Bao Tianxiao and Qingzhou Middle School

Bao Tianxiao and Qingzhou Middle School / Hao Zeng Bao Tianxiao, formerly known as Bao Qingzhu. Born in 1876 in Suzhou Taohuawu Xihuaqiao Lane a merchant's family. Because of the early death of his father, forced by his livelihood, after dropping out of school at the age of 17, he opened the museum and became a private school teacher, and at the age of 19, he was admitted to xiucai. Inspired by the new trend of thought of students studying in Japan, the "Inspiration Society" and the joint-stock "Donglai Bookstore" Society were founded in Suzhou.

One

In the 27th year of the Qing Dynasty (1901), the Qing court decreed that "all provinces, prefectures, prefectures, and counties, large and small schools, should be changed into higher, middle, and primary school halls..." Abolish the examination, revitalize the school, and implement the reform of the New Deal, which was carried out throughout the country. Cao Yunyuan, the prefect of Qingzhou, changed the Qingzhou Songlin Academy into the Qingzhou Prefectural Government Middle School in the 28th year of Guangxu (1902). Cao Yunyuan (曹允源字根荪), a native of Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, was sent by a Beijing official to the prefect of Qingzhou, Shandong. After supervising Fa Xiaoshan in the academy and being hired by the Jinan Higher Normal School, he thought of his hometown suzhou, where the atmosphere was the first. So he wrote a letter to his relative, Mr. Peng Shutian, a famous resident in Suzhou City, and asked him to recommend a young and skilled villager who could integrate Chinese and Western cultures to come to Qingzhou Middle School as a supervisor. After many investigations, Mr. Peng Xutian recommended Suzhou Celebrities, and later became a well-known Mandarin Duck Butterfly Sect writer in the history of modern Chinese literature and a well-known newspaperman in the history of Chinese journalism. Bao Tian smiled, formerly known as Bao Qingzhu. Born in 1876 in Suzhou Taohuawu Xihuaqiao Lane a merchant's family. Because of the early death of his father, forced by his livelihood, after dropping out of school at the age of 17, he opened the museum and became a private school teacher, and at the age of 19, he was admitted to xiucai. Inspired by the new trend of thought of students studying in Japan, the "Inspiration Society" and the joint-stock "Donglai Bookstore" Society were founded in Suzhou. He published the woodcut "Li Xue Translation", operated new books and newspapers, and disseminated new scientific knowledge and progressive ideas. Co-translated with his friend Yang Zilin, the second half of the novel "The Biography of Gayn" by the British writer Haggard was published at the Shanghai Civilization Bookstore. At that time, the signatures of the two were "Wu Men Tianxiaosheng" and "Panxizi". Later, he translated and published the Japanese novels "Three Thousand Miles of Relatives" and "Iron World". At the age of 25, he was introduced by a friend to the Nanjing Salt Affairs Inspectorate, li Hongzhang's niece and son-in-law, Ku Liqing, to work as a tutor. A year later, entrusted by Ku Liqing, he went to Shanghai to prepare and set up the "Jinsu zhai Translation Office", which was responsible for proofreading and publishing at the Commercial Press, and the famous translator Yan Fu's new translations such as "Original Wealth", "Muller Famous Studies", "Qunxue Dialect", and "Social Interpretation" were published. During this time, he received several copies from friends in Yokohama, Japan, and sent to him several copies of Tan Sitong's posthumous book "Renxue" edited and published by Liang Qichao. Reached a reprint agreement with Xia Ruifang, the manager of the Commercial Press, and reprinted 1,000 copies of "Renxue" and 500 copies of Xia Ruifang, becoming the first domestic edition of "Renxue". After the dissolution of the "Golden Millet Zhai Translation Office", Bao Tianxiao returned to his home in Suzhou for medical treatment due to illness. After recovering from his illness, he was hired as a Chinese language teacher at the "Wuzhong Public School" in Suzhou, and met Su Manshu, who was an English teacher, and the two became close friends. In order to organize the "Suzhou Women's School", Bao Tianxiao personally went to Shanghai to visit and study the "Patriotic Women's School" founded by Cai Yuanpei. Due to the death of his grandmother, he was buried at home, and the "Suzhou Girls' Academy" he organized died prematurely. Just when he was idle at home and lonely, the post of superintendent of the Qingzhou Government Middle School fell on his shoulders.

