Later Jin is the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, less than 15 years of founding dynasty, only experienced two generations of emperors to perish, many people only remember one thing, that is, the founding emperor of the Later Jin Dynasty, the shi Jingyao who ceded Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to the Khitan and became the emperor, so that the northern regime occupied the forward base of the south, and the central plains were exposed to the iron horse of the northern cavalry.
Most later generations believe that the Later Zhou Shizong, that is, the Chai Rong period was an excellent period for the Central Plains Dynasty to recover the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, in fact, I personally believe that the Later Jin dynasty is the most appropriate time, but the Khitan tribe has just been unified, and the establishment of the Liao state is also after the later Jin dynasty was destroyed, and the Later Jin has the military strength to fight with the Khitan at that time, there is an emperor who declares war with the Khitans, but the Later Jin dynasty does not have the supporting strong national strength and loyal civilian generals. We can't help but look back at this less than 15 years of history to see how the Later Jin Dynasty completely tossed Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures away.
First of all, let's briefly say that Shi Jingyao, this person, it can be said that if he had hung up before colluding with the Khitans, he was definitely a loyal general of that era, a generation of Qingliu, he was the son-in-law of Li Siyuan of the Later Tang Mingzong, personally more yearning for the style of Li Mu and Zhou Yafu, it can be seen that he is quite a loyal subject, he also participated in the Liang jin hegemony, and made great contributions to the Later Tang Dynasty, as a military general on the defensive side of the Later Tang Dynasty, he was still relatively frugal.
History of the Old Five Dynasties. Jin Shu. Gao Zuji's imperial nature is simple and frugal, and he has not tasted the taste of sound and color, and every time he retires, he will summon the curtain to discuss the interests of the people and the gains and losses of criminal government, and it is clear and difficult to commit, and many things are decided.
However, with a series of coups d'état in the Later Tang Dynasty, Li Congke, the late Tang emperor who succeeded to the throne through a military coup, naturally regarded Shi Jingyao as a thorn in his eye, so at first Shi Jingyao's motivation for rebellion was to protect himself, but later colluded with the Khitan and ceded Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures excessively, and he put his personal interests above the interests of the state and the nation, which was by no means the style of Li Muzhou Yafu, whom he admired, and he did not become his idol after all.
History of the Old Five Dynasties. Jin Shu. Emperor Gao Zuji said to the Khitan lord that he would like to live in the north of Yanmen and the land of Youzhou, and still lose about 300,000 yuan at an age, and the Khitan lord promised it.
History of Liao. Emperor Taizong's Benji (July 11th year of Tianxian)Tang Hedong Jiedushi made Shi Jingyao beg for his lord... Jing Yao led his subordinates to see him, and he held hands to soothe him.
Since then, everyone is familiar with it, Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures have become the southern base that threatened the northern Frontier for more than a hundred years, and by the time the Ming Dynasty recovered Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, it was already 450 years later, and Shi Jingyao's selfish decision could not be described by any words to describe the harm it brought.
And after Shi Jingyao hung up, his successor, the Jin Dynasty Emperor Shi Chonggui, reigned for 4 years he had the opportunity to drive north to the Khitan and recover the emperors of Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, at least at that time, the Han people of Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures did not want to be ruled by the Khitans, but Shi Chonggui was not an emperor with extraordinary ability, and the Later Jin Dynasty was not strong, during the 4 years of Shi Chonggui's reign, the domestic situation was turbulent, and there was a lack of loyal generals in the chaotic world, and in the face of a thriving Khitan regime, the best opportunity was wasted in vain.
Shi Chonggui's throne was unstable, and his succession was restricted at the beginning of his succession, and many parties were dissatisfied.
The "Old Five Dynasties History, Jin Shu, ShaoDi Ji" Emperor was not well-regarded in Hezhou, and the suburbs of Baolijun were greatly known for their abundance.
