Pinyin yánɡ dì huánɡ
The English name is common foxglove leaf
Aliases bell yellow, digitalis yellow leaf
The source is first published in flora of China.
Source medicinal base source: It is the leaf of foxglove or hairy foxglove of the plant Officinalis family.
Latin plant animal mineral name: dgitalis purpureal l.
Harvesting and storage: 1-year cultivation in the north and 2-year cultivation in the south. When the leaves are thick and thick green and rough, and stop growing, they can be harvested. Harvested in the north from the beginning of September to the end of October, the highest content of cardiac glycosides in the leaves. Leaves can be harvested 2-3 times a year in the north and 3-5 times in the south. After harvesting, it dries rapidly below 60 °C.
Protoform 1. Perennial herb, 60-120 cm tall. In addition to the corolla, the whole plant is covered with short grayish-white soft hairs and glandular hairs. The stems are erect, single or several in clusters. Most of the basal leaves are rosette-like; the petiole is 2-8 cm long and has narrow wings; the leaves are ovate or oblong,5–40 cm long, sharply pointed or blunt at the apex, tapering at the base, with round teeth with short tips at the edges, and rarely serrated; the lower part of the stem-born leaves is homomorphic with the basal leaves, gradually smaller upwards, and the petiole is short until it has no sessile and becomes a bract. Calyx-shaped, about 1 cm long, enlarged fruit stage, 5 lobes up to the base, lobes oblong-ovate; calyx bell-shaped, about 1 cm long, enlarged fruit stage, 5 lobes up to the base, lobes oblong ovate, blunt to sharply pointed at the apex; flower ends covered with white soft hairs, 2 shallow lobes on the upper lip, 3 lobes in the lower lip, longer middle lip, stamens 4, two strong, stigma 2 lobes. The capsule is ovate, pointed at the apex, densely covered with glandular hairs. The seeds are short, indumental and honeycomb-like lines. Flowering period is from May to June.
2. The difference between this species and foxglove is: the leaves are long lanceolate or striped lanceolate, 5-30 cm long, about 1.5 cm wide, the apex is sharp, the base is wedge-shaped and slightly holding the stem, the full margin, the basal leaf edge has irregular serrations, there are no hairs on both sides, there are white long woolly hairs only along the middle of the edge, the main vein is thicker, the lateral vein extends from the base of the leaf to the upper part of the leaf, or is sharply angled with the main vein, and goes straight to the apex like a parallel vein, sessile. The flowers are small, about 2 cm long; the peduncle is about 2 mm long; the corolla is often milky white.
The Habitat Branch has introduced cultivation in Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places. Of European origin.
Beijing, Shanghai Zhejiang introduction plantation department. Native to the central part of the grapes.
Cultivation biological characteristics prefer mild climate, high temperature and high humidity are not conducive to its growth. Sunlight can promote the accumulation of active ingredients in the plant, so it should be cultivated in a sunny place. It grows better in sandy loam soils with more humus. Avoid continuous work.
Cultivation techniques Propagation with seeds, seedling transfer cultivation directly. In the south, the seedlings of flat furrow or high furrow are adopted, and the seedlings of yang furrow are mostly used in the north, and the decomposed horse manure is used as the bottom fertilizer in the yangqi, and the fertilizer grains are fully mixed with the bed soil and leveled, sown in early March, sown or sown according to the row spacing of 6cm, covered with thin mats for heat preservation. Generally, the thin mat is opened around 10 a.m. and the mat is covered at 4 p.m. to promote wetness. In mid-May, when the seedlings grow to 3-5 leaves, settle into the field according to the row spacing of 30 cm × 20 cm, and water after planting. Sowing in the north after soil thawing in early or mid-April, or before soil freeze in November, and in the south, it is advisable to sow in late autumn. Seeds can be sown directly or by 20 °C warm water. When sowing, the row spacing is 30 cm, and the sowing depth is about 1 cm.
