Speaking of the words luǒ, luó, lu꣭, luǒ, luó, léi, win, and win, it really gives us a headache. There are two reasons: First, these words are too difficult to write, the simplest is more than 16 paintings, and the parts are indeed very trivial, each Chinese character is like a small precision instrument, which part is right and wrong, write the wrong stroke is a problem. The most puzzling thing is that the meaning and logical relationship of these components is also a major problem. Second, these seven Chinese characters have the same sound side, but the pronunciation is obviously different, and there are three ways to read them. In order to understand the difference in pronunciation, we will dig into the truth together today.
The pronunciation of these seven words can be roughly divided into three groups, namely luo group, lei group and ying group. Why do there are three different pronunciations with the same sound side? This is also the focus of our discussion today, but don't worry, before discussing pronunciation, let's first understand the meaning of these words.
蠃 (luǒ): often associated with "蜾" to form a compound consonant word "蜾蠃", which means: a kind of parasitic bee, often used in mud on the wall or on the branches of the nest, catching small insects such as borers in the nest, leaving for food for future larvae.
Cockroaches
Luó : A bird, pì tī ( ) , is a slender, straight, pointed bill ; short, rounded wings , and short feathers.
Partridge
Luǒ : same as naked, meaning: exposed, uncovered, such as nude.
䊨 (䊨(luó): This word is relatively rare and rarely used, meaning valley accumulation, or as wo tired (禾累 is a word).
Léi: Thin, as thin as skinny.
yínɡ: Profit, win.
yínɡ: 1. Surname; 2. Same as "win".
The above are the meanings of the seven characters, of which 臝, 鸁 and 䊨 are not commonly used. From the perspective of word creation, these seven Chinese characters are all shape-sound characters, with "蠃" (to "worm" character, the word cannot be typed) as the sound, and then add the shape side to form a new glyph.
Since the seven characters to be discussed all contain common constructing parts, which are also the sound side of these Chinese characters, it is advisable to take this part out separately for analysis. The sound from which these seven words come from is as follows:
There are different theories about the philology of "worms (deworms)" next to the sound. Xu Shen's "Sayings" says: "Worm (worm), or beast name, pictogram." Since then, some people have thought that the word is "bear", such as "Wang Tuo Yu Gengying Palace" Some scholars have interpreted "win" as "罷". Later, the "罷" in the "Analects of the Wu Da Huang Seal Book" was also written as the ancient "win". And about the word "win" many people also associated with the "bear" to come together, thinking that "worm (to worm)" for dismembered bears, the meaning of the word "win" is: the dismembered bear sells more money than the whole bear, so "win" has the meaning of "profit". This statement is far-fetched, unconvincing, and does not have the universality of analyzing other glyphs. Some scholars have interpreted "蠃 (deworming)" as a mule, and the glyph comparison alone is not credible.
In fact, the "worm (to worm)" gold script shape is neither like a bear nor like a mule, when it is a flying insect with a head and wings and legs, "worm" is the first text of "worm (worm)", and the two are ancient and modern characters. "蠃 (to worm)" is a hieroglyph, and "蠃" after adding the word "worm" becomes a shape and sound character like winning, winning, etc. "Guangyun": "Worm, Grasshopper, Pulu." Guo Pu's note: Slender-waisted bees are also the sons of negative borers in empty wood, and they become sons in seven days. The Book of Verses also says that "the son of the borer, the mantis bears the burden", so there is a saying that "the worm" and the "borer" are mixed into one thing.
From the glyph comparison, it can be seen that the glyph of "worm (deworm)" is very similar to that of the slender waist bee. The various parts of the body of this thin-waisted bee are exposed, and the body looks very thin except for the head and stomach, so it contains the meaning of "worms", clams, flies, and birds next to "worms".
