To study the origins of Hakka, we cannot but attach importance to the history of the migration of Hakka ancestors to the south during the last years of the Tang Dynasty (referred to as the late Tang Dynasty) and the Northern Song Dynasty in China. This is not only because it is another large-scale Hakka southward migration movement after the "Siyuliu people" moved out of the Central Plains in the last year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but also because it gave birth to the formation of a unique ethnic group among the Chinese people, the Hakka family group. In terms of the hakka origins of this period alone, its flow was later the basic residence of the Hakka people ——— the northern Han people on the edge of Fujian, Guangdong and Gansu. In the historical period, not only the sources of migration were more extensive, but the number of immigrants was also larger. According to statistics, half of today's Hakka surnames "were in the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region" from the late Tang Dynasty to the early Song Dynasty. However, in the past, many Hakka researchers believed that the time and motivation for the southward migration of the Han people in this period was the Huangchao Rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and it is also common to believe that Huangchao used troops in Fujian Province to promote the Ninghua of Fujian. These claims do not quite correspond to historical facts. If this is really the case, then it is impossible for so many immigrants to flow into the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region since the end of the Tang Dynasty. In fact, during this historical period, Han Chinese immigrants flowed into Fujian, Guangdong, and Gansu, and their time and motivation, in addition to the Huangchao Uprising at the end of the Tang Dynasty, which put most of China in the midst of war, there were also disputes and massacres of separatist forces in five generations, and the social chaos brought about by the weak national strength and passive politics of the Northern Song Dynasty.
A background outline of the migration from the late Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty
After the Tang Dynasty was severely damaged by the "Anshi Rebellion", the socio-economic and political system moved in the direction of decay, especially by the end of the Tang Dynasty, and this fate had reached the point of being sick. During the reign of Emperor Yizong of Tang (860-873), Liu Yunzhang wrote to him that the social situation at that time was "nine broken in the state" and "eight sufferings for the people". This social situation finally broke out in the year of Emperor Qianzong (874), which ignited a huge peasant movement led by Xianzhi and Huangchao in Shangpu Prefecture (樊县, Henan) and Cao Prefecture (present-day northern Cao County, Shandong), and within a few years, the flames of war burned throughout the Central Plains. In particular, after Wang Xianzhi was killed in battle in the fifth year of Ganfu (878) and the leadership was returned to Shihuangchao, the peasant army was even more overwhelming, from Shandong to Henan, and then south to cross the river to Jiangxi and occupy Qian (present-day Ganzhou), Ji 'an (present-day Ji'an), Rao (present-day Boyang), xin (present-day Shangrao) prefectures and then to Anhui, and then into Zhejiang from Quzhou to Jianzhou (present-day Jian'ou County) in northern Fujian to capture Fuzhou, and then along the southeast coast of Fujian to Guangdong and occupy Guangzhou, and from Guangzhou north to Guangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Then shun Changting went east into Jiangxi and occupied Rao Prefecture (present-day Boyang County) in the northeast of Gan, and then into Anhui to Henan... By December 5 of the third year of Guangming (January 8, 881), Chang'an was captured. Later, the peasants lost Chang'an and fought in the Central Plains for nearly ten years. Therefore, this long-term large-scale and large-scale conquest undoubtedly played a positive historical role in disintegrating and shaking the Tang Dynasty regime, but it is also undeniable. In the process of the Huangchao peasant army's march and attack, the disaster brought by the resistance and suppression of the Tang army and the local government forces, and even the settlement of accounts after the autumn was also extremely deep and cruel. Therefore, countless innocent people from war zones have suffered a tragic fate of death or flight.
