What is the "Xiguan Mansion"? I believe this is the question of most people.
The picture is from the "British Library Special Collection of Chinese Qing Dynasty Export Painting Essence", the tenth category of "indoor furnishing group paintings". The group of paintings has a total of 10 pictures, which depict the mansion garden of "Liu Jinshi in Guangzhou" in a panoramic way inside and out, which can be used as a proof for today's people to understand the cultural connotation of "Xiguan Mansion".
Since the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, "Xiguan" has dominated the development of Guangzhou culture, and its economy and culture have symbolic significance in Guangzhou. From the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Guangdong's social economy gradually led the whole country, winning the "noisy wells along the river, standing on the ground gushing thousands of ships." QiMai Xiong is so, it has the reputation of Guangzhou". By the Qing Dynasty, thanks to the policy of "one port of trade", the Guangzhou Thirteen Lines of China and West Trade Special Zone was prosperous and developed, and Guangdong once again became the "Tianzi Nanku", and rich merchants gathered.
Liu Jinshi's residence in Qing Dynasty export paintings
Guangdong Shanggang, also known as "Guangdong Shang", is the pioneer of China's foreign trade. They live in a grand room, are beautiful, have great wealth, and live exquisitely. Now the Xiguan area of Guangzhou is the settlement of haojia and broad merchants at that time, and the large mansion commonly known as the "Xiguan House" was built under such a premise.
Commercial towns and cities along the coastal areas along the Yangtze River in Guangdong sprung up like mushrooms, and with this trend came the architectural model of the Xiguan mansion, which was soon imitated by the cities and towns in the two parts of Guangzhou, especially in the Pearl River Basin, and history called this process the "Xiguanhua" period.
The "Xiguan Mansion" is often a combination of residence and garden, and the "Pan Family Garden" of the thirteen-line giant rich Pan Zhencheng, the "Wansong Garden" of Wu Bingjian, and the "Haishan Xianguan" of the red-crowned rich merchant Pan Shicheng are all the crowns of private gardens. These magnificent mansions became the places where dignitaries, celebrities, and extraterrestrial rich people often gathered to visit; government officials and even Chincha ministers often met here with foreign envoys. The "Xiguan Mansion" literally seems to refer to a residential building, but now it has become a cultural symbol. It reflects the rapid economic and cultural development of Guangzhou during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and witnesses the glory of Guangdong's collection culture.
There are many rare antiquities in the house, such as piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, and if they are not vassals and elegant, they must be treasure-seeking, knowledgeable and erudite gentlemen
During the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty, due to the prosperity of the economy and the prosperity of culture and education, the entire Pearl River Delta region centered on the current Guangzhou was regarded as an emerging market for cultural relics and artworks by antique dealers across the country, and the collection activities were very active. The cultural relics and treasures that have always been circulated only in the northern and southern regions in the past have entered Guangdong in large numbers, and there has been a phenomenon of mass giants and literati scholars competing to collect cultural relics and artworks.
In the spring auction of 2016, Guangzhou Huayi International Auction focused on launching a special session - "Xiguan Mansion". It is hoped that through the naming of "Xiguan Mansion", everyone can taste the wisdom and aesthetic sentiments of the ancients while continuing the rich cultural memory of Guangdong's collection.
Mr. Xian Yuqing's article "Collectors of Guangdong" lists 51 guangdong connoisseurs in Guangdong from the Ming Zhengde period (1506-1521) to 1930, including 7 in the Ming Dynasty and 44 in the Qing Dynasty to the early 20th century. Their collections include gold stones, Yi Ding, calligraphy and painting, ceramics, guqin, ancient stones, ancient bricks, bronze seals, snuff and cigarette bottles, copper drums, Tang and Song dynasty scriptures, etc.
Among them, the best ones include Pan Youwei, Pan Zhengwei, Pan Shicheng, Wu Rongguang, Ye Menglong, Wu Chongyao, Wu Yuanhui, Kong Guangtao, Kang Youwei, etc., which are well-known throughout the country.
The "Xiguan Mansion" special exhibition changed the way of auction display in the past, by creating an ideal living room, the ancient calligraphy and paintings, furniture, porcelain, miscellaneous miscellaneous items and other artistic layouts, showing a living space full of aesthetic significance.
Pan Youwei (1743--1821), a native of Panyu, Zhuo Chen, yitang. During the Qianlong dynasty, he was a jinshi and a secretary in the official cabinet. When it was the official residence, it collected the bronze seals of the past dynasties, accumulated thousands of dollars, and had the name seal of Yan Zhenqing. Can identify, good gold stone, Tibetan ancient springs, Yi Ding, Fa Ti, calligraphy and painting are very rich, more gods and wonderful products. Good at coloring flowers, Qian Weicheng once asked ghostwriting. Author of "Looking at the Bronze Seal Notation of the Seal Building".