According to the general pronunciation rules of morphological sound characters, the sound of the character should be the same as or similar to the sound side, but this group of Chinese characters with "蠃 (deworm)" as the sound next to the sound has three situations:
Pronunciation grouping
From the above three groups of classifications, it can be seen that the first group of words next to the sound of "蠃 (deworm)" is pronounced as luo, which is the same as the sound next to the sound, and we do not need to elaborate. The second group is pronounced lei, which has only the word "羸", which belongs to the vowel change, from luo rhyme to lei, which is not difficult to understand. People who are familiar with Peking Opera will find that there are many rhyming phenomena in Peking Opera, such as sometimes "Cheng" is read as "Subject", "Qing" is read as "Qin", "Jing" is pronounced as "Jin" and so on. Therefore, it is easier to understand that "羸" changes from luo rhyme to lei.
The third group is more complicated, changing from luo to ying. Xu Shen said in the "Explanation of Words and Characters": "Win, from the female voice. Obviously, this statement is inappropriate, "羸" from the sheep, next to the sound is also a worm (to worm) luo, and the difference between ying and ying. Xu Kai changed Xu Shen's statement, believing that when it is "winning and saving sound", this statement seems to solve the problem, "win" and "win" pronunciation is the same, but where does the word "win" start from? Still there is no fundamental solution to the problem.
Earlier we said, "Guangyun": "Ying, Cockroach, Pulu." Guo Pu's note: Slender-waisted bees are also the sons of negative borers in empty wood, and they become sons in seven days. The Book of Verses says: "The son of the borer, the cockroach is the bearer." In this way, it can be seen that the ancients regarded "cockroach" and "borer" as an insect. "Worm (to worm)" can mean both a cockroach and a cockroach, which leads to two situations, some people think that "worm (worm)" is "worm" pronounced as luo, while some people think that "worm (worm)" as "worm" as "worm" word, pronunciation as ling, which appears "worm (worm) word heterophrase phenomenon. This phenomenon of heterophony is the same as the word "Tai", and the ancient pronunciation is also two readings: one is yi, one is tai, so the words next to the sound by "tai" are also divided into two groups, one group is "lifting", "fetus" and "moss"; the other group is "贻", "Yi" and so on.
The word "蠃 (to worm)" was pronounced as ling in ancient times, but how did it become pronounced ying? In fact, here there is a change in the vowel, and this change is achieved by the loss of the ling vowel, and when the ling vowel is lost, it becomes a zero vowel ying. This phenomenon is not uncommon in the shape of the sound next to the same shape, for example, the sound of "shadow" is "jing", but "shadow" does not read jing, but reads as ying, which is also the result of jing losing the vowel "j" and becoming a zero vowel ying. Another example is that "is" is pronounced as a sound side of "leaning", but it is pronounced as ying in "Ying" and "潁", which is also the result of the loss of the vowel "q" of qing. (See 1) In this analysis, it is clear that the heterogeneous reading and vowel loss of "worms" next to the sound, and it is not surprising that "win" and "win" are pronounced as ying.
The seven characters of 蠃, 鸁, 臝, 䊨, 羸, win, and 嬴 have the same sound side "蠃 (to worm)", but the pronunciation appears in three situations, namely luo, lei, and ying. 蠃, 鸁, 臝, 䊨讀luo coincides with the sound side, which is in line with the pronunciation rules of general morphophones. "羸" pronunciation lei is the result of the change from luo to lei rhyme, which is not uncommon in ancient pronunciation, and there are still many similar examples in Peking Opera lyrics. "Win" and "win" are pronounced as ying after several layers of twists and turns, first of all, the sound next to the sound of "蠃 (to worm)" two readings, one pronunciation is luo, the other pronunciation is to read "蠃 (to worm)" as the word "蛉", pronounced as ling, and later the ling tone went through the vowel shedding, losing the vowel l, thus becoming a zero vowel ying, so that "win" and "嬴" are pronounced as ying.
bibliography:
1. Sun Zhongyun, "Miscellaneous Talks on Chinese Characters", Jilin Literature and History Publishing House, 2013.
2. Li Xueqin, Ziyuan, Tianjin Ancient Books Publishing House, 2013.