Mao Jin (1599~1659), formerly known as Fengbao, zi jiu; later renamed Jin, zi jin. Nicknamed Potential, Hidden Lake, etc., room name Green Junting, Jiguge, etc., Changshu County, Jiangsu Province, Kuncheng Lake Qixing bridge (also known as Cao Jiabang) people, late Ming and early Qing dynasty famous bibliophiles and publishers. Mao Jin carved books all his life, and in order to engrave books, he bowed down and died. After carving the "Thirteen Classics" and "Seventeen Histories", he said: "Looking back at Ding Di for thirty years now, the volume is from Heng, dan and yellow are mixed, summer does not know summer, winter does not know cold, day does not know out of the house, night does not know to cover up, so far the head is like snow, the eyes are like fog, and those who have not stopped, but they are afraid of reading every word of my mother." In his later years, he said to Ji Zi Mao: "I shrink my clothes and diet, let alone publish books as an urgent priority, and now there are more than 100,000 plates, and there are many clouds." It can be seen that in order to engrave books, Mao Jin Province ate frugally, worked hard and drained blood, and even survived, and engraved books more than once.
The influence of Mao Jin's engravings in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties was great, with the famous scholar Qian Qianyi saying that "Mao's book went around the world", the famous bibliophile Qian once said that "during the years of Qi and Zhen, the book of Jigu went to the world", and his friend Xia Shufang said that "Hai Nei knew that there was a Mao's book". On Mao Jin's sixtieth birthday, his friends also praised the great influence of Mao Jin's carved books in his birthday poems, such as Yang Shushiyun: "The world has passed on ancient books, and the stone warehouse has not been enriched." Buy thousands of miles to go north and south, ask the odd ginseng secret to the phase rate. The hidden lake boats are like scales, and the guests of the grass hall have no wasted days. Qian Gao Shiyun: "Cilin argues for paper is expensive, and the strange book goes eight times." Or Mu Ji ancient name, Jishu Qi Mountain Peak. Lu Shiyi Shiyun: "The famous overseas chicken forest knowledge, learning to be heavy in the capital gate tiger view." Yan Bingshiyun: "Wanli buys books through the ruler, and the wool board is popular like a hub." It can be seen that the Mao Jin carved in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties was famous in The Sea is an indisputable fact.
According to the "Maozi Jin Chronicle Manuscript , Chongzhen Fourteenth Year": "In the same year, Lijiang Toastmaster Mu Zeng sent envoys to send Mr. Shu's books to jin, amber, and kaoru, and to buy the books carved in the Ancient Pavilion, and bundle them across the sea. "Lijiang is the northwest of present-day Yunnan, and its jurisdiction covers the area east of the Nu River basin of present-day Yunnan and north of Lanping, Lijiang, Yongsheng, and Huaping. Mu Zeng, also spelled Bai, was a hereditary prefect of Tufu, who was promoted to zuobu political envoy for his meritorious service in the conquest. In the apocalypse, he gave him the commandment to be loyal. Good reading, more with the scribes to return, "Yunnan officials, know the book, good manners and righteousness, led by the Lijiang Mu clan." Mao Jin and Mu Zeng used books as a medium to establish a deep friendship, and Mu Zengshiyun said: "The smoke is born and the water is more beautiful, and the spring to Wushan is more colorful." Wanli ruler book to see at first glance, a round of guixi with the same circle. Mao Jin also engraved and printed the Huayan Confession for Mu Zeng. Lijiang is located thousands of miles away on the border of Yunnan, and the relationship with Mao and Jin is still so, let alone otherwise. Due to the great influence of Mao Jin's engravings at that time, illegal booksellers pretending to be Mao Jin's forgeries occurred from time to time, according to Mao's "Xuanhe Goryeo Tu Jingbao": "JiaShen borrowed the Song book from Song Zhongcheng in May" and engaged in school book work. Here "JiaShen" is the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), "Song Zhongcheng" when referring to Song Xing, the Ming and Qing dynasties mostly called the inspector as Zhongcheng, because Song Xi was once the inspector of Jiangsu, so the name. However, Song Xi served as the governor of Jiangsu for thirty-one years (1692). Song Xi was born in the sixth year of Chongzhen (1633), and by the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), he had just turned 11 years old, so how could he possibly hold the position of inspector? Mao Was born in the thirteenth year of