Usually when it comes to Taoism now, it is associated with the two ancestors of the Taoist family, Lao Zhuang. In fact, this is just a beautiful misunderstanding. Taoism is an ideological doctrine that originated in the pre-Qin period, advocating the natural nature of the heavenly path and opposing man-made. Taoism is a form of religious organization that originated in the folk, and its emergence and early development were more influenced by early folk witchcraft, ghost worship, and Han Dynasty Confucianism. In the subsequent historical development process, it was gradually tied to LaoZi's Tao Te Ching and Zhuangzi's Nanhua Jing.
Taoist holy land - Jiangxi Longhu Mountain
In short, Taoism, as the indigenous religion of China, really began to appear on the stage of history at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is different from the Taoist thought of the pre-Qin Dynasty.
The first big man in Taoism was Zhang Jiao. We know very little about this man (limited to the fact that he led a super-massive religious uprising), but much is done. But he is not our protagonist this time.
Our protagonist is the only big man who can compete with the horned brother in the religious market at the end of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Lu in Hanzhong (in addition to Luo Yao of the Three Auxiliaries and Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong, but there is little information about these two). We might as well call him Master Lu, which has nothing to do with that well-known software, just because he is really a master.
Regarding Zhang Lu, the average person did not know much, and most of it was limited to his surrender to Cao Cao.
Portrait of Zhang Lu
But if you do a real influence ranking of Chinese history, Zhang Lu can definitely rank in the top 20, and his status far exceeds that of the stars of the Three Kingdoms, and even the big boss of Cao Cao. The reason is that he is the religious leader of the famous "Wudou Rice Dao" and the ancestor of Chinese Taoism that has been passed down in China for nearly 1800 years.
Wudoumi was just a nickname, and its official name was "Zhengyi", which was later changed to the famous "Tianshi Dao". The nickname is given because the initiators must first pay five buckets of rice as a membership fee. Confucius once said, "I have not tasted nothing to do with myself" (meaning that whoever has paid ten pieces of dried meat, I will be regarded as a student). The purpose of Zhengyi is that all those who pay five buckets of rice are disciples of our sect.
Don't look at the name of the earth, but it is one of the longest-standing and most far-reaching religious organizations in Chinese history (except for Confucianism, which is not quite sure whether it is a religion or not. After the transformation into the Heavenly Master Dao, the famous cultural figures Xie An, Wang Xizhi, Li Taibai, etc. are all believers, and the inheritance has been carried down to this day.
Wang Xizhi's "Orchid Pavilion Collection Sequence", the "zhi" in the name is a sign of their family's belief in heavenly masters
There are two theories about the origin of wudou rice road, and both are conclusive, and it is still difficult to distinguish between true and false.
One: five buckets of rice are passed down from generation to generation
Zhang Lu's grandfather was named Zhang Ling, also known as Zhang Daoling, Zhang Tianshi, etc., and was the "godfather" in the minds of Taoists, and his status was as high as that of Taishang Laojun.
According to legend, Father Zhang learned the Tao at The Crane (also known as Crane) Mingshan in his early years, and created his own Taoist book to teach the people. After the godfather ascended, the organization passed to his son Zhang Heng. After the ascension of the second generation of godfathers, the organization was left to Zhang Lu.
There is a clear record of Zhang Lu's history, and his origins are very much gossipy.
Legend has it that Zhang Lu's mother is very virtuous and quite stylish. I don't know which reason, anyway, Zhang's mother got the favor of Liu Yan, the pastor of Yizhou at that time, and often went to visit the door. Liu Yan therefore granted Zhang Lu a force. However, Zhang Lu was not authentic, and in the process of fighting, he also took the opportunity to annex his companions and expand his power.
After Liu Yan's death, Liu Zhang succeeded to the throne. He didn't like Zhang Lu's "dry" brother very much, so he found an excuse to kill Zhang Lu's mother and family.
Stills of Liu Zhang
Zhang Lu was very angry, but it was useless to be angry, because he couldn't beat it. He turned to Hanzhong, and with the inheritance he inherited from his grandfather and father, he overpowered Bahan for the next thirty years and established a theocratic state.
Hemingshan Taoist Temple – the place where Zhang Tianshi is rumored to be practicing
Second: Wudou MiDao was taken from Zhang Xiu in Hanzhong
According to the "Canon Strategy", Zhang Xiu, a Hanzhong man, was the first to establish the Wudou Rice Road as a support for the Yellow Turban Rebellion in Zhangjiao. After Zhang Xiu's death, Zhang Lu occupied Hanzhong and then developed further on the basis of what was already there. According to the Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms, Zhang Lu's biography: "He Lu was in Hanzhong, because of his people's faith in practicing cultivation, so he added ornaments. ”
The two explanations contradict each other, and Pei Songzhi is also stupid and can't distinguish between true and false, and I can't do it. But no matter what, Zhang Lu was the most critical leader, and it was he who carried forward the Wudou Rice Dao.
If I had traveled to the end of the Han Dynasty, I would not have defected to Cao Cao (although this is my favorite heroic figure), nor would I have gone to find Uncle Liu Huang, I might have traveled to the Jiangnan area, but I would not have defected to Sun Jiajun.