Two

After Bao Tianxiao agreed to be the supervisor of the middle school, the Qingzhou government immediately issued a letter of appointment, with a monthly salary of 50 taels. At that time, the domestic currency system was different from the north and the south, and the "foreign money" of paper money was popular in Shanghai and Suzhou, while the northern provinces still used silver and silver. 50 silver yang is just equivalent to a small yuan treasure, and it is valued at 70 yuan in the Suzhou Appraisal Bureau, which is considered a high-paid class at that time. Bao Tianxiao first went to Shanghai, bought some books to help with teaching, and then arrived in Qingdao by steamship and went directly to Qingzhou capital via the Jiaoji Railway. When he went to the prefectural court to pay a meeting, the prefect of Cao Yunyuan said sincerely: "We are people from the Imperial Examination, and when the Beijing officials have been grinding for several years, they have been relieved of their foreign posts, and they are completely laymen in running schools." Now the government wants to implement the new policy, ordering the provincial governments to run middle schools, and each county to run primary schools, and there was originally a Yunmen Academy here, also known as Songlin Academy, so I changed it to a middle school hall. I originally thought that I would still follow the academy system and select a few high-achieving students, and I would do my job here, but I knew that in the new law, we must add subjects such as English, arithmetic, physics and chemistry, and run a new-style school, so I asked an expert to handle it, and now I ask your excellency to take on this heavy responsibility, and everything must be taken seriously..." The advantages and disadvantages of the school are included in the important content of the prefect's performance appraisal, which makes Cao Yunyuan take it seriously. He trusted the right to run the school to Mr. Bao Tianxiao, so that he could devote himself to the rectification of teaching. There are dozens of counties under the jurisdiction of The Qingzhou Government, but it is very difficult for the academy to recruit students. Poor families cannot afford to read, and the rich and prosperous families still hold the old concept of winning the examination, do not believe in the "foreign school", and believe that the art of destroying people will mislead people's children. Although the government provided free food and lodging and provided a certain subsidy, the enrollment was as difficult as the recruitment of strong recruits. After the first school supervisor Fa Xiaoshan, who worked tirelessly to recruit in the past two years, by the time Bao Tianxiao took over, there were already 16 people in the first place, and it had grown to 60 people. However, the classroom form is still unchanged and still has a strong official style. There is a division seat in the front of the classroom, with a red table hanging from the front, the teachers face the south to teach, and the students face the north to listen to the lectures, which is quite like the lobby of the Yamen trial. The age of students varies greatly, from 30-year-olds to 20-year-old Xiucai, and 14-5-year-old children. There is only one course, that is, mr. Designated circle "Zizhi Tongjian", and select the articles in "Ancient Literature Guanzhi" to read. In the classroom, the older students listened to the lectures while smoking dry cigarette bags, and the smoke was swirling, and the sound of "ping-pong ping-pong" and the sound of the smoke pot came and went, and the strong smell of dry smoke filled it. After Bao Tianxiao took office, he first reformed the classroom format, changing it to a podium, a lectern, and a blackboard at the west end of the classroom, and abolished the red table; teachers taught in the east and students listened to lectures in the west; the curriculum curriculum was set up, and on the basis of the original Chinese language, self-cultivation, English, arithmetic, physics and chemistry, geography, history, natural history, natural history, and gymnastics were added. The English teacher is Du Bo'an from Suzhou, the arithmetic teacher is Hu Juru from Ningbo, the physical and chemical teacher is Mr. Bai and Mr. Huang from