for "Shuai (rate) collar", and "rate" is only used for "interest rate"; or if the "Jiyun" does not use the word "rate" and creates a new word to mean "approximation", the possibility of people confusing the pronunciation of the word "rate" is greatly reduced.