Chongzhen (1640), and by the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), he had just turned 4 years old, and it was impossible for him to engage in borrowing books and school books. It may therefore be asserted that this book is a forgery. According to Mao's "Poetry Sutra Expounding Secrets": "Shangqiu Song Gong, erudite gentleman also." Whenever you see a different book, burn incense and recite it. Patrol Jiangnan for more than ten years, domestic celebrities master's degree, all folded and handed over. Peng Zichun, come to the old pavilion, detain the letter house, and the books hidden in the pavilion are viewed one by one. And the exhibition of Wei Shi's "Interpretation of the Secret", the festival of praise, thinking that the works of celebrities, unfortunately not in circulation, Ya wanted to donate funds to buy, and the discussion was paid. Yu Yiwu gave the pillow secret by hand, and for many years he could not bear to abandon it, and it was the completion of the book, which had been hard work for several years, rich in materials, and refined in examination, that is, the descendants of the Wei clan had no way to see it. Once at the request of Shangqiu, do not fail the transmission of my master! Those who come after him are able to be good at their own aspirations, and they are very fortunate to be able to hide them. The Kangxi Xin Dynasty descendant Mao Jishi sat here in meditation. There are two hypocrisies in this trek: First, "Pengzi" is the fifth year of Shunzhi (1648), Song Xi was 15 years old at the time, and he had not yet grown up, so why did he "patrol" an important position? Second, the "Wei Master" is Wei Chong, who was Mao Jin's teacher, but not Mao Jin's teacher. According to the age calculation, Wei Chong died in the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), when Mao Feng was just 4 years old, could he go to school before the age of 4? This trek is called "My Master", pseudo-also. The purpose of the bookseller's forgery was to make huge profits in the name of Mao Jin and Mao.
For a long time, Mao Keben was treated unfairly and ruined more than his reputation. Objectively speaking, Mao Carved Ben has both experiences and more merits, and his merits are greater than their faults. Its function is manifested in the following two aspects:
(1) Many ancient books have survived only thanks to Mao Ben. For example, Mao's "Book of Southern Tang" is the only biography of the book since the end of the Ming Dynasty, and other books inscribed with the "Weinan Anthology" have changed their style and analyzed their volumes. The "Language of Confucius" was rarely transmitted in the Ming Dynasty, and by the end of the Chongzhen Dynasty, Mao Jin began to engrave it according to the Northern Song Dynasty. Although there are engravings between the "Qingge Collection" tomorrow shun and wanli, but the age is long, only the Mao ben has been circulated, and the later engravings are based on mao carvings. "Li Ze Relic" was originally published in Qiantang, and was re-engraved by Mao Jin at the end of the Ming Dynasty. Since the Southern Song Dynasty, Li Shan's "Selected Notes on Literature" has been published in conjunction with the Five Ministers' Notes, known as the "Selected Notes on the Six Ministers", and Li Shan's single-line version of Li Shan's notes is extremely rare, and there is no other book other than the Mao Ben. Sima Zhen's "History of Suoyin", after the Song Dynasty, was mostly published in conjunction with Ji Xie and Justice, and there was no other single edition except Mao carving. There is no engraving of the "Explanation of Words in The Sayings" and only one kind of Mao engraving in the Ming Periodical. The flourishing of Song Ci's creation occupies an important place in the history of literature. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the "Hundred Family Words" engraved by Changsha Bookstore had long been lost, and the banknotes of the "Hundred Family Words of the Famous Sages of the Tang and Song Dynasties" compiled by Ming Wune were not widely circulated, while the Mao carved "Sixty Family Words of the Song Dynasty" was the beginning of the large-scale collection of engraved words after the Song Dynasty, which was widely recited among Scholars of the Qing Dynasty, and Feng Xu of the Qing Dynasty once compiled it as the "Sixty-One Family Words Selection". The book is also one of the main bases for the 1965 Zhonghua Bookstore edition of Quan Song Ci. "Sixty Kinds of Songs" is a better anthology of opera legends, of which except for a few Yuanren works, most of them are Mingren works, and it and Mao xun "Yuanqu Selection" are two books that have always been called together.
