The historical Meng Yue, unlike the description in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is a rude person who is not good at words. On the contrary, he is an eloquent man who is good at grasping people's psychology.
He fully grasped the characteristics of the heavy taxes of the Shu Han Dynasty at that time, combined with the fact that the locals were overwhelmed by the heavy and heavy taxes, and used the taxes to persuade everyone to rebel with him.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yizhou's assassin Shi Jianjian made Yizhou a miasma, and the people's resentment boiled over. After the Yellow Turban Rebellion, Qiu Jian was also killed by the remnants of the Yellow Turban Army. Liu Yan (Liu Zhang's father), the patriarch of the Han Dynasty, saw the chaos in the world and also saw this excellent historical opportunity to divide the side, and took the initiative to submit a request to the imperial court to serve as the turbulent Yizhou.
In 188, Liu Yan officially led the Yizhou Pastor, but Liu Yan, who became the Emperor of Yizhou, was too flamboyant, and the imperial court specially set up the governor of The Imperial Household to be responsible for the affairs of the southern and central counties. In this way, the Nanzhong Counties nominally belonged to the jurisdiction of Yizhou, but in fact they were independent of Yizhou (and the Nanzhong Counties, beili Yudu was the governor of The Diankao).
After Liu Yan's death, Zhang Lu's military administration in Hanzhong also parted ways with Yizhou.
In 214, Liu Bei entered Chengdu and appointed Deng Fang, the Taishou of Zhuti Commandery, as the governor of Yu Prefecture. In 221, Deng Fang died of illness, and Liu Bei, who had just become emperor, appointed the local Li Hui to succeed him as the governor of Yu Prefecture and be responsible for the affairs of the southern central counties.
In the past ten years, the counties of Nanzhong have performed brilliantly under the administration of Deng Fang and Li Hui, the governors of The Capital. But everything changed because of Liu Bei's fiasco at the Battle of Yiling.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="7" > First, Li Yan put down the rebellion</h1>
In June 223, Liu Bei, who had destroyed his entire army due to the destruction of Wu, ended up depressed in the White Emperor's city, and there were signs of unrest in the south.
The first to rebel was Gao Dingyuan, an ethnic minority leader in Yue county.
Gao Dingyuan (also known as Gao Ding) led the entire county's military and civilian rebellion to claim himself king, sent his first commander Li Chengzhi to kill jiao Huang, a county general stationed in Zitong County, cut off contact with Shu Han, "destroyed the county soil", and led his troops to besiege Xindao County and attack the office headquarters where the county taishou was located.
During Liu Bei's funeral, Li Yan had to "rescue and the thieves were all broken" (Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Li Yan).
Historically, there are not many records and evaluations of Li Yan's battle. However, judging from Gao Dingyuan's later performance, although he escaped, he had been seriously injured by Li Yan's beating.
One of the reasons is that in the two years since he was hit by Li Yan, Gao Dingyuan has never expanded his territory again, indicating that the locals have clearly seen that he Gao Dingyuan will definitely not become a great instrument, and no one will follow him.
The second reason is that Zhuge Liang led a large army to divide the army and march south, and Gao Dingyuan not only had no strength to resist, but also had no place to escape. If gao Dingyuan still had some strength after being hit by Li Yan, it would not be as if he had broken off relations with him and drawn a clear line.
★ Qi Shuai, also known as Yi Shuai, was a highly respected armed leader of the southern ethnic minority tribe at that time. Later, Zhuge Liang was incorporated, and Qi Shuai was changed to Qubu, which was one rank lower than General Wupin. During the Three Kingdoms period, the most famous song parts were Zhao Yun and Wei Yan. At the Battle of Changshanpo, Zhao Yun, who had been a qubu at Liu Bei's side for nine years, protected Lady Gan and Liu Chan, and was promoted to general of Yamen. Wei Yan followed Liu Bei into Sichuan, and because of his "military achievements, he moved the general of Yamen".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="121" > second, arrogant surname</h1>
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Lü Kai": Shi Yongmin and others heard that the lord was in Yong'an, and he was very proud.
Yizhou Qi Shuai Yong Min, also the surname of Yizhou (Dianchi), learned of Liu Bei's illness, and he was arrogant and arrogant, but also exhausted his strategies, and prepared for the rebellion.
(1) Yong Min's reply
When Yong Min learned of Liu Bei's illness, he was arrogant and arrogant, and he also used all his strategies to prepare for rebellion.