History of the New Five Dynasties. The Biography of the Jin Family" Is a high ancestor of the human appearance class. Gao Zu was sick, the prime minister Feng Dao entered the bed, Zhong Rui was still young, Gao Zu exhaled the envoy to worship the Dao in front, because the eunuch held the Dao in his arms, although Gao Zu did not speak, everyone around him knew that he entrusted Dao Ye with heavy wisdom. Gao Zubeng, the Chancellor of jin, with the country's troubles, established the chief monarch, while Jing Yanguang had already established the emperor, and Chongrui could not be established.
Shi Chonggui was not Shi Jingyao's son, but his nephew, although most of Shi Jingyao's sons hung up early, but after Shi Jingyao's death, he still had a young son, that is, Shi Chongrui, just because Shi Chongrui was young, Shi Jingyao hoped that the ministers could assist his young son, but the problem was that the later Jin Dynasty was not long, and most of its ministers were successively in many dynasties, and there was actually no loyalty to Shi Jingyao, such as Jing Yanguang and Feng Dao, who Shi Jingyao wanted to entrust at that time.
History of the New Five Dynasties. Jin Chen. Jing Yan Guang Biography" Liang Shao Wang Youjie, Youzhi plotted rebellion was yu, Yan Guang died. Later, from Wang Yanzhang's battle, Yan zhang was defeated, and Yan Guang's body was injured several times, and only his body was spared.
History of the New Five Dynasties. Miscellaneous. Feng Dao's biography of the Nine Kings of the Past, did not try to slander.
Jing Yanguang was originally a general of Later Liang Wang Yanzhang, Feng Dao was more fierce, in addition to not being in Later Liang, he was a major courtier in Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou, and served in 10 foreign emperors before and after, and the record said that he had successively served as 9 emperors, that was before Zhou Shizong, for Jing Yanguang and Feng Dao, their loyalty to a dynasty and an emperor was no longer high in that era when the emperor was very diligent, they were more loyal to their own interests and the interest groups behind them, in this context, Shi Chonggui was put on the throne.
Although Shi Chongrui is indeed young, but the purpose of the people to support Shi Chonggui is not to say anything, in the chaotic world, the young lord's succession to the throne hurts the country, but Shi Chonggui succeeds to the throne, his source of the throne is not solid, so Shi Chonggui can only rely on the ministers who support him, Jing Yanguang is a representative, Shi Chonggui's succession to the beginning, the power of the Later Jin is in the hands of Jing Yanguang, for an emperor of average ability, how to deal with Jing Yanguang is a big problem.
At the same time, in the 4 years when Shi Chonggui succeeded to the throne, the Later Jin dynasty was plagued by drought and locust plagues, and the Later Jin dynasty has not been properly handled, resulting in the national strength of the Later Jin dynasty not being strong.
"Old Five Dynasties History, Jin Shu, Shaodi Ji" twenty-seven locusts in the state and county, hundreds of thousands of starvation deaths... It was a winter famine, and more than 26,000 people died of starvation in Henan Prefectures... Hundreds of thousands of people have died of starvation in the world, and the chief of the division has been punished.
In contrast, the Khitan in the north was in a period of ascension, and Yelü Abaoji's son Yelü Deguang, that is, Liao Taizong, before Shi Jingyao was sent to Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, defeated the Eastern Dan King Yelü Bei, who had divided the territory of the former Bohai State, and unified the Khitans, plus Yelü Deguang was indeed a promising king, so Shi Zhonggui was facing a rising Khitan and the Later Jin Dynasty had a lot of messes, and the comprehensive national strength of the two sides, the Khitan was absolutely dominant.
In this context, Jing Yanguang, who held power at the beginning of Shi Chonggui's succession, first provoked a war between the Later Jin and the Khitans.
History of the New Five Dynasties. Jin Chen. Jing Yan Guang Biography out of the emperor, the Jin minister advised the Khitan and sent a statement to the subject, Yan Guangdu refused, but the letter said that Sun was only, and the ministers knew that it could not be taken away. The Khitan was furious, and Yan Guang said to the Khitan emissary Qiao Yingyue: "Established by the former emperor of the Northern Dynasty, the current Weizi China is self-registered, and can be a grandson, not a subject." And Jin has a hundred thousand mouths of horizontal sharpening swords, and if Weng wants to fight, he will come, and Tuo Ri can't help but make fun of his grandson and make fun of the world."