(2) The Mao engravings of many ancient books are the only complete copies that have been handed down to the world. For example, the Ming Dynasty's engraving of "Past Events of Wulin" often deletes the original works at will, or six volumes, or less than six volumes, but the ancient capital, palaces, religious workshops and other doors, ten volumes of Mao Ben, the beginning and the end are complete, and there are sufficient references. Ming Chen Jiru's engraving of "Chunzhu Chronicles" only has the first 5 volumes, while Mao Jin's "Jin's Arrest secretary" originally supplemented its omission and began to complete the book. The Ming "Barnyard Sea" version of the QiDongYe Language deleted most of this book, and merged it with the "Miscellaneous Knowledge of Yan Xin" into one book, and Mao Jinde re-engraved the old version, which was completed. The Ming "Han Wei Series" of the "Biography of the Immortals" is copied and combined according to the "Taiping Guangji", while the Mao ben is re-engraved according to the original, which is in line with Pei Songzhi's "Records of the Three Kingdoms" quotations. The "Collection of Flowers" is the earliest collection of words in the history of Chinese literature, and the Fang Ben vainly adds articles and loses its old, while Mao Jin's republishment of the Song Ben is particularly exquisite and is a rare rare book. Mr. Li Yiyi said in the "Afterword of the Flower Collection and School": "The advantage of (Mao Ben) is that the catalog is complete, although the publication time is relatively late (the end of the Ming Dynasty), but compared with other Wanli and Apocalypse books, it is still a rule, and there is no random division of volumes and changes in words. ”
On the issue of Mao carved copies, the most talked about in the past is the issue of the base copy and proofreading. Volume VII of Ye Dehui's Shulin Qing dialect says: "(Mao Jin)'s engraved book is not based on the old Song and Yuan books that are hidden. In fact, most of the Mao Jin carved books are based on the Song ben, and there are many examples of Mao Jin carved books using ancient books and rare books. For example, "Poetry Wai Chuan", "Zheng ZhuErya", "Houcun Inscription", "Wei Gong Inscription", "Notes on Mustard Yin", "Meng Dongye Collection", "Song and Poetry Compilation", "Mr. Xuanying's Poetry Collection", "Songling Collection", "Huajian Collection", "Piece Jade Words", "Shi Ji Suoyin", "Yao Shaojian Poetry Collection", "Lefu Poetry Collection", "Wu Junzhi", "Du Gongbu Collection", "Meng Xiangyang Collection", "Wu Junzhi", "Jin Shu" and "Jiannan Poetry Manuscript" and other books, all of which are based on Song carved texts. The 14th year (1187) of the National Library of Tibet,Song Chunxi (1187), the Yanzhou County's Zhai carved manuscript of Jiannan Poetry, is the original copy used in Mao Jin's engraving of jiannan poetry manuscript that year. Mao Jin said in the inscription: "Recently, fang carved widows and widows, and Liu Xuxi's book is only two or three out of ten. Jia Ziqiu, Deweng Zi edited the "Jiannan Poetry Draft", and Mr. Wu and Qian Liang strictly ordered the heavenly beings, the real name of the secret book, and the urgent zi to do it, in order to be good to the public. "Mao Jin was particularly cautious about the choice of the base when he carved the book. If you can't find a good base, you'd rather not engrave it. The Song Zhou Bi Dabie Collection is an example. Mao Jin said in the "Near Body Music House": "In the middle of Yu Yin, one hundred and thirty volumes of Weng's poetry have been engraved, and the two hundred volumes of the Yigong Province's Zhai manuscripts have only one banknote, and the sentences are confused, and they do not dare to be vain." If Comrade Hai Nei, or Song Carving, or a famous artist book, is willing to borrow from Jingzhou, Pingyuan Shu and Wei Nanbo are together, and the true art Lin is also victorious. Near the four chambers of the Sports Music House, the special gong leftovers the technical ear, and the first Zizhi should be used as a coupon. Another example is the engraving of the "Language of Confucius", Mao Jin believes that the Ming Ben "has been changed in modern times, not a retro version, and is now dead." Pledge to get it. After a year of chanting, the fruit was obtained from the Xishan Restaurant in the Song version, and it was carved and practiced."