Collectors pursue the fun of playing elegantly
Wu Rongguang (1773--1843), a native of Foshan, Nanhai, zidianyuan, borong, hehewu, shiyunshanren, and the museum was called Junqingguan and Poke'an. During the Jiaqing period, he was promoted to the governor of Hunan and the governor of Huguang. In the Qing Dynasty, Lingnan enjoyed a long reputation as a collector of calligraphy and paintings. His life deeds can be found in the "Biography of the History of the Qing Dynasty" and other classics.
The collection of Song and Ming inscriptions, legal books, famous paintings, jijin, and yashi are mostly unique in the sea. The richness of the collection, a few times before the Ming Xiangzi Kyo. The collection of calligraphy and paintings includes works by Song Tuoben, Zhou Wenji and Zhang Jie of the Five Dynasties, Song Li Tang and Su Shi, Yuan Zhao Mengfu and Wang Meng, Ming Dai Wenjin and so on. In addition, there are buddhist statues, scripture stones, etc.
Gong calligraphy, good at painting, proficient in lexicography and golden stone examination, writing a lot, including "Xin Ugly Summer Record", "Junqingguan Golden Stone Record", "Shiyunshan Humanistic Manuscript", "WuxueLu", "Junqingguan Fa Ti" and so on. The collection contains "Po Ke An Seal", "Wu Shi Junqing Museum Collection of Calligraphy and Painting", "Lotus House Approval" and so on.
Ye Menglong (1775--1832), a native of the South China Sea, was a chinese poet. Official Household Department Langzhong. Build the "Leaning Mountain Building", which contains gold stones, legal books, famous paintings, and ancient books. The collection of dramas includes Song Mi Yuanhui, Zhao Lingyong, Yuan Wangmian and Ming Qiuying scrolls. The Tibetan seals include "South China Sea Ye Clan Yungu Family Collection" and "Ye Menglong Collection". He is the author of "Records of Paintings and Calligraphy of the Wind Man Lou", "Zhen Yin Garden Fa Ti", and "Youshi Zhai Ji Gu Ti".
Pan Zhengwei (1791--1850), a native of Panyu, was a Chinese poet. Good Law Book, Xiao Kai Youjing. There are calligraphy and painting habits, to fake and save the real and rough, more than 180 kinds of hidden in the Listening Lou, among which there are many Tang, Song and Yuan famous gods; the collection of bronze seals more than 1700 squares, all from Pan Youwei to see the seal tower. He is the author of "Listening to the Paintings and Calligraphy of the Pavilion", "Bronze Seal Notation", and "Tibetan True Thesis".
Kong Jixun (1792--1842), Zi Chi Ting, No. Kaiwen. During the Daoguang years, he was elected as a Shujishi of hanlin academy. Inheriting more than 40,000 volumes of ancestral books, he has a unique and meticulous understanding of the calligraphy and paintings of the ancients, and built the "Yue Xue Lou" collection of calligraphy and painting books. His sons Kong Guangyong and Kong Guangtao's father's relics were painstakingly searched, and the traces of the plays include Tang Wu Daozi, Yan Liben, The Five Dynasties of Huang Quan, Song Zhao Lingyong, Dong Yuan, Yuan Ni Zhen, Huang Gongwang, and Wang Meng; the old collection of Ming Fushan, Wu Rongguang Qingguan, and Pan Zhengwei listening to the books and treasures of the Biao Lou Collection were also returned, and the ancient books and calligraphy and paintings of "Yue Xue Lou" were also transferred to Guangdong. He is the author of "Yue Xuelou Calligraphy and Painting Record", "Yue Xuelou Jian Zhen Fa Ti", and "Yue Xuelou Anthology".
Ming Chongzhen Zhongni style Lu WangQin (Chongzhen 癸酉 No. 1)
Pan Shicheng (1803--1873), a native of Panyu, was a Chinese poet. During the Daoguang years, he was given the title of a man of honor, and was specially authorized to transport two Guangdong salt envoys. Building the "Haishan Immortal Hall", the sex is elegant and ancient, the collection is very rich, and the heavy gold search for Shang Yi, Qin Jing, Han Jian, Tang Qin, Song Yuanming calligraphy and painting ink, there are many Uncarved manuscripts of Song, Yuan, and Ming people and the remains of Guangdong and Chinese celebrities, especially the inscriptions of the old Tuo orphans. One of the four famous qins in guangdong history, the Tang Dynasty Tianxue qin. Tea lover, customized purple sand tea pot, unique shape, small capacity, pot lid mouth outside the plutonium "Pan" word print, people know "Pan pot". Engraved "Haishan Xianguan Series" and "Haishan Xianguan Series".