It can be seen that Jing Yanguang was very disgusted with the Khitans, and it is a great saying that sun is not called a subject, saying that Sun is only the status between the emperors of the two sides, and calling a subject is the status between the two countries, at the same time, Jing Yanguang also showed off the strength of the Later Jin, and the 100,000 Jin troops were enough to deter the Khitan to the south.
At first glance, it seems that Jing Yanguang is bragging, but in fact he has capital, since the founding of the Tang Dynasty, even in the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the military superiority over the north exists, the strongest fan town at that time was in Hebei, and when Shi Chonggui reigned, the war between the Later Jin and the Khitan broke out, even if the Later Jin command failed, it could defeat the Khitan army going south, and finally if it were not for Du Chongwei leading the 200,000 main Jin army to surrender, the Later Jin would not have perished, which is also what I said before, and the Later Jin has the military strength that can compete with the Khitans. It's just that there is no supporting national strength and imperial generals.
The "Old Five Dynasties History, JinShu, And Shaodi Ji" was the first year of the first spring of the first month of jia Shuo, which is the kui star of the Big Dipper. Yi Hai, Cang, Gong, Bei, Qi, Khitan forward Zhao Yanshou, Zhao Yanzhao led 50,000 horses into Kou, and the general and Ganling, Qingzhou Yang Guangyuan summoned also... Hebei is in danger, and the people in the states who call for help are looking at each other. Pengzi, the car drove to Liaozhou.
History of the New Five Dynasties. Jin Chen. Jing Yan Guang biography of the Khitan into Kou, Yan Guang from the emperor northern expedition to the imperial camp envoy, between the two sides of the Liao and Wei.
In the face of the Later Jin's behavior of not being a subject, the Khitan army began to invade the northern frontier of the Later Jin Dynasty in the south, at this time Shi Chonggui still showed a certain boldness, he led the army to march personally, always stronger than Song Zhenzong, who later saw the Liao army go south and wanted to flee south, in the early war against the Khitan invasion, exposed the embarrassment of the situation of this emperor with average ability.
History of the New Five Dynasties. Jin Chen. Jing Yan Guang biography " Pioneer Shi Gongba was captured in Qicheng, Gao Xingzhou and Fu Yanqing could not be saved, and rode to promote Yan Guangyi's soldiers, and Yan Guang's soldiers did not move. The three generals were surrounded by several heavy weights, the emperor saved them from the imperial army, and the three generals came out, and all of them wept. However, Yan Guangfang held his own soldiers, and he was arrogant, and all the generals were disciplined by him, and the emperor could not control it.
Shi Gongba, Gao Xingzhou, and Fu Yanqing were besieged, Jing Yanguang did not move, that is, he did not fight, somewhat did not have the courage to shout at the Khitan at the beginning, of course, it was not excluded that he planned to use the besieged three generals, treat them as abandoned sons, in order to weaken the Khitan army, and then go to pick up the cheap, and finally Shi Chonggui himself led the army to rescue the besieged Jin army, which can also be seen that this emperor still has some responsibility, but this also exposes another problem, that is, the late Jin Dynasty, which is similar to the late Tang Dynasty. The military generals who held military power were no longer disdainful of the emperor's majesty, and It was difficult for Shi Chonggui to control the overall situation of the Later Jin.
In the more than a year of conquests that followed, both sides won and lost.
History of Liao. Zhao Yanshou defeated the Jin army at Nanle and won the prize of his general Sai Xiangyu. JunyuanCheng, the Jin generals Li Shouzhen and Gao Xingzhou led their troops to rebel and break it. To Dunqiu, there will be a big rain, the emperor desires the class division... The ShiJin army first returned to Liaozhou, Gao Xingzhou went to The City of Analysis, and Yanshou sent light troops to fight against the battle; the Shangqin Governor Knights broke through their positions, and the enemy collapsed. Shi also stayed in yanshou, Ji, and Shen prefectures.