the Qingzhou Catholic Church, and the gymnastics teacher is from Xu Pu'an in Changshu. Gymnastics is an emerging subject with a somewhat military nature, which is very popular with students and valued by the prefect. Entrusted by the prefect of Cao, Bao Tianxiao ordered 60 sets in Shanghai, gray imitation of the uniforms of German soldiers, and when consigned back to Qingzhou, he was detained by the Germans in Qingdao for inquiry, and was released after many explanations. The academy stipulates semesters and holidays, which are divided into two semesters a year, summer vacation and winter vacation, spring and autumn two seasons of agricultural busy seasons, allowing students to take leave to engage in agricultural busy. A weekly class schedule has been formulated, stipulating that when teaching each subject, teachers will attend classes according to the schedule and rest on Sundays. Post notices in the classroom prohibiting students from smoking and bringing smoking utensils in the classroom. Since then, Qingzhou Middle School has broken through the long-standing college system and moved towards the new school model. In addition, the school inherits a kind of servility that sees the teacher bend his knees and ask for a salute, with a kind of servility of bowing down and bending his knees. After consulting with the teachers, Bao Tianxiao decided to abolish it, and instead saw the honorable leader bow and make a salute. But the students are not very accustomed to swearing, from top to bottom, like picking up something from the ground, funny and ridiculous. So Bao Tianxiao suggested that it be changed, see the teacher standing with his hand hanging down, and shout the teacher. This ritual gradually spread in the academies and then became popular in the academies. One day, the academy received a notice from the government that there were two American priests who were coming to visit the new school in the afternoon. Bao Tian smiled and asked Mr. Li, the superintendent, "How are we going to entertain them?" Mr. Li said, "No, just show them." In the afternoon, two tall priests arrived on time, neither in suits nor shoes nor in the costumes of the clergy. Instead, he was dressed in a blue cloth robe, a black nymph coat, a pair of satin shoes on his feet, white socks of native cloth, and a melon skin hat on his head, with a big red hat knot. In addition to the high nose bridge, white skin, blue eyes, a pair of authentic Shandong indigenous people dressed, and speak a straight and round Shandong dialect. With great interest, they looked at the layout of the class, carefully checked the order of the class schedule and the subjects set, and kept saying in Chinese: "Good! Good! ”。 A year later, with the approval of the prefect, a fund was raised to build 10 new school buildings and increase the number of students to more than 80 people. Zhou Fu, the inspector of Shandong, once went from Jinan to Qingdao to negotiate with the Germans, stopping briefly at Qingzhou Station on the way. The government sent an aid to the middle school hall and said to Bao Tianxiao: "Tomorrow, when Lord Futai transits through Qingzhou, please ask the supervisor to personally lead all the students to the station to meet them, so as to show that the province's own government is effective in rejuvenating and learning." After Bao Tian laughed and listened, he said with great displeasure: "Not only do I not go to the station to greet me, but even the students I do not ask them to go to the station to meet!" The school is for the purpose of cultivating talents, not for the official field to be sent to usher in, today to receive a Futai, tomorrow to send a fantai, all day long to run the railway station, no need to study anymore. The staff member touched a nail and returned without success. Because this was a major event in front of Futai, showing the actual achievements of the prefect's school, the prefect Yamen sent a higher-level staff member surnamed Wang to the academy, and the smiling chen students went to the railway station to greet Futai, which was important to the future of The Cao Prefect. Bao Tianxiao agreed to let Mr. Li, the superintendent, lead the students on his behalf, and as a result, the faculty students went to seven-tenths of the way.