In the five dynasties following the fall of the Tang Dynasty, the area under its direct control was only the whole of present-day Henan and most of Shaanxi, Shandong, and Hubei, as well as a part of Ningxia, Hebei, Shanxi, Gansu, Anhui, and Jiangxi; the area controlled by the Later Tang, Later Jin, and Later Han, although expanded, was still very limited; only later Zhou extended the southern territory to the northern part of the Yangtze River in present-day Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangsu. Since the founding monarchs of the five generations were all former dynastic towns and the power to seize power through extraordinary means, and most of them were militant and martial alien clans, the use of force, the exercise of tyranny and military attacks basically became their only way out. In order to seize or defend power, there are often wars between military forces and even within themselves, and they are inflicted on the people in all kinds of inhumane military and violent forms. Wang Fuzhi's "Treatise on Reading through the Scriptures" states that the five generations ruled: "If all these people have been harmed for decades, they will not be able to bear to see the misery of not being able to bear to speak." The areas of the Ten Kingdoms were slightly better except for Min, Wu and Former Shu, and the rest were small witches and great witches compared to the Five Dynasties. Their rulers were also warlords large and small, all of whom established themselves as kings by force or by suppressing peasant movements or waging armed coups. As An Zhongrong, who was born in the army and was later appointed as the emissary of Jiedushi, said: "In this world, the heavens are gone, and the soldiers and horses are strong! Would rather have that? They all basically defended or were annexed by force in the areas they ruled, so Wang Fuzhi's claim that Zhu Wen usurped tang to the Northern Song Dynasty was another "Warring States Yanyun" in Chinese history! " 。 Therefore, in the era of terror and bloodshed of the five generations, the broad masses of the people have only two ways out to avoid the fate of sitting still: First, armed insurrection and countering violence by force. In fact, the larger peasant movement that broke out in the five dynasties for about half a century had revolts led by Wu Yi and Dong Yi in the north of Chen Prefecture (present-day Huaiyang, Henan), while in the south there were uprisings led by Zhang Yuxian in Xunzhou (present-day Huiyang, Guangdong) and Qianzhou (present-day Ganzhou) in northern Guangdong; the second was to migrate and flee to remote or more peaceful areas to escape the oppression of tyranny. As for the Northern Song Dynasty, because it was established as a military coup, it was particularly sensitive and strictly guarded against future generations involved in the aftermath. From the beginning of Zhao Kuangyin, the deprivation of military power at all levels was strengthened to attribute it to the emperor, so that a military system of separating commanders from soldiers and generals was formed, which greatly weakened the combat effectiveness of the army. Therefore, when the Northern Song Dynasty and its northern neighbors successively became more and more powerful in the liao, Xia, Jin and other ethnic contests, from the very beginning even the purpose of defense was difficult to achieve, only in the constant huge reparations and the shame of splitting the land, and the greedy foreign rulers had to burst into size, often using war and plunder to supplement their own difficulties, so during the Northern Song Dynasty, the northern part of the Central Plains was constantly in turmoil, and many people, in addition to being killed and plundered by foreign races, were migrating to the interior and even the south, among which before the Song and Liao signed the "Alliance of Lanzhou". The officials alone sent the people of Yun, Ying, Huan, and Shuo to migrate internally. The large amount of reparations originally paid for the numerous defeats in wars caused by military weakness has added a lot of burdens to the people, but what is even more tragic is that the rulers have imposed more suffering on the people in other aspects, such as the policy of "not suppressing annexation" that allows bureaucratic landlords to annex land, which will inevitably cause "the field system to be unliquivocal" and cause a large number of peasants to lose their land; and the mercenary system, which recruits and even forcibly recruits Ding Zhuanghe in a large number of years of famine, has the result of which not only affects material production, but also increases the people's burden on military expenditure Another example is the expansion and simplification of the imperial examination system, so that more literati can enter the bureaucracy, which is bound to cause more profligacy in the state finances, so that the people will pay more taxes for it ... This series of measures is extremely detrimental to the civilian population and social production. Therefore, the historical records record that the number of "main households" who owned land in various places was decreasing, while the number of "customers" who lost their land to rely on the main households for exploitation and bullying was increasing. This increase in the ratio of master and slave and the increase in the disparity between the rich and the poor are bound to cause social contradictions to sharpen and even worsen, thus provoking the people to take risks and resist the government by force. Therefore, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the original purpose of the rulers to prevent the people from rebelling was not achieved at all, and even counterproductive, making it the dynasty that produced the most peasant revolts in history. From the rebellions of Wang Xiaobo, Li Shun, and others in Sichuan in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty to the rebellions of Fang La and Song Jiang in the Central Plains in the shandong and Hebei areas of the Central Plains in the late Northern Song Dynasty, these peasant movements were basically aimed at "equalizing the rich and the poor" and "killing the rich to help the poor." However, the result of these peasant revolts and the brutal repression of them by the ruling class has increased the threat to the lives and property of the people. Therefore, the wars caused by this series of ethnic and social contradictions, as well as the cruel oppression of the people by the rulers, will inevitably cause countless people to flee the whirlpool of war or evade the pressure of taxation and migrate away.