History of the New Five Dynasties. Miscellaneous. In the first year of du chongwei's biography, it intensified the camp solicitation in the north of Wei. Next year, he led troops to attack Taizhou and destroyed the city of Man and Suicheng. The Khitan had gone to the ancient north, returned the attack, and Chongwei and others went south, to Yangcheng, trapped by the prisoners, Lai Fu Yanqing, Zhang Yanze and others due to the strong winds, the Khitan collapsed.
This is only a victory in the records of the two sides, here is only a representative, if only write the achievements of both sides, it will list a lot, I can only say that neither side has achieved the absolute initiative of occupation, but relatively speaking, the Khitan is still taking advantage, after all, the battlefield is concentrated in the land of the Later Jin, the Khitan can plunder the population resources of the Later Jin, and the Later Jin is destroyed by the war.
The Old Five Dynasties History, Jin Shu, and The Chronicle of the Young Emperors in Hebei Province, once ravaged by the Khitans, and exempted from this year's autumn tax. The generals of the armies are given preferential treatment.
In fact, this is not easy, Shi Chonggui has no foundation, it is difficult to control the overall situation, the Later Jin like Jing Yanguang such a military general is not a minority, so the later Jin and Khitan wars are mostly for their own battles, even so the early Later Jin is still to curb the momentum of the Khitan southward, enough to prove that if the Later Jin is a truly unified, strong country, it is enough to take back the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun from the Hands of the Khitans, but in that chaotic world, there needs to be a capable emperor, and at the same time there needs to be a wenwu team loyal to the emperor. Otherwise, if you want to think of the Later Jin Dynasty, in the case that the national strength does not support a big war, a big war will break out with the Khitans, which is a loose and weak country in a blood struggle with a rising country, and the Later Jin Air has seemingly scary muscles, and there is not enough hard power as a support.
At the same time, after Shi Chonggui personally conquered the Khitan and made some achievements, he forgot about the things he had sent envoys to seek peace, and perhaps he thought that Hou Jin had military strength to protect himself, and he began a cheerful entertainment life.
In the "Old Five Dynasties History, JinShu, And Shaodi Ji", when the emperor held a fine female music in the middle of the palace, and since the conquest, he summoned the Asabo Military Academy on the left and right, played the three-string huqin, and played the Qiang flute, beat the drum, and danced and sang for entertainment.
After arriving here, the Jin Dynasty is basically finished, the Khitan is accumulating strength, preparing to destroy the Later Jin in one fell swoop, and then what about the Later Jin? As I said before, all kinds of natural disasters in the country have not stopped, and the military generals in various places also have different intentions, and the short truce between the two sides was originally when Shi Chonggui seized the time to sort out the national affairs and prepare for the next big war, and as a result, he began to play happily, which is what I said, he is an emperor with average ability, but all the emperors with a little vision know that during this time, they are eager to break into two days a day, and waste a day, that is, to reduce the odds of victory after a point, and most of the courtiers of the Later Jin Dynasty are officials of many dynasties To tell the truth, they may not care much about whether the Later Jin Dynasty is destroyed or not, and what is even more embarrassing is that when facing the Khitan southward trend again, this triumphant Shi Chonggui gathered the main force of the Later Jin Dynasty, claiming to "first take Yingmo and stabilize The South of Guannan; the second time to restore Youyan and the north of Pingsai". However, he himself did not expect that he would hand over the main force of the Jin Army to a person with different ambitions.
History of the New Five Dynasties. Miscellaneous. Du Chongwei's biography favors Song Yanjun and Wang Qingdu in a water battle, while Chongwei does not move according to the army, Yanjun is defeated, and Qing is killed. The transfer made Li Su teach Chongwei to use the three-legged wood as a bridge to recruit daredevils to cross the river to fight thieves, and all the generals thought so, and The only heavy power was not allowed.
At that time, Chongwei already had a different ambition, and the grain road was isolated, and it was Yin who sent people to khitan to surrender. Khitan Dayue, Xu took China and Chongwei as emperors, and Chongwei thought that he was a fujia soldier, and summoned the generals to surrender. The generals will be astonished, and the above will descend first, but they will obey the orders.