Three

In Guangxu 32 (1906), Zhou Fu, the governor of Shandong, was promoted to the governor of Liangjiang, and Yang Shihua took over as the governor of Shandong. According to the official system of the Qing Dynasty, if the superior and subordinate are the relatives of the children, the subordinates are routinely requested to be recused, Cao Yunyuan and Yang Shihua are the sons and daughters of the family, and Cao Yunyuan naturally petitions to recuse himself according to the routine and is transferred to Hanyang, Hubei Province, as the prefect. The prefect of Qingzhou was appointed by a Duan Youlan prefect transferred from Henan. After Duan Zhifu took office, he was very dissatisfied with Bao Tianxiao's attitude of hating the officialdom and running a school independently. Once, when he visited the academy, on the wall of the living room, there were some colorful drawings of plants and animals newly purchased from Shanghai. These drawings are all Japanese prints, and there is an aquarium in the animal drawings, which are specimens of some fish and turtles. Duan Zhifu looked at it for a while and asked with an angry face, "Who advocates hanging these Wang Eight here?" "Immediately ordered to withdraw, and then ordered the academy to worship the hole every month, revise the curriculum, and add or delete some subjects." Every time they worshiped Kong, the teachers moved the crowd, the normal teaching order of the school was disrupted, and the teachers and students were annoyed. Because of the incompatibility of the school's philosophy, Bao Tianxiao felt difficult to get along with, and sent the resignation letter to the prefect Yamen, and several teachers from the south also joined hands to resign. When Bao Tianxiao was in Qingzhou Middle School, Zeng Pu founded a publishing house called "Novel Forest" in Shanghai, and edited and published a monthly magazine also called "Novel Forest", serializing his long documentary novel "Evil Sea Flower", which has caused a sensation in the country. Bao Tian laughed and liked to write, and sometimes short stories and long translations in Japanese were sent to the magazine "Novel Forest", which was immediately published. Di Chuqing's "Times" founded in Shanghai is enough to call it a revolution in the history of Chinese newspapers, and its layout with four folio pages and two red prints is refreshing. It created a concise and concise "commentary" and published novels, poems, and notes, so the educational and literary circles had a special fondness for the Times. Bao Tianxiao took notes and short stories to every time, and immediately saw it published. Since Di Chuqing and Chen Jinghan wrote to inquire about the situation and signaled to sit on the cold bench at the Qingzhou Middle School in Shandong Province, why not come to the "Times" to join them? Zeng Pu also wrote a letter to Bao Tianxiao: "If we are happy to come to the novel forest, we are waiting in a vacuum, what can we ask for?" Bao Tianxiao bid farewell to Qingzhou Middle School in the middle of February of the lunar calendar in the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906) and came to Shanghai with his family. Thus entering the "Times" pavilion, editing foreign port news, and writing commentaries, and then editing the supplement of "Yuxing". Since then, he has entered the press and begun a 14-year-long career as a newspaperman. During his time at The Times, Bao Tianxiao became acquainted with a group of people who later became prominent figures in China's modern history. At that time, Ye Chuling, Shao Lizi, and Zhang Qun had not yet abandoned literature to engage in politics, and they were all a bunch of poor literati on Wangping Street. The "Republic of China Daily" and its "Enlightenment" supplement sponsored by Ye Chuling and Shao Lizi are quite famous throughout the country. They were the poorest newspaper house on Wangping Street, and often they made up manuscripts at night, but they had no money to buy paper for printing, so Ye Chuling had to write a note by Ye Chuling, "Tonight I am out of cooking, and I am begging to lend me ten yuan to cure my hunger", and gave Bao Tian, who was not far away, a smile to Bao Tian, who was not far away. Ten yuan can buy four orders of paper, and the Republic of China Daily can be printed. After returning from studying at the Faculty of Law at Waseda University in Japan, Zhang Qun worked as a reporter for the ChungWa Shin-pao. Shi Liangcai was still the principal of the Old Ximen Gaochang Temple Girls' Sericulture School in Shanghai, and he was a regular visitor to the Times building, almost every week. The operation mode of "Times" and the concept of running the newspaper were insightful, which laid the groundwork for him to take over the "Declaration" and become the general manager, competing with "Times". When Bao Tianxiao was editing the quarterly magazine "Novel Grand View", the editor issued the novel "Les Misérables" translated by Su Manshu and Chen Duxiu. Su Manshu pseudonym Su Ziyou, Chen Duxiu pen name Chen Youji. Bao Tianxiao's main works include: "Green Blood Curtain", "Liu Fang", "Love Network", "A Wisp of Hemp" and "Memoirs of Ju Yinglou". Among them, "A Wisp of Hemp" was adapted into Peking Opera by Mei Lanfang, and later transplanted into Yue opera by Yuan Xuefen and Fan Ruijuan. In 1973, Bao Tianxiao died of illness in Hong Kong at the age of 98. (Hao Zeng)