Liu Yongjia
Recently, the list of the first batch of 5 national parks was announced, which shows that the country attaches great importance to the conservation and development of important natural heritage, natural landscapes and biodiversity, and also provides a good place for people to learn, relax, watch and experience. As early as 800 years ago, Jin also built a number of "national parks" on a large scale in the Beijing area.
In modern times, parks refer to public gardens for the masses to play, rest and carry out recreational and sports activities, while in ancient times also refer to the gardens of officials. The Biography of King Rencheng of Wei states: "(Yuan Cheng) also clarified the method of reward and punishment, and reduced the land of the park to give the unemployed poor." ”
In April of the first year of Jin Zhenyuan (1153), King Jin Hailing moved the capital to Yanjing and renamed it Zhongdu. Before the capital was moved, the King of Hailing not only ordered the renovation and expansion of Yanjing, but also used the basic water system lakes of the Liao Dynasty to build a large-scale garden garden, and a large number of large parks and small parks planned and built by the state appeared, laying the foundation for the layout and development of the park gardens in Beijing later.
The garden construction of Jin zhongdu began from inside and outside the imperial city, with four gardens in the east, west, south, and north, with the west garden being the most important, and many other small gardens; a number of palaces were built outside the city, and new gardens were added in the suburbs, and these palaces and gardens created a skeleton foundation for the construction of the imperial gardens of the jin dynasty in later generations.
Xiyuan was opened up and built with a series of lake waterholes formed by the ancient Washimagou water (known as West Lake in gold, now Lotus Pond) in the western part of the old city of Yanjing, of which Qionglin Garden and Tongyuan are the most famous.
Qionglin Garden, which can be called the Great Park, is located on the southwest side of Miyagi, which was expanded by the Hailing King on the basis of Liaoyao Pond (renamed Fish Algae Pond in Jin), and was added by Kim Sejong and Kim Jangjong for more than 50 years, becoming the most beautiful and magnificent garden in the Jin Dynasty Palace, with a beautiful natural environment and spectacular architecture, and was a "royal garden" often played by the emperors and members of the royal family of the Jin Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty called it "the magnificence of the gods", which shows the magnificence of its scenery and architecture. The "Jin Shi Geographical Chronicle" says: "Qionglin Garden has Hengcui Hall and Ningde Palace. The West Garden (Garden) has Yaoguang Terrace, Qionghua Island, and Yaoguang Building. The "Golden Tujing" written by the Southern Song Dynasty describes the garden scenery around Qionglin Garden: "The west out of the Yuhua Gate, with paradise, Yaochi, Pengying, Liuzhuang, Xingcun all in this." The "Chronicle of the Golden Kingdom" also states: "West to the Yuhua Gate is the same paradise, Ruoyaochi, Pengying, Liuzhuang, Xingcun are all in Yan." ”
Judging from the above records, there are Yaochi, Pengying and other scenic spots in Qionglin Garden, all in the area around the Yuhua Gate of the West Gate of Miyagi. The King of Hailing rebuilt the Yaochi Hall and built the Hengcui Hall, Yaoguangtai, Yaoguang Lou, Linfang Hall, Shenlong Hall, Longde Hall, Guanhui Pavilion, etc., all modeled after the northern Song Dynasty's Fenjing Imperial Garden, and named the new garden built as Qionglin Garden (also known as Qionglin Garden).
Qionglin Garden is magnificent in shape, and the Yuan Dynasty people can still see its scenery, which has been recorded: "Xuanlian Cuiyuan, Taoying Jin yong, Lou Que Saga, palace dome", which shows the majesty of the entire palace in Jinzhong. People at that time usually refer to the Yao Pond in the south of Qionglin Garden and the major lakes in the West Garden as Tailiu Pond, they are the pond lake of the Imperial Garden in the Imperial Palace, which communicates the water system of the Imperial City, the water flow is smooth, the pond grows lotus flowers and hibiscus flowers, and the reflection of the Pavilion on the side of the pool is reflected in the pool, just like the picture of Tiangong.
By the time of Jin Zhangzong, Yaochi was renamed Yuzao Pond, and Yaochi Hall (located on the island in the pond) was also renamed Yuzao Hall. The fish algae pond is located in the south of Qionglin Garden, and on the north bank of the pond is a group of palaces, including Penglai Hall and Penglai Pavilion. "Fish Algae Pond, Yaochi Temple, built in the first year of Zhenyuan (1153). There is the Hall of the Divine Dragon, there is also the Pavilion of the Spectators, there are the Hall of Anren, the Hall of Longde, the Hall of Linfang, and the Hall of Yuanhe in the first year of the imperial rule. Later, Penglai Temple, Ruizhu Palace, Ruizhu Palace, Dragon and Palace, Dragon And Hall, Xiangying Hall, Duanming Hall, Mingyue Hall, Qingfeng Hall, Xiangfei Pavilion, Lantai Hall, Kunyi Hall, Yuhua Palace and other pavilions were added.