History of Liao. Emperor Taizong's Benji (太宗本紀) Du Chongwei, Li Shouzhen, Zhang Yanze and others led 200,000 people to surrender.
Du Chongwei went to the front line not thinking about conquest, but wanted to get benefits from the war, perhaps thinking of Shi Jingyao, Shi Jingyao used Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures to exchange the throne from the Khitans, Du Chongwei had the main force of 200,000 Jin troops, he also wanted to exchange for an imperial throne, as a result, the Later Jin and Khitan decided the fate of the country, the battle that did not fight much ended, the Khitan and Later Jin troops soon arrived at the capital of later Jin, and later Jin fell to the end.
We can see that purely from the perspective of military strength, the Later Jin Dynasty absolutely had the strength to fight with the Khitans, no matter how to say that there was also a foundation laid by the Later Tang, but the Later Jin Dynasty did not have a stable development space, nor did it have a stable imperial court that could implement the strategy of recuperating the army and raising the people, as the head of a country, Shi Chonggui was greatly suppressed at the beginning of the succession, and a little achievement was still indulgent, slacking the state administration, it can be said that Shi Jingyao was the person who gave yanyun sixteen states to the Khitans, and Shi Chonggui was the person who closed the gate of Yanyun sixteen states. Wasted a good opportunity to recover Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures.
One thing that is most telling is that Emperor Taizong of Liao entered Beijing and established the Liao state, in fact, he intended to establish central plains rule.
History of Liao. Emperor Taizong's Benji (太宗本紀) "Datong First Spring Moon Ding Haishuo, Prepared Law Driving into The Bian, Yu Chongyuan Hall received hundreds of officials.
In February, Ding Shushuo, the founding number of the Great Liao, the amnesty, the change of Yuan Datong. Shengzhen Prefecture is Zhongjing.
That is to say, at the beginning of the founding of the Liao State, it was ready to rule the Central Plains, but why did Emperor Taizong of Liao return the north in the end, he himself said three points, "There are three mistakes in this trip: the arsonists plundered the corn, one also; including the people's private wealth, two also; do not send the festivals to return to the town, three also." That is to say, after the Khitans occupied the Central Plains at that time, they did not carry out appeasement, but carried out rough plunder, which caused fierce resistance in various places, and at the same time, the local feudal towns did not sincerely submit, and at the beginning of the Liao State, it was obvious that the ruling plan in the Central Plains was bankrupt and it was difficult to gain a foothold, so they could only return to the north, and the result was that they were picked up by the Later Han.
In the same way, at that time, the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun must have not been subordinated to the Khitan at first, so It is said that Emperor Taizong of Liao created a special system, that is, the official system in the north and south
History of Liao. The Hundred Officials Chronicle governs the palace in the north, the tribe, the government of the country, the han people in the south, the prefecture and county, the rent, the matter of the army and horses... Combined with The control of China, the officials divided the north and south, the Khitan ruled by the state system, and the Han system treated the Han people.
In the end, Emperor Taizong of Liao did not use Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures as a base for plunder, but as a bridgehead to attack the Central Plains Dynasty, and with the passage of time, in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Liao State was strong and powerful, and there was no resistance from the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures controlled, and it was difficult for the Northern Song Dynasty to take them back, plus Song Taizong was not good at military, and the two large-scale Northern Expeditions were defeated, and it was even more difficult for the Northern Song Dynasty to retake Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures.
References to The History of the Old Five Dynasties. Jin Shu. Gao Zu Ji", "Old Five Dynasties History, Jin Shu, Shaodi Ji", "New Five Dynasties History, Jin Benji", "New Five Dynasties History. Jin Chen. Jing Yan Guang biography", "History of the New Five Dynasties. Miscellaneous. The Biography of Du Chongwei", "The History of the New Five Dynasties. Miscellaneous. Feng Daochuan", "History of Liao. Taizong Benji", "History of Liao. The Biography of Zhao Yanshou", "History of Liao. Hundred Officials Chronicle