About "Kyo-wei'er" and "Kyo-wei'er Sanko"
--Nam Kwang-hoon
About the Author
Nan Guangxun, net name Long Causeway Old Tree, ancestral home of Julu, Hebei, lives in Beijing, born in 1948. Deputy Director of the Sanqu Working Committee of the Chinese Poetry Society, Director of the Chinese Sanqu Research Association, President of the Sanqu Research Society of the Beijing Poetry Society, and a famous contemporary composer. He has composed more than 2,000 scattered songs, some of which have been collected in the Selected Poems of Nan Guangxun Gelu, the Selected Scattered Songs of Nan Guangxun, and the Collection of Six Tastes. His scattered works are solemn and harmonious, or spicy or elegant or beautiful, all beautiful and beautiful, interesting, and widely influential in the national scattered music circles.
The capital of the Yuan Dynasty, which is today's Beijing, is an important birthplace of Sanqu. In the early Yuan Dynasty, the activity center of the scattered music writers was in Dadu, which was the period from the birth to the prosperity of the scattered music, and the activity center of the prose writers in the later period gradually moved to the Hangzhou area. As an "old Beijing", in recent years I have tried to write some "Jingweier" songs, trying to cite a few:
[Nakaro Hillside Sheep] Sleep
The vest is taken off, the top of the pants is taken off, and the "out of the way" enters the "Temple of the Immortals". Look left, look right, look up and call "his mother": "Ma Yu'er put the night pot in place, hands, can hold; man, don't touch it." ”
[Zhonglu Hillside Sheep] Walking the bend
Pointed velvet hat, scarf hanging obliquely, shoulder cover with cotton coat. Birds carry, dogs lead, when the car settles on the forest road. Acquaintances greeted each other: "Have you eaten?" "Oh, it's over."
[Zhonglu Hillside Sheep] Listening to the drama in the dream
The famous horns are all there, and it is difficult to ask for a vote, thanks to the son digging the doorway. Eyes don't look, fans don't shake, look down at the board Mimi smile. Sing until the feast is good, yes, it's dawn; hey, there's no drama.
To talk about "Jingweier Sanqu", we must first talk about "Jingwei" and "Jingwei Culture". "Beijing flavor" is a kind of charm, the charm of Beijing. "Jingwei'er", or you can also call it Jinghua culture, was once intertwined by four major plates: court culture, scholar culture, religious culture, and folk culture. Counting from the Yuan Dynasty, the seven-hundred-year imperial capital and the political and cultural center of the whole country have made the Jinghua culture have a royal style. However, "Jinghua culture" can be subdivided into "Beijing culture" and "Beijing flavor culture". Most of the Culture of Beijing belongs to the culture of officials and nobles, while the Culture of Jingwei is the culture of Beijing Well, which is the culture of citizens.
The first thing to say when you say "Jingwei'er" is Beijing dialect. Beijing dialect is a dialect that has a "child" cavity, a tongue-rolling sound, and a rich vocabulary and words that belong only to the Beijing dialect. Beijing dialect is not Mandarin, however, Mandarin is based on the northern language, with Beijing pronunciation as the standard. Beijing dialect, in fact, is also an official dialect formed by history, which is spread in the urban area of Beijing. Some people refer to Beijing dialect and Mandarin with a strong Beijing accent as "Beijing film". Although the standard Chinese language is based on Beijing dialect, there is still a certain difference between Beijing dialect and Mandarin, and it is closer to Mandarin than Harbin dialect in Northeast Mandarin. The child-like pronunciation phenomenon of Beijing dialect is much "stronger" than Mandarin, and has been influenced by Manchu Chinese to a certain extent, and the pronunciation is soft and soft. Moreover, there are also a considerable number of local words preserved among the lower-class residents, often referred to by upper-class Beijingers as "hutong's words.". There are also often people, including Beijingers themselves, who use the word to describe Beijing dialect. It is worth noting that contemporary Beijing dialect is different from beijing dialect in the early 20th century, but the Beijing dialect in Peking Opera still uses Manchu Chinese similar to that of the Qing court, and the rhyme is lighter than that of contemporary Beijing dialect. It should be pointed out here that the Usually Referred to Beijing dialect refers to the accent of downtown Beijing, excluding the dialect of the suburbs of Beijing.
Saying "Beijing flavor" is also inseparable from the hutongs of Beijing. Beijing's hutongs are not only the veins of the city and the thoroughfares of transportation, but also the places where ordinary people in Beijing live and an important stage for the development and evolution of Beijing's history and culture. It records the changes of history, the style of the times, and contains a strong cultural atmosphere. In the past, Beijing's hutongs were all over the capital, and the old Beijingers said: "There are three hundred and six famous hutongs, and the nameless hutongs are like cattle feathers." "There were more than 6,000 hutongs in Beijing, and if these hutongs are connected, they are no less long than the Great Wall." Beijing Hutong, which has endured hundreds of years of ups and downs, is a symbol of the life of old Beijingers and the embodiment of Beijing's ancient culture.