Tongyuan is equivalent to a small park, and its location is south of YuhuaMenmen, corresponding to the area around the west of present-day Youth Lake. According to the "Jintu Jing", "The West Out of Yuhua Gate is known as the Same Paradise", "The Ten Years of Da Ding Feast Group of Subjects in the Yao Pond of the Same Paradise". The "Zhongzhou Collection" also contains: "Daoling Mid-Autumn Festival Moon Ruiguang Lou, summoned Zhao Feng (Wen Ru) to the imperial poetry, with Qing characters as rhymes." Feng Shiyun: Autumn Qi Early PingYue Zhengming, Ruizhu Palace Que to Pengying. Zhao Bingwen, the rebbe Shangshu, has a poem with paradise: "Stone is made of walls and bamboo reflects the door, and the water returns to the mountains and several taoyuans." Mao floated on the water to know the goose fence, horn out of the wall head to recognize the deer park. "Obviously, the scenery here is very grand, there are fairy islands such as Pengying, there are willow villages and apricot villages, there are goose fences and deer parks. The wall is a tiger skin stone wall, and there is a large piece of bamboo at the front door, which complements the palace atmosphere and wild fun.
Taining Palace can be called a large park, and in the sixth year of Jin Dading (1166), Jin Shizong ordered Zhang Guoyan, the superintendent of the Shaofu Province, to preside over the construction of the Taining Palace in the north of the city. The waters of the Taining Palace Area were originally a natural lake, which belonged to a section of the Gaoliang River. During the construction, this section of the river was expanded and deepened, making it a lake with wide waters, which became the predecessor of the present-day North Sea, The Middle Sea, the Front Sea, the Back Sea and the West Sea. At that time, the excavated waters were piled up into islands and hills around the lake, the island was called "Qionghua Island", the water was called "Xihuatan", and the "Guanghan Hall" and other buildings were rebuilt. Because the ancients regarded the mirage as the qionglou yu in the sky, they built this palace according to the legendary "Penglai Wonderland". After 13 years of construction, the Taining Palace Area was officially completed.
The large-scale Taining Palace, whose scope includes today's Beihai and Zhonghai areas, the layout of the palace gardens belongs to the regulation of the classical royal garden "one pond and three mountains", and there are a large number of palaces built along the east and west coasts of the lake. According to the "Jin Shi Geographical Chronicle", "There is a Taining Palace in the north of the capital, which was built (cheng) in the nineteenth year of Dading. Later, more Shouning, and more Shou'an, Ming Chang's second year was more Wanning Palace. For the Wanning Palace, the Jin Imperial Court attached great importance to management and protection, and specially set up the Wanning Palace Lifting Division, "guarding the palace seat of the palace.". In September of the third year of Taehwa (1203), he also "raised the division under the Ministry of Works with the Wanning Palace" and raised the specifications.
Regarding the beautiful scenery of Wanning Palace, we can only feel it in the poems of the poets of the Jin Dynasty today. Zhao Bingwen has a poem "Hu Wanning Palace": "A clear sound opens for nine days, and the thunder of the day leads to battle." Calyx is forbidden to pass through the city, and the two banks of the Qu River are all on the platform. The willow shade greets the carving, and the lotus flowers are divided into the wine glass. Imagine the wind in the water hall, and the sound of the five strings is rich in the people. From the poet's description, it can be seen that the Wanning Palace is calyxed with calyxes, the willow shade is shaded, the lotus flowers are fragrant, the magpies are singing, the spring water is dingdong, the palace locust is lush, and the scenery is beautiful, just like the scenery of the Qujiang River in the Tang Dynasty.
Guangyuan Park, also known as South Garden and South Garden, is one of the Palace Gardens of Jinzhongdu, and its location is roughly in the west of Fengyi Gate, near the city wall. According to the Jin Shi Hailing Chronicle, "In the second year of Zhenyuan (1154), in September Yiwei, Changwu Hall struck a bow. Let the people see through. The Jin Shi Sejong Ji also states: "In the third year of Dading (1163), in may Yiwei, with a weight of five, Xingguang Paradise shot willows, and ordered the crown prince, prince, and hundred officials to shoot, and the winner gave a difference." On the Imperial Palace of Constant Martial Arts, he gave feasts to bat, and it was normal for him to be old. It can be seen that there is a Changwu Hall in Guangyuan Park, which is a place for the emperor and hundred officials to shoot willows, bat balls, and learn martial arts. At the same time, this is also the place where the lanterns are placed in the palace, and every year in the First Month lantern festival, it is necessary to display lights in the palace, and there will be a mountain of lights in it.
After years of construction, Jinzhong can be described as a large park and a small park everywhere, in addition to the West Garden, East Garden, South Garden, North Garden, as well as the Back Garden, Liang Garden, Shu Garden, Zhao Garden, Deer Park, etc., there are many scenic spots, beautiful scenery, really the city is in the painting. In present-day Wanshou Mountain, Xiangshan Mountain and Yuquan Mountain, there were also the departure palaces of the Golden Emperor in those years. Now the location of the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse, where Jin Zhangzong Chunyue used to fish. These parks have both natural scenic spots and garden buildings, which make Jinzhong more beautiful and beautiful.
In the Jin Dynasty, there were "Eight Views of Yanshan Mountain", called: Tailiu Autumn Wind, Qiongdao Spring Yin, Jintai (Daoling) Xizhao, Jimen Flying Rain, Xishan Snow, Yuquan Weeping Rainbow, Lugou Xiaoyue, Juyong Diecui, which later evolved into "Eight Views of Yanjing". The construction of the "National Park" in Jinzhongdu is the first construction climax in the history of gardens in Beijing, and some garden lots have continued to this day. Many of the names in the "Eight Views of Yanshan Mountain" have been handed down, which has had a positive impact on the naming of attractions across the country.
【Source: Beijing Daily】
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