It is generally believed that the founder of Wudou Rice Road is Zhang Ling. Zhang Ling, Taoists call him Zhang Daoling, Zhang Tianshi, Zu Tianshi, Zhengyi Zhenren and so on. His son Zhang Heng (whose name is the same as the astronomer Zhang Heng) was called Si Shi, and his grandson Zhang Lu was called Shi Shi. Generally speaking, "Zhang Tianshi" refers to Zhang Ling and his descendants who teach Tianshi, so wudou rice dao is also known as tianshi dao. Zhang Ling's deeds are briefly recorded in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Zhang Lu records that Zhang Lu "was a mausoleum of his grandfather, a guest of Shu, who learned the Tao, and made a Taoist book in order to confuse the people." Five buckets of rice came out of the recipient, so he was known as the 'rice thief'. Ling died, and Zi Heng did his way. Heng death, Lu Fuxing. (Romance of the Three Kingdoms, p. 263) Later, after the development of Taoism, he was very dissatisfied with such a brief record, so he spread his imagination and began to design a life for Zhang Ling. It was even said that he probably lived for more than a hundred and fifty years. These are, of course, nonsense. At the same time, there are also materials showing that the founder of Wudou Midao was Zhang Xiu, who was later killed by Zhang Lu. Most likely, Zhang Xiu was the actual founder of Wudou Midao, and after Zhang Lu killed Zhang Xiu to seize the leadership of Wudou Midao, he claimed that Wudou Midao was created by his grandfather Zhang Ling.
Zhang Lu in film and television works
In the war and chaos at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Lu divided Shaanxi Hanzhong for more than 20 years and established a theocratic regime. Zhang Lu called himself "Shi Jun", those who had just entered the Tao were called "ghost pawns", and the more advanced ones were called "sacrificial wine". Zhang Lu divided the faithful into twenty-four "rulers," or twenty-four parishes. Later, in order to correspond to the Twenty-Eight Houses, it was expanded to twenty-eight rules. The "Seven Signatures of Yundi" records the location of these "rulers", but the components of the appendages cannot be excluded. Among them, the "Yangpingzhi" where the Tianshi is located, also known as the "Tianshizhi", is the headquarters of the Wudou Rice Road. Shanzhi is the Luoyang area. On the three days of the three meetings of the faithful every year (the seventh day of the first month, the middle meeting on the seventh day of July, and the next meeting on the fifth day of October), the Taoist disciples go to their "governance" and are presided over by special leaders to carry out activities related to registration, reward, birthday celebration, meritorious service, and rules and regulations. On October 1 of each year, the Celestial Masters gather together to pay the letter rice in preparation for the famine disaster. Whoever wants to enter the path must pay five buckets of rice, and if a patient comes to ask for medical treatment, he also has to pay five buckets of rice. This is the origin of the name Wudou Midao. [1] Fu Xin Mi is also known as "Fu TianCang".
The rules and regulations formulated by Wudou Midao are: First, to follow the seasons. When it is necessary to go down to heaven and not to violate the farm, the slaughter of livestock is prohibited in spring and summer. Second, alcohol consumption is strictly prohibited. Third, establish righteous houses to provide food for the disaster victims and the hungry people free of charge.
Wudou Rice Road advocates the rune (lù). The so-called "箓" is a Taoist text used to record the names of the Heavenly Officials Gong Cao and the Ten Fang Immortals, summoning the gods, and performing spells. It is an important part of the Taoist teachings, so it is also called the Fa Gong. There must generally be related runes in the Text, so they are collectively called Runes. There are three main religious activities for them: First, they meditate in the ashram. Where there is an illness, sit alone in a room, meditate and reflect on the mistakes of ordinary life, and drink water to cure the disease. The second is the handwriting of the three officials. Pray for the general believer or the sick, write the patient's name, and express repentance of sin, in triplicate. One is hidden in the mountains to indicate a prayer to the heavenly official; one is buried in the ground to pray to the magistrate; and one is sunk into the water to show a prayer to the magistrate. This is called the Three Officials Handwriting. The third is to sacrifice to the gods. Worship Lao Tzu and the gods of the land of Kyushu and recite Lao Tzu.
The core of the WudouMi Taoist doctrine is "sheng". It is said that Zhang Daoling once wrote a book called "Lao Tzu's Notes on Thinking of Er". Its full name is "Lao Jun Daode Jing Xiang Erxun", which has long been scattered. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, fragments of the Six Dynasties manuscript were found in the Dunhuang Grottoes, which were stolen by the Englishman Stein and are now in the British Museum. This book believes that by cultivating hard, you can become an immortal and live forever. Even in order to promote eternal life, the original text of Lao Tzu was changed, such as "Dao Da, Heaven Da, Earth Da, Wang Da, there are four great realms, and the "Wang" in the wang is changed to "sheng" in several sentences to emphasize eternal life. Moreover, the "Notes on Lao Tzu's Thoughts" also interprets "Tao" as "one", and puts forward the view that "one scattered form is qi, and the polyform is Taishang Laojun", which is the abuse of the so-called "one gas and three qing" of later Taoism. In this book, a very obvious anti-Confucian tendency has been revealed. The deification of Lao Tzu in the "Notes on Lao Tzu", also made Taoism and Taoism form an indissoluble relationship. In Taoism and the minds of the general public, Lao Tzu was not a philosopher, but a supreme god with no superior powers and authority (later, although not the supreme god, he was still the god of the core leadership).
According to Chen Xiaoning's research, the TaipingDong Jijing believed in by Wudou Midao has a consequential relationship with the Taiping Jing, and the two major schools of early Taoism, "Wudou Midao" and "Taiping Dao", both accepted the ideas of the book, which are also the Taiping Jing system. The important Taoist work of later generations, "Zhou YiShan Tongqi", is also a work of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and also has a certain relationship with the Wudou Rice Dao. Wudou Midao believes in classics such as the Taiqing Jing, the Tai Xuan Jing, the Zheng Yi Jing, and the Wu Dou Jing.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao marched south to Hanzhong, and greatly encircled Zhang Lu, worshiping him as the general of Zhennan, the Marquis of Fenglang, and The Five Sons of Zhang Lu were all marquises, and Zhang Lu's ministers were all rewarded, and at the same time, the two families were married. In the twenty-first year (216) of The Han Dynasty's Jian'an, Zhang Lu, who had been forced to move north, died and was buried in Yicheng (邺城, in modern Linzhang County, Hebei). When Zhang Lu was forced to move north, Cao Cao forced the Daozhong and Hanzhong residents (mainly cóng) to migrate to Yi, Luoyang, Guanzhong, Luoyang, And Luoyang, Shaanxi, in order to disintegrate the base area of Wudou Midao, but this measure also led to the spread of Wudou Midao in the Central Plains.
Wudou Rice Dao later became the recognized source of Taoism. Zhang Lu's descendants claimed to be heavenly masters for generations, and later went to Longhu Mountain in Jiangxi to become the leader of the Taoist Orthodox sect. After 1949, the 63rd Generation Heavenly Master Zhang Enpu left Longhu Mountain and came to Taiwan, where he was feathered in 1969, and his nephew Zhang Yuanxian took charge of the teaching. Zhang Yuanxian was feathered in 2009, and the current "Ministry of the Interior" in Taiwan has confirmed the 64th generation of "Heavenly Master" as Zhang Daozhen. However, this contemporary celestial master has not received universal recognition.
[1] Some people believe that the name of Wudou Midao is related to their worship of Wufang Xingdou, and its religious name is Wudoumu, that is, the Big Dipper in WufangXingdou, which is the head of the stars.