2. Immigrants from the late Tang Dynasty poured into the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region
The immigrants who migrated to the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu border area at the end of the Tang Dynasty mainly refer to the immigrants who migrated south from the Central Plains, especially the Yangtze River Basin, from the early 1970s to the usurpation of the Tang Dynasty (907) by Zhu Wen. During this period, there was great chaos, and in particular, the Huangchao peasant army also swept through all the provinces east of the line from present-day Henan to the southern tip of South China from the beginning of 878 to the end of 880 AD, among which the most fiercely fought areas, except for Henan and Shandong in the Central Plains, as well as anhui and Jiangsu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. They were all swept away twice by the Huangchao rebels to the south and north, and the Gan, Anhui, and Su regions of the Yangtze River Basin were the main migration areas of Luo Xianglin's so-called second tribe during the Jin Dynasty's Central Plains Migration to the South. Therefore, in his writings on the origin of Hakka, Luo Xianglin regards the entire process of Hakka's southward migration as composed of five relay migrations, and regards this southward migration as the second migration, which is based on this. However, although this peasant uprising passed through and conquered most of the Central Plains and all the provinces of central, southern and eastern China, the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region, especially the western fujian and eastern Guangdong provinces, was safe and sound, so many immigrants affected by war along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its north were swept into this paradise-like paradise. However, before elaborating on the migration of northern immigrants to the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region, it is necessary to first explain and clarify the two understandings of the academic circles (including the Hakka research community) about the situation in the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region at the end of the Tang Dynasty:
The first is whether Huang Chao has used troops in western Fujian. Luo Xianglin quoted the legend of "Huang Chao did not kill the Ge Teng Pit people" in almost all of his "Guan" discourses, and in one of them, in the "Hakka Origin Examination", he also wrote about this legend: "According to the Records of the Hakka Family Genealogy, according to the Hakka family trees, its place is actually Ning Fossil Wall Village. Mr. Luo's remarks clearly affirmed that Huang Chao had used soldiers to calm down. If according to what he said, then it is inevitable that there will be wars in western Fujian at the end of the Tang Dynasty, so it is difficult to understand that the most popular immigrants who have taken refuge live here. In fact, Luo Xianglin's statement is inconsistent with history or even wrong.
This is because: First, there is no historical record that Huang Chao once entered any place in western Fujian. Shi Zhi only carries Huang Chao from Zhejiang East Kaishan Road seven hundred miles into eastern Fujian and northern Fujian, and fought very brutally in the local area, and then along the southeast coast of Fujian mainly from the sea into Guangdong Guangzhou, and finally through Guangxi, Hunan north; second, although this legend is widely circulated in Hakka folklore, including the content circulating in Ninghua territory is also consistent with Luo Xianglin's account, the legend itself does not explicitly refer to The Geteng Pit as the Stone Wall, and does not even mention minxi Ninghua and any related place names; third, in fact, In the Hakka genealogical data mentions the Ning fossil wall Kudeng pit is also very rare, Luo Xianglin in his "Introduction to Hakka Studies" and "Hakka Source Flow Examination", discussed the late Tang Dynasty Hakka migration southward migration and the introduction of more than ten kinds of genealogical espionage, and none of them mentioned the Ninghua Ge Teng Pit, therefore, the content of this legend is purely Zhang Guan Li Dai or even sub-fiction, and Western Fujian in the late Tang Dynasty is absolutely no war and relatively peaceful.
The second is whether the peasant army has marched into Gannan or not. From the Zizhi Tongjian to the Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, to the famous modern historian Lü Simian's History of the Five Dynasties of suitang and the outline of Chinese history, it is unanimously believed that Huang Chao had attacked Qian (present-day Ganzhou), Ji (present-day Luling), Rao (present-day Boyang), and Xin (present-day Shangrao), but the "History of the Middle Dynasties of China" compiled by Liu Zehua and others now rejects this theory, and in the commentary: "Huang Chao's southward route, the old saying that it once attacked Jiangxi Qian, Ji, Xin and other prefectures, according to Cen Zhongmian's "History of Sui Tang" pages 495-497, Not to be taken that way. Cen Zhongmian's 1982 Commentary on the History of Sui and Tang Dynasties, published by the Zhonghua Bookstore, was: "The main theory of the Xin (present-day Shangrao) in the northeast of Jiangxi Province, Ji (Geluling) and Qian (present-day Ganxian County), in its south, is the disturbance of the remnants of Xianzhi (or Chongyin), and is definitely not the main army of the nest, otherwise Qianzhou would have faced the front gate of Da Geng, why not go out of Guangnan, but by the Zhejiang people And Min's detour? Here, although Mr. Cen denied that Huang Chao had marched into Gannan, he still believed that Gannan was disturbed by peasant armies at the end of the Tang Dynasty. Judging from the comprehensive Hakka genealogical data, Gannan was harassed by war at the end of the Tang Dynasty. This can be proved by two facts: First, at this time, the northern immigrants entered the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu border area and tended to live farther away in Fujian and northern Gannan; secondly, many people who originally lived in Gannan entered the western Fujian at this time. We are that judging from the fact that some travel records record that there was still a phenomenon of moving to Gannan at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the riots suffered by Gannan at that time were probably not very serious. These phenomena can be seen from the genealogical examples of northern immigrants entering the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region.