When Li Yan heard about Yong Min's flying situation, he was so anxious that he wrote six letters to Yong Min in a row, painstakingly stating the stakes. Yong Min replied: Today, there are three zhengshuo, which are confused by distant people and do not know where to go.
The last time, Yong Min finally had an echo, but his only response was to kill Li Yan and Zhuge Liang. He said that now the world is three-legged, and there are three emperors, which makes my six gods and no masters living in the remote areas of the poor countryside panic and do not know which emperor to follow.
At that time, Sun Quan had not yet claimed the title of emperor. Even Mr. Chen Shou, who cherished ink like gold, was indignant and commented: His slowness is so slow (he is not inferior to arrogance and rudeness, and he has reached such a point)
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="122" > (2) Yizhou surname</h1>
The last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Wei and Jin Dynasties were the heyday of local military and political control over local powerful clans. It can influence the future fate of a state and county, such as the Cai Mao family in Jingzhou.
The Southwest Yi surname took advantage of the chaos in the world, and its power was thriving, developing to the point where it could override the law. Let the state pastor have no choice.
For example, Liu Bei's second Western Shu governor, Li Hui ( Li Hui , who had served as the governor of the county , was in charge of the post , and his uncle Jianling County Commandery ( cuàn ) " had a violation of the law , and was restored to sit and dismissed from office " ( Romance of the Three Kingdoms " ) .
According to the law, Li Hui should be sentenced to squatting, and Cuàn Xi should be expelled and removed from the ranks of civil servants. However, Taishou Donghe firmly opposed the suspension of him on the grounds that xi fangtu was a big surname(爨 xijia is a local surname). Similarly, Li Hui was not punished, did not go to prison, but later transferred his job and transferred from the county to the state capital (later Gong Hui Yu Prefecture).
Dong, Cuan and Li are all local powerful surnames. Liu Zhang had no choice but to calm things down.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="126" >3, Yong Min defected to Eastern Wu</h1>
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="127" > (1) Yongmin rebellion</h1>
"Dian Kao": Yizhou County's Qi Shuai Yong Min, Enxin quite a subordinate of the barbarian Meng, has courage. The arrogance of Min Is very much worse.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Bu Qi Biography": Yizhou's great surname Yong Min and others killed Shu's office of Tai Shou Zheng Ang, and Xie heard about it, and asked for attachment. He was sent to Xuan'en to take care of him.
The leader of the ethnic minority, Meng Yue, was a subordinate of Yong Min, the commander of Yizhou County, who was brave and strategic, and won yong min's trust and reliance. It is also Meng Yue, who has superior wisdom and strategy, and Yong Min's behavior is even more arrogant, and he also has a plan to do things.
After Yong Min killed Taishou Zheng'ang of Jianning County, he declared that he was "Ang's sick pawn". Shu Han had to appoint a new Taishou.
Yong Min saw that the new Taishou Zhang Yi was coming, and his heart was very unhappy, and he privately consulted with Meng Yue (privately conspired with Meng Yue) and said: Zhang Yi said that it was the majestic side of Tai Shou, in my hand, like a pot with a vain appearance, it seemed to be bright on the outside, but in fact it was empty inside. Now, we can't kill Zhang Yi like we did to Zheng Ang a few days ago, it is useless to kill him, it is better to arrest him and send him to Eastern Wu.
Therefore, at the recommendation of Jiaotong Taishou Shi Xie, Yong Min sent people to tie up the Jianning Taishou Zhang descendants who had just arrived in Shu Han and give them to Eastern Wu.
The famous Eastern Wu general Bu Qi, who was on the front line. Bu Qi inherited the old system of the Han Dynasty and sent people to Enfu Tonna, Yong Min, Meng Yu and others.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="132" >(2) opened the general step</h1>
Bu Qi, during the Battle of Chibi, was a well-known capitulation faction that tried to persuade Sun Quan to surrender to Cao Cao. However, no one expected that after the Battle of Chibi, Sun Quan took advantage of Cao Cao's inability to take care of the south and sent Bu Qi to recover Jiaotong and other places, achieving immortal historical feats.
In 209, Liu Bei, who had just borrowed the right to govern Jingzhou, agreed that Eastern Wu Zhengnan Zhonglang would lead a thousand archers and take a boat to the xiangshui river south.
