After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union cleaned up a lot of aristocrats in Tsarist Russia, criticized many emperors and bureaucratic generals in Tsarist Russia, but there were three people who were eternal heroes in the hearts of the Soviets, whether it was the Tsarist period or the Soviet period, or even the Russian period, and the experience of one of the admirals was very impressive, which made people feel that Zhuge Liang died before he was born, and his opponents still read his books during the war, and even had condolences from the opponent's Japanese government at the funeral, which has to be said to be a legend. He was Russian Admiral Makarov.
In the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, as the first military port of the Orient, Lushun, which had more than 20 sea and land forts and painstakingly operated for ten years, was actually attacked overnight by the commander of the first brigade of the Japanese Second Army, Nogi Yoshinori, and only one general dared to resist Xu Bangdao, and the Japanese army only suffered 288 casualties for the siege.
In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904, the Lushun defenders were replaced by Russians, the attacking side was still Japanese, and the commander was still Nogi Kiten. The land war lasted from May 26, 1904 to January 2, 1905, and the Russian army held out for 222 days despite the internal discord of most of the generals, and the Japanese army invested a total of 130,000 troops to attack the city, with a total of more than 60,000 casualties.
On the eve of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904, Makarov was commander of the Navy in Port Kronstadt, St. Petersburg. He had written to the Russian Admiralty on February 8, stating that war between Japan and Japan was imminent and that the Russian fleet moored at an anchorage outside lushun port was in a dangerous situation and could be attacked by the Japanese at any time, and that countermeasures must be taken immediately, just in case. However, the fainting officials of the Russian Admiralty ignored Makarov's advice because Makarov often embarrassed them. As he expected, on February 9, the Japanese Navy made a surprise attack, severely damaging the Russian warships.
At the beginning of the war, the overall strength of the Russian Pacific Squadron was still superior, but because the commander began to be arrogant and light on the enemy, the command was wrong, and later he was timid and afraid of death, and did not dare to attack, as a result, under the blows of Togo Heihachiro, the Russian fleet had to shrink into the narrow port of Lushun. On 17 February, Commander Stark of the Pacific Fleet was dismissed for poor command. In March, the Admiralty appointed Makarov as Commander of the Pacific Fleet.
On April 13, 1904, makarov had just been in office for 36 days, when the Petropaprosk, which he was on, was demined off the Golden Mountain at Lushunkou and detonated the ship's bow ammunition depot. Suddenly, the Petropavlovsk was blown to the bottom of the sea, and Makarov was killed on the spot. Whether this mine was laid by the Russian fleet or the Japanese combined fleet has not yet been conclusive, and historians generally believe that it was a mine secretly laid by the Japanese army at night.
On April 13, 2008, the 104th anniversary of Makarov's death, Russian political and military officials held another solemn commemoration in front of the Makarov Monument in the port of Vladivostok (Vladivostok).
As early as early 2008, the Russian Pacific Fleet stationed in Vladivostok announced that it would go to the Yellow Sea waters of China to search for and salvage the armored ship "Petropavlovsk" that Makarov was riding on, and to produce a documentary about the ship to "promote patriotism" in order to "promote patriotism" of the ship. But on July 28, Colonel Martov of the Pacific Fleet Press Center said the trip was postponed indefinitely because the Chinese government had not agreed.
Although Makarov was a naval admiral of the old Tsarist era, in the former Soviet Union and in today's Russia, Makarov has always been known as their national hero.
Makarov was the architect of russian armored fleet tactics and the first Russian arctic researcher. As a scholar, he wrote more than 50 scientific monographs during his lifetime. His books such as "On the Exchange of Water between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea" and "The Warrior in the Pacific" have earned him the reputation of an oceanographer; "On naval tactics" has had an important impact on the academic development of the navy and has long been famous in Western naval circles. He was also an expert in mine warfare, and during the Russo-Turkish War (when he was a captain), he used a white-headed torpedo to sink the Turkish ship Intibach and invented a shell cap (Makarov cap). During the Russo-Turkish War, the battleship Constantine, which he commanded, sank and wounded several enemy ships. But fate is such a coincidence, Makarov, who was born in mine warfare, eventually died in the mine.
According to Stepanov's "Lushunkou", Makarov's predecessor Stark fainted and decayed, and later Witte Geft was timid and cowardly. With the failure of the breakthrough, the obstruction of the rescue fleet, and the successive defeats in the land battle, the Japanese set up a heavy artillery observatory at Height 203, gradually sinking the fleet ships still moored in the harbor, resulting in the demise of the entire Pacific Squadron.
After Makarov was killed in the Battle of Lushun, Makarov's wife received telegrams of condolences from many national dignitaries, as well as from the Rival Japanese Government.
In October 1954, 50 years after the Russo-Japanese War, former Soviet leaders Khrushchev, Bulganin, Mikoyan and others visited the naval base in Lushun (then stationed as Soviet troops). They asked the Chinese side whether they could dismantle the White Jade Pagoda of the Japanese Army on Mount Lushun and use the stone materials of the White Jade Pagoda to build a monument for Makarov on the opposite Golden Mountain (where the Electric Rock Fort is located).
Later, the Soviet side had a more specific plan: to build a Soviet victory tower in Lushun, as well as two memorial towers for makarov, commander of the Pacific Fleet during the Russo-Japanese War, and Major General Kontrachenko of the army, all at the expense of the Soviet side. But this plan was rejected by Premier Zhou Enlai.
Not in China, the Soviet Union erected Makarov tree monuments everywhere in its own territory. In the important military port of St. Petersburg "Kronshlot" there is a statue of the Makarov Monument. There is his monument in the Ukrainian port city of Nikolayev, and even in Vladivostok, the Soviet Far East, there is a Makarov Monument, and it is said that this monument is relatively tall, standing on the surrounding steps can give you a panoramic view of the entire Golden Horn of Vladivostok Port.
The Soviet Navy had a cruiser named after Admiral Makarov; In Vladivostok there was the Makarov Higher Naval School, in St. Petersburg there was the Makarov State Maritime Academy, in the 90s of the last century, there were Soviet films on the subject of Makarov...
In the 1970s, I studied his book "On the Role of the Individual in History", and he said that the individual role of excellent politicians, military experts, theoreticians and other individuals often affects the development process of a nation, a country, and a society. However, the role of the individual is subject to the constraints of the overall social environment and the level of productive forces, so as an individual, it is impossible to change the direction of general historical development and to expand the role of the individual indefinitely. However, it must also be able to see that the specific appearance and local consequences of an event can have a huge impact.
<b>Fun History Official WeChat ID: qulishi_v5</b>