It can be seen from this that during the late Tang Dynasty, the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region was in a state of calm and tranquility, except for the short-lived and small-scale wars in southern Fujian. Because of this, this ten places that have just begun to sinicize and have great potential for development have surged at this time with countless immigrants from the north and the south, such as the Jiaying Liu Clan Genealogy · The Lineage Chronicle records that the 121st Ancestor Of The Xiang (一作翔) Gong (一作翔) was the Duke of Zhang. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Emperor Ganfu (874-879), Huang Chao rebelled, took his son and grandson, and took refuge in Shibi cave in Ninghua County, the capital of Tingzhou, Fujian... Xiang Gong was originally from Luoyang, and later migrated to Jiangnan (referring to the Time of Wuhu Chaohua). Genealogy of Chongzheng Fandom · The clan contains the Li clan: the ancestor of the south, which dates back to the last year of the Tenth Tang Dynasty, and there was a clan li Meng, who moved from Chang'an to Bieliang to avoid the rebellion of the Yellow Nest, following the Fujian Ningshibi Township. Ibid. In the book Cai: After the Cai clan was surnamed Ji this week, Prince Wen was enfeoffed in Shicai, present-day Jianyang, Ruyang, Shangcai, and Xincai counties... At the end of the Tang Dynasty, he avoided the chaos of the Yellow Nest and detoured to southern Fujian.
"Genealogy of the Fan Surname of Tai Po" Yun: I (i.e. the sixty-first of the General Lineage of the Fan Surname) Kun, character commentary, official Ren Longtuge University scholar, Tang Dynasty Emperor Yuan (874) due to chaos, the family mouth eighteen people lived in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Qiantang, later moved to MenglanXia, Sha County, Nanjian Prefecture, and then migrated to Fujian Tingzhou Ninghua Huangzhu Kaiji, had four children: spring, summer, autumn and winter. According to the "Genealogy of the Wen People", "Xingning Wen Clan Genealogy" and "Chongzheng Fandom Genealogy · The Wen clan records that the Wen clan originated in Henan, Shanxi, and at the time of the Wuhu Chaohua, they crossed the river with Emperor Yuan, and houjiaogong left the town of Hongdu (present-day Nanchang), and some of their descendants moved to Shicheng, and during the Tang Dynasty, emperor Wuzong avoided the Yellow Nest rebellion, wen Tongbao moved from Shicheng to Ningshibi; Wen Jiulang moved from Hongdu to Tingshanghang. "Xingning Liao Clan Genealogy" Yun: During the Tang Dynasty, my ancestors moved from Yudu, Jiangxi to Tingzhou Ning Fossil Wall. The Genealogy of the Zhang Clan in Ninghua Hangu contains: Duke Song was Wuchang Taishou, Kou Tang Dynasty avoided the Yellow Nest Rebellion, Fumu returned to The Hidden Qianbei East Wenlan, and transferred Zhuziba in Piyang Township (present-day Qinjiang Town, Shicheng County). The Shicheng Shuri Xu Clan Ten Cultivation Genealogy also contains: In the sixth year of Tang Xiangfu (879), Xu Shiwulang moved from Qianzhou to avoid chaos (press: refers to moving to Shicheng Xiaosongxiang Archway). According to the article "Some Surnames of the Hakka Migration in Ninghua Spread Around the Ninghua Migration" compiled by the Hakka Research Association of Ninghua County, it introduces the Yang clan: Shenglang moved from Yanping, Fujian (present-day northern Fujian) to the Yang family in the first year of Tang Ganfu (874), and his descendants moved to western Fujian.
Ibid. Yi Shiyun: Wen Min moved from Kaifeng Chenliu County to Ninghua River Longshangyi in the first year of Tang Ganfu (874), and Fu to Chongben and moved to Shanghang. As recorded above, there are countless examples in the Hakka family tree, and comparing them with the southward migration of the Han people in the previous historical period, it is not difficult to find that the form of this migration has many characteristics of its own: in addition to the surnames such as Li and Cai, which migrated south from the Central Plains, there are also such as the Liu and Wen clans that migrated south from the Yangtze River Basin outside the Central Plains, and the Liao and Wen clans who entered the Fujian-Guangdong Border Region from Gannan to the Fujian-Guangdong Border Region; and the most prominent of them is that most of the immigrants who entered the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region during this period have crossed the southern Part of The Gansu And pushed south to western Fujian and its farthest. The reason for this phenomenon is that the unrest in the late Tang Dynasty, as mentioned above, was too tragic and widespread, and even Gannan had been attacked. In addition, in addition to the above-mentioned examples of refugees moving south, the Hakka family genealogy also reflects the migration of some government officials who stayed in the local area. This kind of phenomenon seems to occur in Gannan, such as the "Genealogy of the Sun Clan Outside the Gate of the South Gate of Ningdu": the ancestor Zhen Li, the tang Zhongshu Sheren, the son of The Humble Emperor, Tang Zhonghe three years (883), because of the Huangchao Rebellion, he took on the xuan envoy, led troops to guerrilla attack the right side of the Minyue River, sealed the Marquis of Dongping with merit, and then slightly went to Qianhua County, and the people were all blocked, and the father and elder asked to stay, so they settled in the county. Another example is the "Genealogy of the Liao Clan of Qinghe in Zhongba, Huangxi, Ningdu", which states: Chongde Gong was originally from Shunyi Township, Songyang County, Zhejiang, tang ganfu second year (875) Yidu Kejinshi, Ganlong "Ningdu County Chronicle" Yun: "County Order, Tang, Liao Chongde, Zhejiang, died in the official, Sui recorded the book. Another example is the "Twelve Cultivation Genealogies of the Dai Clan of Ningdu of the State of Tan": At the end of the Tang Dynasty, He went from Jinling to serve as a pious order, and then settled in Xiaotianping Huling.
