In 1259 AD, the Mongol Khan Möngke died in Diaoyucheng, Chongqing. This battle is believed to have saved the entire Islamic world, and at the same time, Diaoyu City is also known as the "place where God breaks the whip".
So, is this really the case? Why did Mungo's death cause a chain reaction? The story begins with the struggle for the khanship after Genghis Khan's death.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >1, Wokoutai and Touramine</h1>
Genghis Khan had four sons: Shuchi, Chagatai, Wokoutai, and Tore.
In 1206 AD, Genghis Khan unified the Mongol tribes. After that, he divided the whole army into two parts: the left wing and the right wing. The central wing, directly under himself, is accompanied by the four sons Tuolei; the left wing is the east side, which is the territory of the three younger brothers; the right wing is also the west side, which is the territory of the three sons, from north to south, it is Shuchi, Chagatai, and Wokoutai.
The young son guards the stove, so tow ray, who has been following Genghis Khan, has the most powerful strength. However, Genghis Khan eventually chose Wokoutai as his heir, which in fact set the stage for the division of the Mongols.
After two years of supervision, Wokoutai finally joined forces with Chagatai. Due to the early death of his eldest brother Shu Chi, Tuolei had no choice but to convene Kuritai and recognized the status of the Great Khan of Wokoutai.
After that, Tuolei eliminated the main force of the Jin Kingdom in the Battle of the Three Peaks Mountain, and the Jin Kingdom no longer had the ability to resist. But Tore then died on the way back to the division for a variety of reasons. In any case, the Mongols came under the rule of Wokoutai and Chagatai.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >2, Battus, Möngke, and Guiyu</h1>
If you want to win the final victory, if your life is not long enough, then you must have several excellent sons. For Genghis Khan's four sons, it is clear that the descendants of Tore are the best.
Four of Tuolei's sons are the most famous: Möngke, Kublai Khan, Hulagu, and Ali bu.
In 1235, the second year after the destruction of the Jin Dynasty, Wokoutai formulated a great expedition in both the east and the west.
To the east, that is, the Central Plains of China, led by Prince Kuochu;
To the west, in the Russian region, led by Battus and Möngke, Guiyu went out with his army.
Pay attention to the relationship between these people: Kuochi is the third son of Wokoutai and also the prince; Badu is the second son of Shuchi, Meng Ge is the eldest son of Tuolei, and Guiyu is the eldest son of Wokoutai. That is to say, Guiyu was placed in a secondary position in the process of the Western Expedition, and what was even more tragic was the descendants of Chagatai, whose talents withered away, and although Baidar participated in the war, he was overwhelmed by heavy responsibilities.
After Wokoutai and Chagatai took control of the Mongol dynasty, the Shuchi and Tuolei families were in fact the same disease. At the same time, Battu and Möngke's mother were sisters, so they were both cousins and cousins, very close, and both were outstanding figures of Genghis Khan's grandchildren.
Guiyu was at odds with Batu on the way to the West, and was later ordered by the enraged Wokoutai in 1239 to be escorted back to the base camp by Möngke. Later, the Mongols' western expedition was in fact completed by Battu alone.
In 1242, Wokoutai died of illness (said to have been poisoned), and Chagatai died seven months earlier. Later, due to the early death of Crown Prince Kuochu in 1236, Guiyu, who had returned from Russia, eventually ascended to the position of Great Khan.
Kiyu and Ba are at odds, and the war between the two is on the verge of breaking out, but is avoided by Kiyu's sudden death. How did Kiyu die? There are also many opinions, one theory is that he was assassinated by Batu.
Later, with the armed support of Battus, Möngke of the Tore clan ascended to the throne of the Great Khan in 1251 AD. After Möngke became the Great Khan of the Mongols, he sent troops to suppress the disobedient Wokoutai and Chagatai clans, and established the Mongol rule system of Möngke + Batu, and Batu had already achieved de facto independence in Russia and Eastern Europe.
So, the Tuolei family, who has four good sons, actually laughed to the end.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" >3, Kublai Khan, Hulagu and Ali Bu brothers</h1>
After Mungo ascended the throne, the same great conquest was formulated in both directions:
To the east, it is still the Central Plains of our country, led by his younger brother Kublai Khan;
To the west, an expedition to the Middle East, led by his younger brother Hulagu.
And the youngest brother Ali Bu Brother led the vast thunder fiefdom,
In order to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan proposed a protracted war strategy of first attacking Dali and besieging the Southern Song Dynasty. But Möngke disagreed, believing kublai khan to be too cautious and later became suspicious of kublai khan. So Möngke personally marched in 1258 and led a large army into Sichuan.
However, Möngke was ultimately unable to defeat the Southern Song Dynasty, but instead fell to Chongqing DiaoyuCheng (August 1259). How did Mungo die? Some said that they were injured by the arrows of the Great Song Dynasty, and some said that they were infected with infectious diseases. But in any case, Möngke died, and the position of Great Khan was once again vacant.
Both Kublai Khan and Ali Bugo received the news, but Hulagu, who was far away on the Mediterranean coast of Western Asia, did not know that Hulagu received the news in April 1260, almost eight months after Möngke's death.
Was the Mongols' post station system so poor? Of course not, because Ali is not secretive.
For Ali Buge, Kublai Khan was naturally the biggest opponent in the next Khan's struggle, but Hulagu, who was far away on the Mediterranean coast, also had to be guarded against.
At the same time as Hulagu received the news, in April 1260, Kublai Khan convened Kulitai, the position of Great Khan, in his stronghold of Kaiping Province (later Shangdu), and in May, Ali Buge also held Kulitai, the position of great khan, in Hala and Lin.
What to do? Hulagu had to make a choice, both to choose where he stood in the struggle for the Khan's throne and whether the road to the West would continue.
In the end, Hulagu chose Kublai Khan, chose to withdraw his troops, and returned to Azerbaijan, leaving a timid no flower in Palestine.
The pattern after Möngke was actually very similar to that of the time of Guiyu, kublai Khan won the victory, and Hulagu achieved de facto independence in return.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >4, can Hulagu continue his western expedition? </h1>
When the Political Situation in Mongolia stabilized, why did Hulagu not continue his western expedition? In fact, it's not that you don't want to, it's that you can't
In September 1260, the Mamluk dynasty defeated the cowardly Mongol army in Palestine, and the cowardly Flowerless was killed, after which the Mongols lost syria.
Later, Hulagu, who returned to Azerbaijan, established the Ilkhanate on the basis of Persia and the Two Rivers Valley, but the international pattern had changed dramatically by this time.
After Battus' death, his younger brother Belgo ascended the throne and converted to Islam. At the same time, the Caucasus region was originally a territory of the Jurchen clan, and after Hulagu occupied it, it also caused dissatisfaction in the Golden Horde.
Thus, Hulagu's Ilkhanate became a common enemy of the Mamluk dynasty of Egypt and the Mongols' own Golden Horde, and the Golden Horde and the Mamluk dynasty established the "Volga-Nile Alliance".
In the north was the Golden Horde, in the west was the Mamluk dynasty, and in the east, the Chagatai Khanate, which was also discordant, hulagu's khanate was in a situation of enemies on all sides, and was once very embarrassed.
Later, Hulagu had to seek to join forces with the European Christendom to get out of the predicament, such as philip IV, the king of the Capetian dynasty in France.
Therefore, Möngke's death is indeed the direct cause of Hulagu's withdrawal, but its roots were actually laid from the day of Genghis Khan's death. Hulagu's predicament after the establishment of the Ilkhanate made it impossible for him to march west.