| Zhong Xiaoqing
Sea bass is a large class of fish belonging to different families of perch, both worldly and endemic. According to the original habitat division, the fish is mainly composed of native perch and introduced exotic perch species; mainly composed of three major categories, one is freshwater perch, mainly Songjiang perch, river perch, pike perch, California perch, etc., the second is brackish freshwater perch, mainly barramundi, striped perch, etc., and the third is seawater perch, whose representative species are flower perch. They have a large national unified market, in which the main ones that determine their supply and demand and price movements are California perch and flower perch. California perch is an imported exotic freshwater farmed sea bass, which has been radiated from Guangdong to the whole country and is known as the fifth domestic fish. The other is a seawater seawater perch native to China, which has formed a professional division of labor, regional layout and social services, that is, the flower perch, its parental product is produced in Shandong and Liaoning, and the fry are produced in Zhejiang and Fujian, while the main production area of commercial fish is Zhuhai City, located at the mouth of the Pearl River, and the core area is Baijiao Town, Doumen District, Zhuhai City. The town's sea bass, the white banana sea bass, is a national geographical indication aquatic product with the best quality, flavor and popularity.
At present, the national aquatic products market is a double day of ice and fire, freshwater fish such as day in the sky, for example, Shunde Aquatic Products Chamber of Commerce on June 18, 2021 to provide California perch Tangtou purchase price, the specification of 0.4 kg / tail is 20 yuan / 500 grams, seawater fish cold as frost, to the Guangdong Sea Bass Association to provide sea bass on June 19, 2021 Tangtou price as an example, the specification of 0.6 kg / tail is about 11.8-12.3 yuan / 500 grams, the larger the specification, the lower the price, the specification is 1-1.1 kg / tail is 10 yuan / 500 g. At the invitation of the Guangdong Sea Bass Association, in order to let everyone fully and systematically and in-depth understanding of perch, learn the knowledge of perch, and promote the culture of sea bass, the author wrote this article.
California perch: the introduction of exotic freshwater perch
The fish is scientifically known as the largemouth bass, and in fish taxonomy it belongs to the family Sunfish of the order Perciformes. Native to the Mississippi River system in California, USA, the fish is a high-quality high-grade carnivorous fish with delicious meat, rapid growth, strong disease resistance, easy catching and wide temperature. The fish has high edible value, mainly in the meat is solid, delicate, fresh and sweet meat; live listing, in the restaurant aquarium box can also let diners watch and choose, so for the local sea bass and mandarin fish can not reach; is the processing and production of high-grade dishes, dishes of high-quality ingredients, is the top of the fish; many factors make the fish in the market has been in short supply, very popular, the price is also higher. People are centered on the value function and guided by market supply and demand, and actively introduce the fish. Initially, through the introduction of species, the fish spread to the freshwater waters of the United States, Canada and other countries, especially in the Great Lakes region of the United States, and the fish resources were very rich. Since then, the fish has been introduced to the United Kingdom, France, South Africa, Brazil, the Philippines and other countries and regions. Among them, Taiwan Province of China introduced the fish in the 1970s and has been breeding for several generations.
Foshan, Huiyang, Shenzhen and other places introduced California sea bass fry in 1983, cultivated into parent species, and successfully broke through artificial breeding technology in 1985, so far, the fish has been domesticated and artificially bred, and the localization process has been completed. Among them, Shunde, Guangdong province is the most important, in 1986 the area broke through the large-scale artificial breeding technology of the fish. Due to the strong domestic demand and high market prices at that time, driven by economic interests, the breeding area of the fish in Shunde District of Foshan City has expanded year by year, becoming an upgraded breed of conventional species such as four major fish and famous and excellent new species. After years of promoting aquaculture, this species has become one of the main varieties of Shunde fishermen (farmers) to develop aquaculture and become rich, forming a systematic, supporting and perfect industry such as parent breeding, fry breeding, commercial fish breeding and feed, medicine, equipment, tool supply and market circulation, and Shunde District has thus become the first California perch breeding base in China. According to statistics, the aquaculture area of California sea bass in Shunde District fluctuates between 50,000 mu, and the annual output of fish exceeds 50,000 tons, accounting for more than 50% of the national output, and the annual output accounted for 60% of the domestic production at the highest. At the same time, whether it is a fry, a commercial fish or a parent fish, the fish has been marked with a profound Guangdong brand, Guangdong California perch is going to the whole country, for example, the fry bred in Guangdong are introduced to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Shandong and other places, local aquaculture enterprises and fishermen have obtained better economic benefits through the development of the fish culture.
The most prominent advantage of the California perch is the fast growth rate, and the fry bred that year can grow to 0.5 kg, reaching the market specifications. The fish can not only be cultured in ponds at high density and intensity, with yields of more than 4000 kg per mu, but also polyculture with other species in the best mode. This is because the fish is a typical carnivorous fish, and the polyculture of a certain number of California perch in the cultivation of traditional four large fish or other famous new species can effectively control the over-breeding of wild fish shrimp and tilapia in fish ponds. At the same time, the fish market performance is strong, the purchase price of commercial fish pond head is 20 yuan / 500 grams, the cost of breeding is mainly composed of seed, feed, drugs, animal protection products, pond rent, water and electricity and labor, a total of 10 yuan / 500 grams, that is, the annual profit of more than 100%. The fish market can obtain such performance, in addition to the common factors such as the complete industrial structure of the fish, the vast consumer market, the sale of most of the domestic market, and the distribution of benefits in each link are more reasonable, there is also a personality reason, that is, the fish has very strict cash requirements for farmers, and the breeding technology has a certain height, so that its breeding has a certain threshold and avoids sudden expansion. In the market, the fish has been in a relatively short supply state, once it encounters a systematic rise in the market, it becomes the market leader. In the past two years, under the joint action of many factors, the market price of the fish has risen and soared.