Perhaps Liu Bei did not dream that the former surrender faction stepped south like an open hanging, showing wisdom and courage. In just one year, not only did he lure and behead Wu Ju, the Cangwu Taishou Wu ju who had previously been sealed by Liu Biao, but also let the former Han Dynasty appoint the Jiaotong Taishou Shi Xie sincerely and sincerely submit to Sun Quan. This made Eastern Wu form a semi-encirclement of Jingzhou Yizhou, and also laid a solid foundation for Sun Quan's later unification of the southern coast.
After Shi Xie's death, his son showed signs of rebellion and self-reliance, and Sun Quan abolished the post of Jiaotong Taishou and reset Jiaotong, qiongya, and other places to Jiaozhou and Guangzhou.
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Bu Qi": In the first year of Yankang, Quan dispatched Lü Dai to dai, and Qi will hand over the yishi of Zhou to Changsha.
In 220, Sun Quan appointed Lü Dai to go to the toe and succeed Bu Qi as the Assassin. What was enough to make Liu Bei mad was that in just one year, Bu Qi, who had taken a thousand soldiers with him, brought back ten thousand Jiaozhou soldiers and horses and stationed them in Changsha.
You know, although Liu Bei had borrowed Jingzhou at this time, he had not yet entered Sichuan, but Sun Quan had already been handed over.
In 222, during the Battle of Yiling, bulu brought back people and horses to suppress the Wuling clan that intended to support Liu Bei.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="135" >(3) Arrangement of Eastern Wu</h1>
"Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Biography of Liu Zhang": Quan Fu used Zhangzi to illustrate the history of Yizhou, and the head of the Yijie and Yijie.
After Bu Qi'en took care of Yong Min, Meng Yu, and others, Sun Quan also generously appointed Yong Min as Yongchang Taishou.
At the same time, Sun Quan transferred Liu Zhang's son Liu Yan (劉劉闿) as the Assassin of Yizhou (益州刺史), stationed at the border of Jiaozhou and Yizhou, echoing Yong Min.
In 214, after Liu Bei entered Chengdu and forced Liu Zhang to surrender, he arranged Liu Zhang and Liu Yan's father and son in Nan Commandery, Jingzhou. Five years after Liu Zhang surrendered to Liu Bei, Lü Meng crossed the river in white and did his best to conquer Jingzhou, and like Yu Ban, who was also captured, Liu Zhang and Liu Xian's father and son also belonged to Eastern Wu. Sun Quan made Liu Zhang the pastor of Yizhou, and his office was located in Zigui. After Liu Zhang's death, Liu Yan succeeded him as Pastor of Lingyi Prefecture.
Now, Yong Min rebelled in the southern central region of the Shu Han Dynasty, and in order to support the Yong Min rebellion, Sun Quan made Liu Yan the Assassin of Yizhou, and the intention is self-evident, that is, it is equivalent to saying to Liu Yan, you are ready to be humiliated and fight back to your hometown.
★ Interestingly, in 225, after the Shu Han quelled the rebellion, Zhuge Liang appointed Meng Yu as the Shu Han Yushi Zhongcheng, while Sun Quan made Liu Yan the Yushi Zhongcheng .
(4) Yong Min guarded the main road
Yong Min had Sun Quan as his patron, was appointed as the Taishou of Yongchang, and became a horn with Liu Yan, and actively prepared for the war.
Yong Min cut off the road, held the fortress, and completely cut off contact with the Shu Han. At the same time, he also went around to win people over, eager to grow his power.
Although he was protected by Zhuge Liang, he learned that Gao Dingyuan had rebelled and actively cooperated with Yong Min, and also became very violent and indulgent. At Zhu Tishan, Zhu Zhen killed Chang Jixing of Shuzhou County, who had come to deliver a letter of advice to Li Yan.
The purpose of the trip to the south was twofold: first, to send Li Yan's handwritten exhortation letter to Yong Min and others; and second, to further investigate the situation of the rebellion on the ground.
Of course, not everyone is willing to be co-opted by Yong Min. For example: Yongchang County's five senses Of Gong Cao Lu Kai.
After Yong Min was guarded by Eastern Wu Ren Yongchang, Lü Kai and the fucheng wang ling led the officials and people to close the road, hold the camp, and resist desperately.