On the issue of proofreading, Sun Qingzeng's "Minutes of The Collection and Identification" said: "Mao's Jiguge's "Thirteen Classics" and "Seventeen Histories" were hasty in proofreading and made many mistakes. Huang Pilie, Ye Dehui and others also had similar statements, and Qian Zeng even "proposed to write "MaoBan Journal Fallacy" to correct the loss of Mao Ben. How do you think about this? Mao Jin attached great importance to the collation and survey work. He worked hard with books, daily affairs, and hard work. On Mao Jin's sixtieth birthday, his friends praised his school book in a birthday poem, such as Yang Shushiyun: "The school chicken is under the sun, and the seat is wearing a young knee." Wang Faxiang Shiyun: "Ten autumn lessons in the field, cheats thousands of nights school strange." Wu Kexiao Shiyun: "I am more happy that Khan Qing will continue to live again, and I will see the truth in a school." Gu Meishiyun: "Looking for the source and analyzing the doubts, hand school tadpoles to identify insects." Chen Heng Shiyun: "Famous scholars are happy to come and go, and Qishu is good at school." Lu Shiyi Shiyun: "The High Pavilion has a hundred cities in the collection, and the master Kuang sits on the school to be jing." Fang Xia Shiyun: "The reputation of the Hidden Lake is full of people, and the daily Dan lead has not been idle." Yan Xun Shiyun: "Sitting in a cabinet, forget to study diligently." Chen Fan Shiyun: "Jun is afraid of inheriting the wrong birth, and the dot painting is on the side of the fine survey." "Mao Jin's school book has the following characteristics:
(1) Collect all the books. For example, the school Song Zhou Bangyan's "Piece of Jade Words" uses three books: a "Halal Collection"; a "Beauty Growth Short Sentence"; and a "Piece Of Jade Words". Among them, "Piece of Jade Words" received the most, and the tune was one hundred and eighty. Mao Jin "sees that the commentaries are huge and complex, cut off one by one, and decalously defamations." If there is a collection that does not contain and mistakenly reads the books of the Halal, a volume of supplements is attached. The Ming Dynasty has two copies of the Song Ji Yougong Chronicle of Tang Poetry: "One is the engraving of the twenty-fourth year of Jiajing (1545) and the other is the engraving of the twenty-second year of the Wanli calendar (1594). There are many errors in the two books, and Mao Jin "refers to this collection and more than 200 kinds of books such as "Royal Records", "Yinghua", "Wen Zhi", and "Hongxiu", one by one, and there is almost no hatred left behind. ”
(2) Do not change the original text. For example, Song Ge Lifang's "Return to Foolish Words" Wayun: "Concentration such as 'flowers and eyes in the rain' are incompatible, and I dare not change the cloud in vain." Jin Yuanhao asked the "Zhongzhou Lefu Collection" Baoyun: "The words are double-tone, confused, and corrected one by one, such as the "Wanghai Tide" Zhu Yan, which is not incompatible with the spectrum, and does not dare to change it lightly." Song Zhoumi's "Sequel to the Miscellaneous Knowledge of Yan Xin" (癸辛雜識 Sequel) is written: "The two volumes of the Si Ji are two hundred articles, and the next volume of the first volume is seventy articles, all of which have not been engraved in the Barnyard Sea, and between the words and sentences, although many books are suspected of being hungry, Xiang Shoudongpo has vainly changed the ring of the ancient characters, so he is suspicious. "Shi Ji Suo Yin" Baoyun: "According to the interpretation of the Bian Ben, there are slight differences between the inscriptions of Tongchuan County, such as 'Zheng De' as 'Zheng Xuan', Liu Shi as 'Liu Zhao', and the surname Yi Xiaoqi. For example, "poetry contains divine fog" cites the bibliography, and it is necessary to make it "shi contains divine fog", but 'Leyan' is written as 'lesheng', and it is unknown what the basis is. In the "Gao Zu Benji", 'Man is dishonest in his concubine and desires to flogg it'. This is true of all the books, the Book of Han is "The Desire to Suffer", and the Zi Ben is the only one who writes "Want to Tell". There are many such things, and I dare not change them. This shows the cautious attitude of Mao Jin's school book.