Field management Seedlings should pay attention to timely watering and loosening soil and weeding to reduce disease. Water immediately after colonization to promote slow seedlings. The first topdressing was from the end of June to the beginning of July, and the second topdressing was in mid-August. Ammonium sulfate is administered 90-150 kg per 1 hm2.
Trait identification (1) Foxglove leaves, 4-11 cm wide; blunt and rounded leaf ends, leaf bases gradually narrowed into a dissociated petiole, about 17 cm long; leaf margins can be irregular with round blunt serrations, the upper surface is dark green; slightly hairy, the leaf veins are concave; the lower surface is pale grayish green, densely coated, pinnate reticules, the main veins and main lateral veins are broad and flat, with purple, significantly raised, and the end of the fine veins protrudes into each serrated edge of the leaf margin, which is brittle. The dry air is slight, and it has a peculiar smell after moistening, and the taste is extremely bitter.
(2) Hairy yellow leaves The leaves are often wrinkled and broken. The intact leaf leaves are long lanceolate or linear lanceolate, sessile, up to 27 cm long and 1.5 cm wide, dark green on the upper surface, yellow-green on the lower surface, tapering at the end of the leaf, full margin; the root leaf has an irregular serrated margin, the base is narrowly shrunk into a deformed petiole, the main vein is thicker, and the lateral vein is few; the root leaf has an irregular serrated margin, the base is narrowly shrunk into a decapitated petiole, the main vein is thicker, the lateral vein is few, extending from the base of the leaf to the upper part of the leaf, or the autonomous vein is sharply angled and directly to the leaf end. Thin and crispy, brittle, slightly airy and slightly bitter in taste.
Microscopic identification Of foxglove leaves cross-sectional: upper epidermal cells are rectangular, varying in size, slightly wavy arrangement, hairy, less stomata; epidermal cells are flattened, hairy, with many stomatal pores, and sometimes the epidermis is detached from the sponge tissue. The palisade tissue is 1 row of short columnar cells with occasional 2 lobes, which are not inconspicuously distinguished from sponge tissue cells. The main vein is slightly concave above, extremely convex below, the xylem petals are lunar-shaped, the catheters are arranged in rows, the ray cells are lined up in a row, the xylem is divided into several beams by rays, the phloem cells are small, and the vascular bundle is surrounded by a thick corneal cell layer.
Powder features: (1) foxglove leaves powder yellow-green or gray-green. (1) The perpendicular wall of the upper epidermal cells is slightly curved; the perpendicular wall of the epithelial cells is wavy and curved. (2) Stomatal infinitive, the following epidermis is more, paraguay cells 3-5. (3) Non-glandular hairy wart-like protrusions, often 1-2 cells in the middle of the wrinkles. (4) Glandular hair one kind of head is 2 cells, stalk 1-2 cells; the other is a head single cell, stalk 1-4 cells, head cell diameter of about 25 μm.
(2) Hairy foxglove leaves Powder dark green. (1) The upper epidermal cells are polygonal, the perpendicular wall is slightly curved, slightly irregular or bead-like thickening; the epidermal cell wall is curved in a cortical manner, and the edges are spherically thickened; the longitudinal striated pores are visible on the side wall of the cross-sectional epidermal cells. Stomatal infinitive, 3-4 paraguard cells. (2) Non-glandular hair 2-14 cells, with slight wart-related protrusions on the surface. (3) There are two kinds of glandular hair, one is the head 2 cells, stalk single cell; the other is the head single cell, stalk 3-10 cells.