In the final analysis, the reason why such eunuchs stayed in the local area was also related to the turmoil at the end of the Tang Dynasty, because on the one hand, with the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, it was difficult for these people to have a "political basis, but it was better to stay in a relatively peaceful place; on the other hand, as the "Xingguo Luo Family Genealogy" said: Due to the extreme turmoil in the north at that time, "the road was blocked", it was difficult to return to the north. In addition to the immigrants who were forced by war or eunuchs to live in the Border Region of Fujian, Guangdong and Gansu, there was also a group of immigrants who migrated in an organized manner from the end of the Tang Dynasty to the fifth generation, just as the Guangfu people migrated south during the Qin Dynasty, that is, the Central Plains immigrants who became Hakka with the founders of the Fujian State going south. According to relevant historical records, at the time of the Huangchao Rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty, there were peasant armies led by Gongxu, Wang Chao, Wang Zhenzhi and others in The two prefectures of Henan, and because they were unable to defeat the oppression of Qin Zongquan by CaiZhou Jiedushi, they went south to Fujian in the first month of the first year of Guangqi (885). When they crossed south, in addition to pulling out an armed force of 5,000 people, they also persecuted most of the officials in Guang and Shou prefectures. Although most of these soldiers and civilians later became members of the Fulao clan, there were also some elements who settled in hakka residences and became Hakka people, such as the Chongzheng Doujin Genealogy · Clans · Wu Shi Yun: (Wu Shi) lived in Bohai, scattered in Zhongzhou, and then followed by Wang Chao into Fujian and into Yue Zhi Chao, Jia and other places. Ditto Shen: During the Five Dynasties (should be the end of the Tang Dynasty), his clan entered Tingzhou, Fujian Province, from Wang Chao.
Therefore, it is not difficult for us to see from the above historical records based only on the Hakka family tree that the southward migration of Hakka in the late Tang Dynasty was very prosperous and lively.
Three generations of immigrants migrated to the Pious States
From Zhu Wen usurping the Tang dynasty to establishing Later Liang (907) to Zhao Kuangyin chen qiao mutiny overthrowing Emperor Chai Zongxun and establishing the Northern Song Dynasty (960), these five dynasties and ten kingdoms of more than half a century are one of the most painful dynasties in Chinese history. In this historical period, whether it is the five dynasties and the Northern Han Dynasty that established the north, or the nine small countries that were divided into the south, there are scenes full of desolation, complaints, and even the destruction of life. Overall, however, the South is slightly less miserable than the North. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the most closely related regimes to the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region (Eastern Guangdong upgraded Chengxiang to Jingzhou in the Southern Han Dynasty) were Wu, Min, southern Tang and southern Han. According to Bai Shouyi's Outline of the General History of China · According to the "Brief Table of the Ten Kingdoms", the jurisdiction of the State of Wu was part of the present-day provinces of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, and Hubei; the territory occupied by the State of Min was present-day Fujian. However, according to the New Five Dynasties History · According to the Biography of Tan Quanbo, before Tan Quanbo served as a defensive envoy to Qian (present-day Ganzhou) Shao (present-day Qujiang City) and the opening envoy of Wuling in the second year of Later Liang Ganhua (912), the founder of Min Tong, Wang Chao, had a part of Lingnan, and similar to the Chongzheng Tongren Genealogy · Clans · Wu Shi Yiyun: "Shiju Bohai, we are in Zhongzhou, followed by Wang Chaoren Min, and into the Yue Chao Jia and other places." "