Wu Chongyao (1810-1863), originally known as Yuan Wei, later changed his name to Chongyao, alias Ziyuan. A famous bibliophile of the Qing Dynasty, su Yunfeng was elegant and devoted to book searching, collecting books, engraving books, and printing books. Especially emphasis is placed on Cantonese literature. Build "Yue Ya Tang" and "Yuan Ai Lou" as the place to collect books and school books. With the assistance of the literary historian Tan Ying, the engraved books are numerous and exquisite, large-scale and extensive, and the engraved books include the "Yue Yatang Series", which is the most influential comprehensive large-scale series of books in the late Qing Dynasty; there are also "Yuan'ai Lou Bibliography", "Lingnan Testament", "Yue Thirteen Collections", "Chu Tingqi Old Testament Poems", "Youdi Jisheng" and so on.
Wu Yuanhui (1824--1865), a native of Panyu, changed his name to Baoheng, the character Liangmou, and the number Li Tsuen. Good sex books, rich collection, excellent appreciation. It contains the true works of Song Zhai Yuanshen, Wang Yi, Mi Youren, The Five Dynasties huang quan, Yuan Zhao Mengfu, Xian Yushu and Ni Zhan. He is the author of "Nanxuezhai Tibetan True Thesis" and "Chengguan Pavilion Ancient Thesis".
In the early Qing Dynasty, the "Xianxian Clan Collection" type of halberd ear stove
Kang Youwei (1858--1927), a native of The South China Sea, was a native of Nanhai, known as Zu Yi (祖诒), the character Guangsha (廣厦), and the number Changsu (号長素). Guangxu Nian Jinshi, head of the official household department. In Guangzhou, "Wanmu Caotang" was set up, with a collection of more than 10,000 books, which was first stored in the "Yunqu Book House", and later moved to "Wanmu Caotang" and "Guangya Academy"; the collection of paintings includes paintings and stone statues from outside the tang, five dynasties, Song, Europe and the United States. Most of the books in his posthumous collection belong to the Library of Guangxi University, the Zhenjiang Library, the Library of hong Kong Chinese University, etc. Author of "Wanmu Caotang Tibetan Painting Catalogue".
Early Qing Dynasty Agarwood carving "Fragrant Mountain Nine Elders" figure pen holder
In addition to the extremely rich collection of calligraphy and paintings of the Tang, Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, the number and concentration of objects collected by these collectors are significantly higher than those of later collectors. In addition, many Guangdong connoisseurs have spent huge sums of money to engrave and print books, and their contributions to promoting the academic development of traditional Chinese culture are also enormous.
Wang Yuanqi's "Jingjiang Poetry"
However, the collection of cultural relics and works of art has always been in harmony with the fortunes of the country, and the people who rely on the rich collection are ultimately the power of goods. Once the economic foundation is shaken, the buildings and pavilions all collapse and fall. Most of these collectors are from the thirteen lines of merchants and rich, or salt tea masters. The Thirteen Merchants had gone bankrupt by the end of the 18th century. In the early years of Jiaqing, the war between European countries increased the instability and frequent risks in the trade between China and the West, coupled with excessive donations, losses, bribes and other factors, making the business difficulties worse and worse.
Pan Zhengwei's father, Pan Youdu, had completely stopped commercial activities since the beginning of the trade season in 1807-1808, and was later named and returned by the Jiaqing Emperor, but after Pan Youdu's death in 1820, no one in the Pan family was willing to take over the banner, and finally although Pan Zhengwei took over, the "Tongfu Xing" he operated was soon stopped.
In the late Jiaqing period, there were more bankruptcies in the business. The salt reforms of the Daoguang years fundamentally abolished the monopoly of salt merchants on the salt industry. Pan Shicheng "lost salt to the point of ruining his family in his later years", and the Kong family was also changed to an official office because of the salt industry they were engaged in, and the family road declined, and the treasures they hid were gradually lost.
Pan Youwei's GuanHuan Lou once hid more than 2,000 Han bronze seals, which were later returned to He Kunyu; Sheng Jingxuan successively searched for Wu Rongguang's Qingguan, Ye Menglong Fengman Lou, Pan Zhengwei's Listening Lou, and Kong Jixun Yue Xuelou's scattered houses, and won special wealth.