Chemical composition 1. Foxglove leaves More than 20 kinds of cardiac glycosides are made of three different cardiac glycosides and different sugars. Among them, the glycosides derived from digitaloxigenin are: purple flower glycoside (purpurea glycoside)a, digitoxin, digitalis toxin(digitoxin), digitalis toxin monoglote glycoside (di-gitoxigenin-monnodigitoxoside), digitoxigenin-bisdigitoxoside, digitoxigenin-bi Oleander glycoside h, digitalis (digiproside), digitoxigenin-6-deoxyglucoside, etc.; glycoside derived from the non-hydroxydipretan glycoside (gitoxigenin), purple flower cardiac glycoside (purpurea glycoside) b, hydroxydididiproxin (gito-xin), Hydroxy digitalis glycosidesides bisdigitox-oside, i.e. gitoxigenin,gitorin;gitooroside,gitoside,gitoside),i.e., gitoalin,gitoside), igitalin verum, beautiful gitospeside, etc.; by gitaloxigenin Derived glycosides are: guitar loproside (gitaloxin), glucogitaloxin , gitaloxi-genin monodigitoxoside , i.e. lanadoxin , himaloxi double digitoxin ( gitaloxigenin bisdigitoxoside ) , and volodoxin ), glucoverodoxin (glucoverodoxin) and the like. It is described as the majority of cardiac glycosides, belonging to the primary glycosides are: purple flower cardiac glycosides a and b, true guitar lin and grape guitar loin and so on [1]. Also contains steroidal saponins: digitonin, gitonin, tigonin[2], digitalisprogestene triketone glycosides(digipurin), digitalis digitalisprogestene (digacetinin), digitalis digitalis progesterone triol (digipurpurin), digitalis progesterone glycosides (prupnin), digitalis progesterone (prupnin), digitalis progesterone dione (purpro-nin), digitalis glycosides (digacetinin), Digitalis progestene epoxydiketone glycosides (digi-nin), digitalin furin (digifolein), digitalonin [3] et al.; phenolic glycosides: desrhamnal yang eugenic glycoside (desrhamnosyl acteoside), forsythiaside a (forsythiaside, forsythoside a), purple digitalispur-side a and b, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenethyl alcohol-6-o-coffee-β-d-glucosinoside (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylalcohol-6-o-caffeoyl-β-d-glucoside)[4];Anthracene esters: digitolulein, ζ-hydroxydigital anthracene ester (ζ-hydroxydigito-lulein), Digitopurpone, smoked anthraquinone (phoma-rin), smoked anthraquinone-6-methyl phomarin, isogerylphenol (isochrysophanol)[5];;;Flavonoids: digicirrin, luteolin(6], apigenin, apigenin, dinatin.com ), chrysoeriol, Nepalese flavonoids (nepetin)[7], etc.; lactones; digitalis lactones (digiprolactone) or nepetin[7]; lactones: digitalis (digiprolactone) is rye grass lactone (olliolide) [8,9].
2. Hairy foxy grass leaves are divided into more than 40 kinds of cardiac glycosides, which are mainly made of five kinds of cardiac glycosides and different sugars. Among them, the glycosides derived from digitalis are; purple-flowered cardiac glycosides a, digitalis dinosides bi-digitalis glycosides, digitalis dixenoside monodidienescophanosulos glycosides, mullein cardiac glycoside (lanatoside) a, acetylyldigitoxin (acetyldigitoxin) a and b, digitalis dixylins, digitalis ditoxins fucosanide glucoside (glucodigifucoside), oleander disaccharides (odorobiolide) g, neoodorobioside neoodorobioside g, digi-toxigenin-β-d-glucoside, digitalis-xigenin-6-deoxyglucoside[11], digitoxigenin glucoside-6-deoxyglucoside[1,10], digitalis toxin-6-deoxyglucoside,digitalis toxinin-6-deoxyglucoside[11], digitoxigenin-3-o-β-d-β digitaloxigenin-3-o-β-d-digitoxosido-β-d-xyloside), digitalis toxin-3-o-β-d-di β yloside, Digitoxigenin-3-o-β-d-β bisdigitoxoside-3-o-β-d-bisdigitoxoside-β-d-xyloside)[12], etc.; glycoside derived from hydroxydidiglobin are: purple digitoside b, hydroxydidiproxin, hydroxydidiproxin, bi-oceanic lutein