It can be seen that in the early days of the State of Fujian, its sphere of influence also held a part of Gannan and northeastern Guangdong. Wu and Min perished in the Southern Tang in 937 and 945, respectively, so after the fall of Wu and Min, both Min and Gannan fell under the jurisdiction of the Southern Tang. As for the southern Han dynasty, the area under its rule was large enough for Guangdong and Guangxi, so eastern Guangdong basically fell under its jurisdiction. In addition to the rule of the Southern Han and Southern Tang Dynasties, the dynasties that governed the prefectures of Guting, Qian, and Jing were always more brutal and absurd, and Wu and Min, especially in their early period, were still relatively enlightened and ruled. Wang Fuzhi in "Reading Through the Book of Transformation · When comparing the political situation of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Emperor Huanzong thought that the south was superior to the north, and also particularly praised the achievements of the three kingdoms of Fujian, Former Shu, and Wu, that is, the so-called: "While Wang Chao made an army in Minhai, Qiu did not commit any crimes; Wang Jian (the lord of former Shu) raised his soldiers to love the people in Western Shu from Qi Wuzhi' saying; Yang Xingmi (lord of Hao) set Yangzhou and served the famine with rice. Non-Wang Chao cannot be in one corner of the whole of Fujian, non-Wang Jian cannot protect the two rivers from chaos, and non-Yang Xingmi cannot be used for Zili higher. And each of them guards one side, and does not vainly open up the Central Plains, in order to destroy his people, and to fight with the mobs for the king. Wouldn't it be far away to see Zhu Wen (Later Liang Taizu) and Li Ke used (The Ancestor of the Later Tang Dynasty) to exhaust the people's liver and brain, to build a society for their own ugliness, and to be benevolent and unkind? Therefore, during this period, many immigrants from other places migrated to these small imperial court areas, such as Hong Xiuquan's ancestors who migrated from The Birthright to Leping, Raozhou, Jiangxi at this time. The "Yongtai Zhang Clan Genealogy" also makes it clear that when Zhang Mu was leading the goods for the Min kingdom, he led the twenty-four surnames of the family of Min. However, among these small countries with relatively good governance, the achievements of the State of Fujian are the most prominent, especially when Wang Zhenzhi was in power, the history records that he "rose from Longmu to become rich and noble, how to be frugal, to choose a good official, to save the cost of punishment, to be light and thin, and to rest with the people." Thirty years, the situation is yanran ? Moreover, the monarchs of the State of Min also attached great importance to cultural construction, according to the "New History of the Five Dynasties · The Biography of Wang Zhenzhi records: "The trial of good etiquette ... In the Tang Dynasty, he was a well-known scholar, and all of them knew Shi Shi eunuchs according to the trial. Therefore, at that time, in addition to many foreign immigrants migrating to Fujian, there were also many literati scholars who were attached to min junshi servants, just as Chen Chen, a tongguang poet in the late Qing Dynasty and the general editor of Fujian Province, wrote in the "Supplementary < Of Fujian Poetry> Narration = Soyun: "The opening of culture and education, Wu Min was the latest, there were poets in the Tang Dynasty, and by the fifth generation of the late Tang Dynasty, there were poets in the middle and upper reaches of the Tang Dynasty, and there were people who lived in the Eight Fujians, and poetry and teaching were gradually changing. In addition, it is worth mentioning that when the founders of the State of Min first entered Fujian, in addition to attacking Fuzhou, Quanzhou and other places to use force, many prefectures and counties were peacefully captured, of which Tingzhou was taken by the surrender of Shi Tan, and the indigenous "barbarians" of Tingzhou before the end of the Tang Dynasty were expelled by the dynasty when the city of 20,000 people was besieged by the dynasty when the state of Min was not established, and sent his troops to expel Li Chengxun and defeat him at Pulshuikou (present-day Shunchang County, northern Fujian), causing a devastating blow to the local mountains. Thus clearing the way for further Sinicization of the local area.