I will rush to Hanzhong to surrender to Zhang Lu's arms, and then wait for Cao Cheng to take over. Because I know very well that our ability will never be able to stand out in the three kingdoms era of geniuses, and it is likely to be used as cannon fodder.
The image of Zhang Lu in the Three Kingdoms game
In fact, this was not only my choice, but also the choice of many ordinary people at that time. Shi Zai "The rebellion of Han Sui and Ma Chao, the people of Kansai ran from the Meridian Valley to tens of thousands of families." ”
Why? Zhang Lu and Wudou Midao are a key reason.
Zhang Lu's religious policy is as follows:
1. Join wudou rice road to start from the "ghost pawn", and after the business is skilled, you can be promoted to "sacrificial wine". On the one hand, the sake offering is equivalent to a teacher, leading apprentices to monasticism, and on the other hand, he is also the chief executive, who has the responsibility of local management. Zhang Lu himself called himself "Shi Jun" and was the bearer of the organization.
2. The teaching content is very unscientific, and anyone who is sick must prostrate and repent, and drink the water. In addition, to study cultural lessons, the textbook is the Tao Te Ching, but in fact it is likely to be a "Commentary on Lao Tzu's Thoughts" compiled by Zhang Lu (this book is second only to the Tao Te Ching in the Taoist classics, and is a compulsory subject for later Generations of Taoists, but it was gradually lost).
Zhang Lu stills
3. Set up righteous houses and righteous rice meat. The so-called Yishe and Yi rice meat are free accommodation for pedestrians passing by, free rice and meat. But pedestrians are required to be self-conscious, to eat as much as they want, and if anyone is greedy, they will draw a circle and curse him ("If there is too much, the ghost will be sick"). This is a pioneering act, an early utopian social practice of mankind, which is very rare in Chinese history.
4. Shi Renzheng. From Zhang Lu onwards, all administrative officials (sacrificing wine) must be morally conscious, and those who break the law are usually given three opportunities to forgive, and if they repeat the offense, they will be punished.
As a result, this plan is very effective, "the people are happy". Zhang Lu also "held the Throne of Ba and Han for thirty years" as a result. This is Zhang Lu's good deeds, it is he who has provided a stable and harmonious living environment for the people of Hanzhong, and it is a great achievement that no one can erase.
In the twentieth year of Jian'an, in the autumn and July, Cao Cao personally led a large army to the south, and Zhang Lu's younger brother Zhang Wei used the mantis arm as a car, and the result was a touch of collapse. Zhang Lu is a good man - a good man does not eat the immediate loss. He decided to "raise the Han and descend in the middle".
Cao Cao stills
Falling without a fight seems to be very provocative, especially in the Three Kingdoms era. Brother Ah Dou surrendered without a fight and has not yet entered the ancestral temple.
However, according to conscience, Zhang Lu's surrender to Cao Chengxiang is a correct choice that conforms to the development of history and deserves praise.
At that time, Sun Liu's army united against Cao, and eventually formed a situation in which the Three Kingdoms were established. But it is not necessarily a good thing for the people. Pei Songzhi believed that if Cao Cao could use the Battle of Chibi to unify the world, then "six into one" would not have the "combination of soldiers and disasters" after that.
The Battle of Chibi was beneficial to Sun Liu, but it was not good for the world.
Therefore, Pei Songzhi fully affirmed Zhang Lu's "good man" behavior (Zhang Lu surrendered to Wei and rewarded him to the world), and even complained that he surrendered not quickly enough: "Chen Songzhi thought that although Zhang Lu had a kind heart, he wanted to surrender after defeat, and now he was favored by ten thousand households, and all five sons were crowned marquises. ”
After Zhang Lu surrendered, Cao Cao was pleased. He brought his entire family back to Xuchang, and made Zhang Lu the general of Zhennan (also known as Zhang Zhennan), the Marquis of Langzhong, and the Marquis of Yiwanhu. All five sons were also given the title of Marquis. A few months later, Zhang Lu left his career in the human world and Xian went.
Compared with Zhang Jiao, Zhang Lu and his Five Bucket Rice Dao were much luckier. The former died of illness in the war, bearing the infamy of two thousand years, and the "Taiping Dao" that he had painstakingly operated for decades was almost extinct during the Three Kingdoms period, while the latter not only enjoyed his old age in peace, but also successfully became an aristocratic belief from a folk religion, and in the long history of China, a Taoism that competed with Confucianism and Buddhism was formed. The story of this future can only be told later. So-called, to know what happens next, and listen to the next breakdown.
1. Chen Shou, Pei Song's Notes: Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhonghua Bookstore Publishing House, 2011.
2. Ren Jiyu, Editor-in-Chief: History of Taoism in China, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1989.
3. Qing Xitai, Editor-in-Chief: History of Taoism in China, Sichuan People's Publishing House, 1996.
4. CHEN Yinke. "Preliminary Edition of Jin Mingguan Series", Sanlian Bookstore, 2001.
(Author: Haoran Wenshi Yichen)
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