Yong Min was really not a military talent, nor did he lack scheming, so he couldn't fight it down. Send someone to persuade him to surrender, Lu Kai replied, "Liver and brain, in order to eliminate the national difficulties." For two years, Yong Min threatened and seduced, and Lu Kai did not eat hard and soft, and Yong Min could do nothing about the nail beside him.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="141" >4</h1>
In the Guangji of Shuzhong, Yizhou Commandery Commandery Yong Min and others such as Yi Taishou Zhang and Wu, sent Meng to be lured by Fan Zhuyi, and Gao Ding, the king of Yueyi, all rebelled against Ying min
Yong Min had Sun Quan as his patron and blockaded the key roads and dangerous passes, so he took advantage of Meng's prestige among the local Han and ethnic minorities to send him to search for activities and seek support, and Gao Ding, the king of Yue (xī), and Zhu Bao (zāng) Ke Taishou Zhu Bao, and others rebelled under Meng Yu's persuasion and responded to Yong Min.
According to this statement, it was Yong Min who rebelled first, and Gao Ding responded later. This statement is also recorded in the Zizhi Tongjian and the Three Kingdoms Chronicles and Later Biographies, while most of the documents record that King Gao Ding of Yi rebelled before Yongmin, such as the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Li Yan, the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, the Biography of Lü Kai, and the Chronicle of huayang.
Regardless of whether Gao Ding was seduced by Meng Yu and rebelled, it is an indisputable historical fact that Meng Yu went around in tandem, pulled people to rebel, and increased his strength!
(1) Three inches of uncorrupted tongue
Not only did officials like Lü Kai not obey the Yongmin rebellion, but the local ethnic minorities did not want to follow the Yongmin rebellion.
The "Huayang Guozhi" records: Yizhou Yifu did not conform to Min, and Min made Jianning Mengyu say: "The official wants to get three hundred black dogs, the black before the black, the mite brain three axes, the axe wood structure, the three thousand pieces of the three zhang, can Ru be obtained?" "Whatever you think, you know."
Yong Min did not have the appeal of a hundred responses among the local ethnic minorities, so he sent Meng Yue to help him pull the team.
Meng was persuaded by the leaders of the various tribes to focus on taxes.
He said to the leaders of the various tribes: Now the government wants you to offer three things, one is three hundred pure breeds of black dogs, and the black dogs must also have no stray hairs on their chests, and the black oil shines. The second is the poisonous snake brain fluid three buckets. The third is to repair the branches and leaves, cut off the bark, and grow to three thousand trees that are three inches long. Can you do it, can you take it?
This is an impossible task, and the government that collects harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes will certainly not spare the clan. As a result, the leaders of the various tribes agreed to follow Meng Yu.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="146" > (2) talk about taxes</h1>
Meng Was persuaded to rebel, mainly talking about taxes, how could the leaders of the clan be convinced and willing to follow him in rebellion? This requires a careful reading of the three things that Meng Yue mentioned.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="147" > (1) three hundred black dogs</h1>
In ancient times, black-haired black dogs were worth much more than other dogs. Even the hounds who are fiercely loyal to their masters and sacrifice their lives and forget their lives for their masters are not enough.
This article implies that we people, no matter what we do, are not valued by them.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="148" >(2) Snake brain fluid sanhu</h1>
In the original text of jin's "Huayang Guozhi", there is no "mite" word before "brain three axes". Gu Yewang, a doctor of Liang Taixue of the Southern Dynasty, explained that it contains venomous snakes (which is the brain fluid of poisonous snakes), and later some people also said that it may be (tī) bird brain fluid. Neither venomous snake brain fluid nor rare bird brain fluid can do it (and it is difficult to cause it).
This is easily reminiscent of an article 600 years later that denounced harsh government as fiercer than tigers, "The Snake Catcher Says."
Although Meng Yue can speak the Tao, it is impossible to read Liu Zongyuan's "Snake Catchers of the Tang Dynasty", but it can be judged that under the high pressure of the harsh government, the venomous snakes have a long history of tribute, which makes the southerners suffer from it and talk about snake discoloration.
In the Han Dynasty, the three axes were thirty buckets, and thirty buckets of water were about 300 kilograms.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="149" >(3) Chopped wood structure three zhang</h1>
It is said that after repairing the branches and leaves and cutting off the bark, the grown trees are hard and stiff, do not grow moths, and are difficult to decay. However, the growth of the axe wood is extremely slow, and it does not grow at all three zhang (about ten meters) high (not more than two zhang).
Since there are three hundred black dogs representing the scavenging of the people's fat and people's ointment, and the brain fluid of the three poisonous snakes who do not care about people's lives or deaths, it is naturally reasonable for the government to send three thousand three-foot-long "axe wood". In any case, it is regardless of whether the people are dead or alive.
As a result, everyone rebelled without hesitation.