It is precisely because of these reasons that during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms of Guting, Qian, and Jingzhou, many foreign immigrants avoided chaos or lived here (especially in western Fujian) and became members of the Hakka people. There are countless examples of this in historical records, especially in hakka genealogies. For example, "Chongzheng Fandom Genealogy · Clans · Gu Shi (古氏) contains: Five Dynasties to Gu Fan, born in the fourth year of Tang Ganfu (877), once served as the capital governor of Dou Prefecture, had six sons, when the five seasons of the world, the Central Plains disturbed, so the south moved to the Ling table. "Jiangxi Luoshi Dacheng Genealogy" Yun: At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao rebelled, my ancestor Yi Zhengong, Zhi Shi Yinji, Injia Jifeng, eldest son Jingxin, Migrated to Ningdu Prefecture, the capital of Ganzhou, for decades, and moved to Ningshibi Village, Tingzhou Province, Fujian Province, and established a family. "Meixian Songyuan He Clan Genealogical Sequence" Yun: Zixiu Gongjun Lujiang, Thirty-Seven Chuan Dalang, born in the fourth year of Tang Zhaozong's fourth year of the year of the 19th day of March, to the later Liang Kaiping first year (907) enrollment, five years of jinshi, Zhenming seven years, shi Xin has been selected to be taught In The Fujian Tingzhou capital Ninghua County Yin, Gong Sui Ju Ning Fossil Wall Village. In the spare time of the following year, from Ningshibi to Chaozhou and Meixian in Guangdong, and then to Yanqian (present-day Wupingjing, Western Fujian), Naijiaqidi was beautiful and livable, and Suibu was housed in Front of Yan. Deng Xunzhi's "Study of Hakka Origins" Examines Zhang Shiyun: Zhang Tianjue, a native of Gwangjue, Henan ... and Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty, but abandoned the officials to avoid chaos in the world, and the five brothers, who later multiplied, spread throughout the Fujian region. Wu Renchen's Spring and Autumn of the Ten Kingdoms · The Min Liu (闽六) is the Zou clan:Zou Yongfu (whose husband Yu Yi) guarded the town of Naturalization (present-day Mingxi, Western Fujian) in the Fifth Dynasty as a servant, and was the ancestor of the Zou clan into Fujian. The Xingning Wu Clan Genealogy contains:
It spread to Wu Jian and moved to Langzhou (present-day Langzhong, Sichuan), and in the first year of the Jin Dynasty (936), Wu Jianzi Wu Xuan moved to Linchuan, Jiangxi, and before long, he moved to Fengjiaheyi in southwest Jiangxi with his son Wu Lun, and later moved to Zhujiashan, and Wu Lun's second son Wu Yu moved to Ninghua, Fujian. The "Shicheng Renfang Bi Clan Reconstruction Genealogy" says: In the thirteenth year of the Southern Tang Dynasty (955), Bi Zanyu moved from Le'an in Fuzhou to establish a village in The Village of Xiwai in Guanxia Township, Shicheng County, to avoid military rebellion.
According to Qiu Feng's "Origin of the Main Surnames of Shicheng County", Yun Clan: In the early Tang Dynasty of the Fifth Dynasty, the Gong surname moved from Zhejiang to Shicheng Pingshan Gongfang to build a village. Same as the above Wenkao Li clan a cloud: five generations later Liang Ganhua years, Li Demo moved from Guangchang Zhizhai Dam to Shicheng section of the sand radius. Because the migration of the Five Generations of Hakka inherited the remnants of the great southward migration of northern immigrants during the great turmoil at the end of the Tang Dynasty, because the scale of migration in Nanchang was slightly inferior to that of the late Tang Dynasty, and at this time, the source of general migration was mainly from the northern areas of the MinGuo; in addition, because the Minguo attached importance to the construction of culture and education, especially the widespread use of scribes as officials, this made the Northern Literati who fled to Fujian during the Five Dynasties period and became Hakka have a considerable proportion. These phenomena constitute an important feature of Hakka migration during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.
IV. Migration of the Northern Song Dynasty
The basic residence of Hakka is less valued like the migration phenomenon from the early Tang Dynasty to the end of the Tang Dynasty, and the southward migration of Hakka in the Northern Song Dynasty is basically not well understood by previous researchers. In fact, during this period, a considerable number of immigrants from the interior and the Central Plains migrated to the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region.
As mentioned above, during the Northern Song Dynasty, the land of China, especially the Central Plains and its borderlands, was often threatened by war, and even in the rare time of peace, the people were brutally oppressed by the Northern Song government and the exploiting classes on which they depended, so that many peasant farms were occupied and their family businesses went bankrupt. However, these tragic social phenomena are relatively weak in the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region, because the local area is in the south, and the kind of national wars caused by the Northern Song Government and the rulers of the ethnic minorities in its northern neighbors are almost absent here, so the direct harm suffered by them is much lesser. As for the other aspects of the war, there are almost no records in the historical records. In addition, due to the entry into the Sinicization society, especially before the early Song Dynasty, there were many sparsely populated scenes everywhere, such as the Gannan region, of which Ningdu County, which was founded in the Three