glycoside, dipheryl chloride, dilate, straight guitarin, beautiful lycoperin, Glucogitonrin, lanatoside b, acetyl hydroxydiline gitoxin a and b, hydroxydidiprodulin, hydroxydivoxinoin, glucogitinopro glucoside glucogitofucoside, tribulus forest, beautiful hairy trichoside, true guitarin [1,10] notice; Acetylgylgitaloxin, guitar loin, guitar lopron monodidiene glycoside, glucose volodil glycoside[1,10], etc.; glycosides derived from heterochaganydiprodi (digoxigenin), phyllonorycter c, deacetyl lanatoside c, α- and β-acetyl base toxicosides (acetyldigoxin), digoxins Also known as digoxin, neodigoxin, isogenic digitaloside monodigittoxin (digoxigenin monodigitoxoside), isohydroxydipolin bi-digitoxin (digoxigenin-bisdigitoxoside), isohydroxydigenin(digoxoside)[1,10], digoxigenin digilanidobioside, gluconeodigoxin[12], digitalin (digilanide) a, b, c[13], digo-xigenin-3-o-β-digitaloside-β-d-glucoside (digo-xigenin-3-o-β-digitoxosido-β-d-glucomethyloside), isohydroxydidioside-3-o-β-digitoxoside-β-d-glucomethylostide), Digoxigenin-3-o-β-bisdigenin-β 3-o-β-bisdigitoxosido-β-d-glucomethyloside)[14], digoxigenin monodigitaloside[14], isohydroxydigitoxosidoside-3-o-β-bisydididiothoside-β-d-2,6-digoxig-nin-3-o-β-bisdigitoxosido-β-d-2,6-dideoxyglucoside), glucosinoside hydroxydidivoside tetraydididicophin glucodigoxoside(glucodigoxoside)[16], demethyl mullocardin (deslanatoside)[17], Isohydroxydidioside-3-o-β-bisdigtoxoside-β β-d-2,6-dideoxyglucoside), glucose isohydroxydilin tetraypylicoside [16], demethylatedrioside (deslanatoside)[17], Isohydroxydidiprotoside-3-o-β-bidiproxin-β-d-wood grain glycoside (digoxigenin-3-o-β-bisdigitoxoside-β-d-xylos-de)[12], etc.; , diginatin, acetyl bihydroxydidiline (acetyl diginatin)[1,10], and hydroxydigitoside-3-o-β-d-digitaloside)[14] and the like. The above glycosides belong to the native yellow furin glycosides, lanafolein (lanafolein), and purple oceanophyllacene triol glycosides. Eugrophylloside[19] et al. Flavonoids: 3-Demethoxy brown squamous cornflower glycoside (jaceoside), Nepalese flavonoids, luteolin-7-o-β-d-glucopyranoside (5, 7 β, 4-dimethoxyflavones) [5, 7, 4-trihydroxy-6,3-dimethoxyflavones (5, 7, 4- trihy-droxy-6, 3-dimethoxyflavone)[21], pectolinarigenin, demethoxyflavone (desmethoxycentaureidin), apigenin[22] et al.
Pharmacological effect 1. The effect of enhancing myocardial contractility: digitalis mainly contains cardiac glycosides, which can enhance myocardial contractility regardless of whether it is for normal heart or failed heart. This effect is called positiae inotropic effect. The role of cardiac glycosides in enhancing myocardial contractility is a direct effect on myocardial cells that is not achieved through neural mechanisms. Under the action of cardiolipids, the characteristics of myocardial contraction enhancement are: 1.1. Make myocardial contraction agile cardiogen can enhance the tension of myocardial contraction, accelerate the rate of myocardial contraction, manifested by the maximum increase in indoor pressure, so that the myocardial contraction is agile and powerful, shortening the systolic period in the cardiac cycle, prolonging the diastolic period, and is conducive to venous return. In ex vivo animal hearts, if the heart rate and afterload are maintained unchanged, cardiac glycosides can cause the ventricular function curve to rise and shift to the left. That is, under the same preload condition, the amount of work per beat can be increased; and with the increase of the load (left ventricular end pressure), the amount of work can be significantly increased. Cardiac glycosides can also improve the maximum shortening rate (vmax) of myocardial fibers in a non-stress state, which reflects the contractility of the myocardium.