Second, the flower perch - high-quality seawater sea bass native to China
Flower perch is a common name, is the Cantonese people for the sea bass, Cantonese people also called the seven-star perch. Sea bass, also known as bass, is a collective name for a variety of fish in the family Bassidae. The fish belongs to the broad temperature, commonly found in warm belts and tropical shallow waters, widely salinized, mostly marine, prefers to inhabit brackish water, is a typical carnivorous fish, mainly feeding on fish and shrimp. It is a world fish, one is a variety, about 400 species in the world; the second is widely distributed, many countries produce the fish; the third is multi-functional, the fish is high-quality high-grade edible fish and swimming fishing; the fourth is the market demand is large, is a bulk edible economic fish.
Driven by strong market demand, artificial culture of the fish has been able to flourish, of course, initially the fish is a protective increase, such as fish farming, through tidal natural seedlings and original culture. After fully grasping the biological characteristics and ecological learning of the fish, the fish was successfully domesticated and artificially bred, and on the basis of the selection and breeding of good breeds, the commercial increase of the fish was developed, and the pond and cage culture became the dominant model of the fish.
In the composition of the world sea bass industry and the regional distribution of aquaculture, China is a concentrated consumption area and the main production area. First of all, China has a perch culture, which is a delicious dish and a fish with cultural significance, which is very appealing and attractive. The fish has a unified national large market and is an economic fish with a large and durable market consumption. Secondly, China is the main sea bass production area, under the guidance of the national unified large market, sea bass has formed a pattern of specialized production, regional layout and social cooperation, and is one of the leading species of marine aquaculture in the country. Among them, Shandong and Liaoning produce parents, Zhejiang and Jiangsu produce fish eggs, Fujian breeds fry, and the fry that are bred every year in addition to meeting the needs of local breeding mainly supply the needs of guangdong and other provinces for breeding commercial fish.
At present, the national sea bass aquaculture production exceeds 200,000 tons. Among them, the aquaculture area of sea bass in Zhuhai City reached 33,000 mu, with an output of 126,400 tons and an output value of 2.36 billion yuan, accounting for 70% of Guangdong Province and 50% of the country. The city is engaged in the sea bass industry more than tens of thousands of people, farmers professional cooperative organizations 169, processing plants 18, has formed a set of seedling cultivation, feed, drug production and supply, breeding, processing and market circulation in one of the whole industrial chain. Following the city's award of the title of "China's Sea Bass Town" in 2011, Zhuhai was awarded the title of "China Sea Bass Capital" in 2019. Moreover, in order to promote the development of the sea bass industry, the city's sea bass breeding practitioners also initiated the establishment of the Guangdong Sea Bass Association.
Third, white banana sea bass: local characteristics of high-grade seawater sea bass
Zhuhai City is the main production area of sea bass breeding in the country, of which Doumen District is the core area of fish farming, the party committee of Baijiao Town, the government and the vast number of fishermen and farmers in the district have adapted to local conditions and guided by the situation, through "digging ponds and lifting fields", to build a concentrated and contiguous aquaculture area and planting area. Taking the development of aquaculture as an example, they have targeted sea bass in the selection of leading species and main technologies. Sea bass is a kind of seafood, valuable, high-quality high-grade economic edible fish. Most marine life is found in warm and shallow tropical waters. Low temperature resistance, the most suitable water temperature is 16 ~ 27 °C, can be naturally overwintered, after about 5 months of feeding, the weight can reach 400 ~ 500 grams. The Baijiao Town of Doumen District of Zhuhai City is located at the mouth of the Pearl River, with a suitable climate, abundant rainfall, sufficient water supply, fresh water quality, fertile soil and excellent soil quality, breeding a large number of bacteria, algae, copepods, branches, shrimp and crabs, snails and other natural biological bait, which is very suitable for the growth of sea bass. The area is not only the most suitable for the cultivation of sea bass, but also compared with other regions, the sea bass produced by culture in this area has high yields, low costs, excellent quality and good taste. For example, the sea bass in this property is silver and white, radiant, the flesh is crystal clear, transparent, delicious and pleasant, the taste is fresh and sweet, the flavor is unique, and it is also the best, fine and precious products in the sea bass, which is quite favored by the market.
In 2020, the sea bass breeding area of Baijiao Town, Doumen District, was 33,000 mu, with an output of 126,400 tons, accounting for about 50% of the country's annual output, and the area also became the largest sea bass breeding base in China. At present, Baijiao Town in Doumen District has been rated as the first batch of characteristic agricultural product advantage zones in Guangdong Province and even the whole country, and baijiao sea bass is a national geographical indication agricultural product, which has a great brand effect, and is a successful example of the implementation of a fish project and the industrial development strategy of one village, one product, one town and one industry and one county and one garden. (This article is reprinted from The Journal of Oceanography and Fisheries.) If you have copyright questions, please contact [email protected]. ）
【Keywords】:Sea bass California perch white plantain aquaculture