(3) Addendum. In the process of proofreading, Mao Jin found that the content was not prepared, worked tirelessly, and did a lot of supplementary work. For example, the "Zhongxing Jian Qi Collection" Baoyun: "There are many selected poems, and the collection is particularly special." It's done, and it's sad. Autumn raising tiger hill monks and liao, with Ming Bowen's first generation to search for the "Chronicle" and "Pinhui" books, to Dai Shulun, Zheng Chang a number of articles, the end of the volume of the urgent record, talking about the analysis of doubts, bandit clouds to make up for the death. "Huanhua Collection" Baoyun: "Zi Xing has been long, re-reading the books of "Cai Tuning Collection" and "Wenyuan Yinghua", and obtaining thirty strange poems in various styles, all of which are attached as supplementary clouds." Qin Guan's "Huaihai Words" Baoyun: "Less travel is impatient with the draft, there are obscene chapters and drunken sentences, and the green curtains and red sleeves are scattered." Although the tongue is spreading, there is no ben. Having ordered a total of eighty-seven tunes, which were collected into one volume, he did not dare to know that there was no gap left behind. ”
(4) Abridgements. In the process of mao jin's school book, all those who encounter forgeries and repetitions are deleted at the same time. For example, the "Words of Wang Jiangong" (王建宫字) "To read wang Jiangong's words, mixed with other people's poems ... After the Yi Song Dynasty crossed the south, Yi Qi's true work was done, and the good deeds were picked up to make up for it. Yu Li consulted the ancient texts, a hundred articles were there, and he deleted them one by one. Ouyang Xiu's "Six Words" (六一字) "Luling used to be engraved in three volumes, and contained the music language at the beginning; now the deleted music language is summarized into one volume." Where other manuscripts are mistakenly entered, such as the Qing Shang Yuan class, they are cut off one by one. Su Shi's "Dongpo Words" Baoyun: "Recently there is a Jinling book, more into the OuHuang Qin Liuzuo, now deleted." ”
Of course, Mao Jin carved many books, and one person was difficult to do the collation survey work, and he also recruited many literati bachelors to work with Dan Lead. In order to create a good working environment for the literati, Mao Jin built three villas for the three celebrities of Confucianism, Interpretation and Taoism, namely The Ancient Pavilion, the Double Lotus Pavilion, and the Second Pavilion. According to Qing Qianyong's "Dream of The Garden": "After the Qixing Bridge Zaide Hall, the Jigu Pavilion is yan scribes (i.e., Confucians); there is also the Double Lotus Pavilion in the Qingyuzhuang, with the Yan Ji Liu (i.e., the Shi Family); and another Pavilion at the mouth of Cao Xi, with the Yan Dao Stream (i.e., the Taoist)." "Kiguge is the place where Mao Jin collected Confucian writings, and the erudite Hongru lived here. The Double Lotus Pavilion is condescending, the extremely distant view, picturesque, Feng Ban's "Heavy Nine Dengs double lotus pavilion" poem cloud: "The polar eye is flat and wide, and the South Mountain looks at the credit." Fragrant wind blows early rice, deciduous leaves dew village home. Mao Jinfeng and Shang Shiyun: "Even an little Buddha seat, like an old monk's family." "It can be seen that the Double Lotus Pavilion offers Buddha statues, which is the best place for monks to live. According to Qian Dacheng's "Mao Zi Jin Chronicle Manuscript": In August of the seventh year of Shunzhi (1650), Mao Jin "knotted in Shuidongzhi, and Yan Yue 'CaoXi a drop'". According to this, "a drop of Caoxi" is not far from "another pavilion". According to QingJiangxi's "Sweeping the Rails and Gossip": "(Ki gu ge) is surrounded by pavilions such as the Green King, Erru and so on, which recruit famous scholars in the world to study books, which are elegant and elegant, and Jiang Zuo's first push ... Xu Yintingyun: "Mao's clan has three pavilions: the Kigu Pavilion is in the west of Zaide Hall, to yan scribe; its Double Lotus Pavilion is in The Fishing Village, to extend the stream; a lost name, commonly known as the Guanwang Pavilion, to extend the flow of the road." It's all gone. There is also a drop of nunnery, which burns the repair place for potential father and son. According to this, "Another Pavilion" is also known as "Guanwang Pavilion"; "Caoxi Yidi" is also known as "Yidi An"; the Green Pavilion and erru