It is said that Beijing flavor is not inseparable from Beijing cuisine. As a cuisine, Beijing cuisine is mainly formed on the basis of court cuisine and Lu cuisine, and the specialties of various local cuisines are widely collected. In the process of formation, due to the special historical conditions and geographical location, the wide collection of talents and the abundance of raw materials make it far more complex and complex in its evolution than other cuisines. Beijing-style cuisine is not only full of Han Chinese, but also includes a variety of "snacks". Even in the era when the emperor sat in the dragon court, the snacks in the capital were often purchased by the imperial dining room. Because snacks are cheap and flavorful, the mantra that foodies often say is "you can eat cheaply, and you can wear satin." ”
Of course, there are also Beijingers associated with Jingweier. The origin of the composition of the Beijing people is very complicated, first of all, the Mongols entered the Central Plains, the construction of the Yuan Capital, and many Mongols entered Beijing; then the Manchus entered the Central Plains, established the Qing Dynasty, and the banner people "from the dragon" into Beijing. In addition, at that time, there were many people who went to Beijing to catch the examination and do business, and some stayed in Beijing. Of course, there are also many people who have left their hometowns and gone to Beijing to join relatives and friends to make a living. Old Beijingers have some characteristics, one is to show "local atmosphere". Bureau Qi, also known as Bureau, is a dialect of Beijing. Describe people as righteous, talk and do things in accordance with the rules, do not play tricks, and when working with people, they are not afraid of their own losses, nor do they bully others. The second is that the eyes are often high and low. Because of the wide range of knowledge, often nothing can be seen in the eyes. It is impossible to do things that are high, but it is often disdainful of low. For the eye high hand low, perhaps it should be divided into two. Eye height is not wrong, the hand can be improved after exercise, afraid of the eye is low, the eye should be low, how can the hand not be high. Beijingers also love to talk about "etiquette", eating, drinking, sitting and lying down to receive people and things must have a rule, to be polite. This is a feature of Beijing that is hard to see anywhere else. However, with the disintegration of the extended family, these "gifts" have gradually faded. Because these rituals are too complicated, I will not dwell on them here.
"Sanqu" was conceived and formed in such a hotbed environment. Since its birth, it has been polluted with the fireworks atmosphere of the capital and is full of "Beijing flavor". "Jingwei'er", modern scholars believe that it usually refers to a stylistic phenomenon, which occurs in the unique spiritual connection between people and the city, and is the cultural meaning of the city that people feel. "Jingweier" is the way The people of Beijing experience and feel culture. The literary content of "Jingwei'er" is generally to write the characters and stories of Beijing City in the vulgar and funny Beijing dialect, showing the customs and culture and human feelings with strong Beijing color. Vulgar, condensed and pure, is the characteristic of Beijing-style literature. The writer has extensively absorbed and refined the Beijing spoken language, mobilizing the powerful expressiveness of the language of daily life. Let the Beijingers speak Beijing dialect, narrate the story of Beijing in Beijing dialect, depict the customs and objects of Beijing, and make the content and form of the work completely integrated with the capital.
However, Beijingers, Beijing dialects, Beijing environment, Beijing customs and habits and the psychological quality of Beijingers are constantly changing, and today Beijing is no longer the Beijing city of Mr. Lao She's pen. The changes brought to Beijing by economic construction and reform and opening up are enormous and earth-shaking, but so many changes have not destroyed the "Taste of Beijing", but have greatly enriched the lives of Beijingers and enriched the creative materials of writers. The Jingwei'er novels represented by contemporary writers Deng Youmei and Wang Shuo, and the Jingwei'er Bamboo Branch Words represented by Duan Tianshun, are representative literary works that use the Beijing language, describe the people and events in Beijing, restore the Beijing environment and folklore, and excavate the unique psychological qualities of Beijingers.
In view of this, the Beijing Poetry Society Sanqu Research Association also put forward the slogan and proposition of writing "Beijing Flavor Sanqu". On the one hand, this is to make the literary theme of Sanqu return to Beijing, and more importantly, to let the new Beijing mood and taste give Sanqu a new look, new connotation, and new life. In fact, not only the capital, but also the culture of all places should have the characteristics of all places, and the scattered songs everywhere should have the pursuit and appearance of the region. The great man once said, "The national is the world," and this argument applies equally to literary works and to prose.