Kingdoms, the villages it built only accounted for 8.7% of the current 8.7%, and the population density was only seventeen people per square kilometer. In the eastern Guangdong region of the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region, where the Sinicization was later, this phenomenon is even more prominent, and the so-called "(state) soil is sparse, while the farmers are few, and the Ting and Gansu overseas Chinese are cultivated." The old man did not suffer from no land, and every work force in the field was not wasted. Therefore, as long as the people who live here are industrious and not lazy, they are not at all worried about reclaiming the land for farming. In addition, because the local area is located in the southern mountainous area, the agricultural cultivation is mainly planted in the terraced mountains, and there are abundant mountain stream spring water resources. This farming method is completely different from the economic farming in the plains that are afraid of drought and flooding, and can basically achieve drought and flood protection. In this way, it is difficult to have a serious famine. The system used by the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty to recruit hungry people in the famine years was less related to it, thus ensuring that the local countryside would not be deserted. Therefore, Luo Xianglin and others pressed glutinous ?? Perch grain miscellaneous ?for? Mu Or ?? 耆嗣竦 ?quot; "Xanadu" has its own truth. It is for these reasons that Fujian, Guangdong and Gansu ?? Shōjo asks Tsukasa ?? Marginal Zhao Badger 乇ナ苷铰矣矣刖 ?? Ether 窬窬窬 Γ?? Stumbling on the trance ?? ぞ 闷桨 Barge Curtain 抡咭灿幸欢 ǖ Scratch Stack 螅 ?Why? abundant?? Emperor Yu forced The Emperor to force the Emperor xing to scratch the cough and scratch the > to see the perch grain gushing map a section of jurisdiction ?? Brain ㄔ Female Sumitomo Stealing Vulture Cut Hi ㄔ ?? Yongyu Blind An hagi ?Migration? ┐?? The Emperor of The Spirits ?? Wolf Climbing ? Shan Gong (山公), born in the first year of the Later Jin Dynasty (936), was a Song Chu DengJinshidi (宋初登進士第), who was awarded the Title of Jiang Xia Taishou (江夏太守), and was an official who was a servant of the Ten Dynasties and a Shangshu of the Punishment Department. The public had three wives and twenty-one sons, and more than two hundred descendants, who were elected to live and prosper, and left their wives and three eldest sons to serve in their hometowns, and the rest were destined to choose a place of victory and live in various prefectures, counties and townships. At the age of sixty-six, on the second day of the first lunar month of the Year of Xin Ugly (1001), The Destiny Son recited eight poems and said goodbye... His sons were scattered in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Yuzhang, Lingnan counties ... Among them, 120 Shihua had five sons: Dao, You, Hua, Xiao, and Jie, who lived in Shibi Village, Ninghua County, Tingzhou, Fujian. 《
Wuhua Miao's Wenren Wenzhi Gong sent the family tree "Yun" Yun: Taishi Ancestor Yan Zhen Duke originally lived in Jinling (present-day Nanjing), during the Song Dynasty as the Post Town Division of Qianzhou (present-day Ganzhou), xie (resigned) with his second son Bu to the county seat of Longnan County, Jiangxi, and later moved to Henglingtou of Dalongbao. The second to sixth generations lived in Longnan. Among them, Junzheng (IV) moved to Dingnan County, the 7th CongSI, and the Song Dynasty (1234) were raised. "Genealogy of the Wuhua Wei Clan" Yiyun: Fifty-seventh Zhen, zi Zhaoqing, moved from Jianchang Province to Shibi Village, Ninghua County, Tingzhou, Fujian Province, after the Fifty-eighth Dynasty, taught the edict, moved from Ninghua to Qingliu ... Sixty-four Shizi Yuan, zi Liangzuo, legal name Meilang, in the Song Shaoxing period (1131-114o) ascended the shidi. Qiu Feng's "Origin of the Main Surnames of Shicheng County" examines the Xiong clan: The Xiong clan looked out of Jiangling, and in the second year of Song Jianlong (961), Xiong Yinggong moved from Guangchangxi to Lanliao (present-day Gaotian Wenliao), and moved to Baichang (present-day Yanling) in the same year. Hu Shanmei's "Shanghang Hakka Surname Origin Flow Examination" Yan Zengshi: In the second year of Yu Zhenghe (l1l2), he moved from Feng in southwest Jiangxi to Ninghua, Changting, Shanghang and Wuhua in eastern Guangdong.
The Ninghua County Hakka Research Association ''s "Partial Surnames migrated from Ninghua in the Middle of the Hakka Migration" records that Qiu Shi "Tianshui County": Qiu Shi Sanlang (French) moved from Gushi County, Henan to Ningshi Bixiang during the first year of the Northern Song Dynasty (976-1007), and his descendants moved to Western Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and other places. The same text as the above Wang clan "Taiyuan County": Chengbang moved from nanchang Xishan to Ninghua'an Yuanyangkeng in the ninth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1031). All in all, during the Northern Song Dynasty, there were a certain number of foreigners who migrated to the Fujian-Guangdong-Gansu Border Region, but during this period, the source space of migration in the Guangdong-Gansu Border Region was more limited than that of the five generations ago, mainly in the northern part of present-day Jiangxi. This phenomenon indicates that the phenomenon of long-distance migration from the Central Plains into the Hakka Congben settlement has nearly declined, so that the Hakka migration has come to an end, and will later develop towards another migration pattern: that is, the expansion of the basic residence of multi-content families to the outside world.