In the Zizhi Tongjian, Yongchang Gong Cao Lü Kai and Fu Cheng Wang Led officials to close the border and refuse to defend, and Min could not enter, so that the county people Meng was lured to Fan Zhuyi, and Zhuyi obeyed.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="150" > (3) is a scheming or a deception</h1>
Throughout the dynasties, lobbying others to rebel against them is nothing more than three situations: (1) pretending to be a god and making a ghost under the pretext of the Mandate of Heaven; (2) sealing officials and making wishes, rich and noble fields; (3) taking the way of heaven and sacrificing their lives for righteousness.
Meng was persuaded to rebel, not to play cards according to historical routines, and to use harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes to talk about things.
For the three things that Meng Yue mentioned that the government was about to expropriate, the ancient texts evaluated them as follows: Therefore, they were deceived (meaning that when Meng Yue lobbied the leaders of the various ethnic minorities at that time, he deceived them)!
If a person runs a train with a mouth full of mouths, talks without margins, and blows things into the sky, he may be able to deceive the trust of several people, and he can deceive the wealth, but it is almost impossible to deceive a group of highly respected and well-informed chiefs to bet on the future fate of the tribe.
Then we can analyze whether Meng Yu was deceiving the few leaders, or how much water his words were.
Black dog is a precious medicinal material; the Han Dynasty medical book "Famous Doctors" records that the prescription is "black dog blood, the main birth is difficult, the blood is swinging", that is, women give birth to children and have difficulty giving birth, black dog blood can make the blood flow back, can cure maternal bleeding.
The poisonous snake liquid mentioned by Meng Yue is used to make poisonous arrows in the military. For example, Guan Yu was injured by a poisonous arrow.
Chopping wood is the best wood for making agricultural tools, for example: "Chopping wood for the wood kneading wood for the shrike" and "Axe for the axe". It is also the material for the dignitaries to build pavilions and water pavilions. For example, later in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu You rebuked the daguan nobles for their poems in the Songlou Dance Hall: Qianfu Dengdeng for the banzhuo. Ten thousand hands ding ding for chopping wood.
These three things include medicinal materials related to the prosperity of people, necessities related to the military, and agricultural tools and materials related to the development of the home country. These three things are also things that the government often levies, and they are not imagined out of nothing.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="151" > end of the era made Meng</h1>
The Three Kingdoms period was an era of extremely heavy taxes and military service!
For example, when the Shu state fell, the treasury wealth was piled up, and Deng Ai led 2,000 people, no horses, heavy armor, no logistical supplies, and could kill all the way from Jiangyou to Chengdu. It shows that the harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes derived from the annual conquest have left the people empty.
Therefore, it can be inferred that after Guan Yu's destruction and when Liu Bei attacked Wu, the harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes borne by the ethnic minorities in the south were unbearable. Meng Yue took advantage of this, relying on three inches of uncorrupted tongue, borrowing the topic on the basis of facts, and achieving the effect he was satisfied with.
In the past, there must have been precedents for the government to levy black dogs, chopped wood, and snake venom. If you must say that Meng was "deceived", perhaps it is just an exaggeration of the numbers.
At that time, the war with allies led to the fiasco of Yiling, and the old enemy Cao Wei was still eyeing the tiger. Therefore, even if Meng Yue's remarks contained exaggerated elements and fabricated lies that the government wanted to increase taxes, it was also in line with the historical background at that time, and the tribal leader would not suspect that he was telling a lie.
In March 225, Zhuge Liang led his army to march south in three ways. Due to the infighting among the rebels, Yong Min was killed by Gao Ding's men, and Meng was made the commander of the rebel army.
While Zhuge Liang was singing all the way, meng yu rebels killed the two newly appointed Taishou by Zhuge Liang.
Because the southerners were generally inclined to Sun Quan, such as Jiaotong Taishou Shi Xie and Yong Min, who were willing to submit to Eastern Wu, and Lü Meng crossed the river in white clothes, the Jingzhou people laid down their weapons.
Therefore, Zhuge Liang took advantage of Meng Yue's irreplaceable appeal among the masses in the south to implement a strategy of attacking the hearts of the ethnic minorities in the south, and carried out "seven pardons and seven pardons" for Meng Yue to serve his heart. Of course, Zhuge Liang's ability to capture Meng Was able to capture seven and seven verticals, more or less due to the fact that Sun Quan's vision and strategic focus at that time were no longer in the south of Yizhou, but in the unification of the southern coast.
Therefore, it was the times that created Meng Yue's rebellion, and it was also the times that created Zhuge Liang's seven captures and seven indulgences against Meng Yue!