Pavilion are also the places where the school books are located around kikoku pavilion. The location of the Jigu Pavilion, Qian Yong said that it was "behind the Zaide Hall", and Xu Yinting said that it was in the "West of the Zaide Hall", which is unknown. How many literati bachelors did Mao Jin recruit? Due to the lack of literature, the exact number is unknown. According to Miao Xiyong's "Shennong Materia Medica", Mao 's collection of literature from The Tongli men Li Zhi, Tongjia Zi Yunjian Kang Yuanhong, and Songling Gu Chengxian'er, and his uncles's hidden fallen Ge Shan, Dong Li Xue, early and night diligently, but fear or later, its intention can be described as diligent." It can be seen that the people who participated in the proofreading of the "Shennong Materia Medica" were Li Zhi, Kang Yuanhong, Gu Chengxian, Ge Shan and others. According to Mao Jin's "The Origin of the Seventeen Histories of the Thirteen Classics of Chongquan": "(Chongzhen Yuannian) vowed that from now on, one canonical history will be set every year, and the pear jujube of Shou will be made." and Chikuo Weng Fangxing, the same people heard the wind, the Council of The Heavenly Society, fifteen people served as the scripture department, seventeen people served as the history department, and more than four people who wanted to benefit, and merged twenty-one parts. It can be known that the engraving and printing of the two series of books "The Thirteen Classics" and the "Seventeen Histories" intends to hire 34 surveyors. According to Mao Jin's "Wild Poems and Reading the Five Dynasties History Supplementary Text", "The second son of King Tao died, and he heeled Wusun Hu to search for loneliness." According to Mao Jin's self-note, "King Tao" refers to Tao Jieli and Wang Yuanzhi; "Sun Hu" refers to Sun Fu and Hu Yu of the Song Dynasty, with whom Ouyang Xiu once studied Spring and Autumn. School books such as sweeping leaves, spinning and sweeping students, mistakes are always inevitable. Mao Jin carved so many books, and some text errors are normal phenomena, not worth making a fuss about, and we cannot be harsh on the ancients.
To be fair, there are four reasons why later generations deny Mao Ben: First, the psychology of readers who are far away and close is the social basis for later generations to belittle Mao Ben. For Qian Zeng, Sun Qingzeng, Huang Pilie, and others, mao carvings are "close" within reach, Song and Yuan inscriptions are "far" away for hundreds of years, and the Ming people's academics are low and well known, so later generations often do not ask questions and adopt a completely negative attitude towards Ming dynasty inscriptions, including Mao carvings. Second, Mao Jin rarely changed the Song Ben, always trying his best to engrave ancient books according to the original appearance of the Song Ben, and some later generations of "Song Ben" people thought that the Song Ben was perfect, but instead pushed the inherent errors of the Song Ben to Mao himself. Third, the school of examination evidence formed from the early Qing Dynasty to the Qianjia period has reached the level of pure fire in terms of version examination, and although Mao Jin attaches great importance to editions and proofreading, its skills are not inferior in front of many examination masters, and it is very difficult to get the approval of the examination masters. Fourth, Mao Jin did have many omissions in the process of engraving the book. In addition to some errors in the text, there are also some places of inconsibility, such as the inclusion of some forgeries in the "Fang Weng Yi Draft", Mao Jin's "Fang Weng Yi Draft" Baoyun: "("Jiannan Poetry Draft") The unexscribed person stops one ancient poem, the twenty-verse poem has three, and the absolute sentence has six, and the next volume of the Yi Manuscript is to talk about supplementing the relics of Jiannan. According to Kong Fanli's research, there are works by Li Gang, Deng Su and others. "Luofu Mountain" and other 5 Songs guangdong landscape, the poems mentioned in the li sheren, Defu, etc. are li gang's friends, Lu You has never been to Guangdong, how can you write these poems? There are also some phenomena of Zhang Guan Li Dai in Mao's engraving of "Song Mingjia Words". But on the whole, the flaws are not hidden, Mao Jin made an important contribution to the spread of ancient culture, and its historical merits should be written in a big book.
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