1.2． Increased output from failed hearts: In patients with congestive heart failure, cardiac glycosides can increase cardiac output by enhancing myocardial contractility. At the same time, through the reflex mechanism of the carotid sinus and the aortic arch pressure receptor, the sympathetic tone enhanced by heart failure is weakened, the peripheral vascular resistance is reduced, and the cardiac output is increased.
1.3. Improve the efficiency of the failed heart: although cardiac glycosides can accelerate the contraction rate of the myocardium and increase oxygen consumption, but due to adequate ventricular blood discharge, the residual blood volume in the ventricle cavity is reduced, the ventricular volume is reduced, the ventricular wall tension is significantly reduced, and the heart rate is slowed down, so that the total oxygen consumption is reduced compared with before the drug, that is, the efficiency of the heart is improved, and the cardiac glycosides can also reduce the oxygen consumption and improve the efficiency of the heart while strengthening the contractility of the myocardium, which is an important basis for the treatment of congestive heart failure by such drugs.
2. The role of slowing the heart rate of the heart in heart failure: cardiac glycosides can slow down the sinus heart rate that is too fast in congestive heart failure, this effect is called the nega-tive chronotropic effect. Heart rate acceleration in heart failure is originally a compensatory mechanism that increases cardiac output through the reflex of carotid sinuses and aortic arch baroreceptors, but when the heart rate accelerates and exceeds a certain limit, due to the shortening of the diastolic period, ventricular filling is reduced, and the cardiac output is not only not increased, but decreased. And because the heart rate is too fast, the diastolic period is shortened, which reduces coronary blood flow and affects the oxygen supply of the myocardium. The role of cardiac glycosides in slowing down the heart rate is mainly due to the secondary result of the strengthening of myocardial contractility, that is, the cancellation of the reflex that causes compensatory heart rate acceleration, the weakening of the sympathetic nerve on the sinoatrial node, and the regained dominance of the vagus nerve that innervates the heart, thus slowing the heart rate. In addition, animal experiments have shown that cardiac glycosides may also slow down heart rate by increasing the sensitivity of the sinus node to acetylcholine and vagus nerve stimulation responses or by directly acting on the nodular ganglia.
3. Effect on myocardial conductivity, autonomy and refractory period: 3.1. AV conduction: at small doses, cardiac glycosides can slow down the conduction of the AV nodes through the vagus nerve excitatory effect caused by increased cardiac contractility. At larger doses, the AV node and AV bundle can be directly inhibited, which slows down avricular conduction. Toxic cardiac glycosides may present with varying degrees of AV block. The slowing conduction effect of the therapeutic volume of cardiac glycosides does not affect the normal heart rate, because under normal circumstances, the impulses from the atrium are sufficiently strong and at the appropriate frequency to enter the ventricles through the atrioventricular node without disappearing into the atrioventricular node. However, in atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, cardiac glycosides can use it to slow down avricular conduction and prolong the effective refractory period, which can make atrial fibrillation or a part of the weak impulse of atrial flutter disappear in the atrioventricular node and cannot reach the ventricle, thereby effectively controlling the ventricular rate, but does not affect the atrial rate. At this point, ventricular beats are incongruous with the atrium, which is different from the slowing of the heart rate that affects the sinoatrial node.
3.2． Autonomy: the therapeutic amount of cardiac glycosides does not have a significant effect on myocardial autonomy, but the autonomy of the sinoatrial node and atrium is reduced by vagus nerve excitatory action. The amount of cardiac glycosides poisoned can increase the autonomy of Pu's fibers, because cardiac glycosides can inhibit the na+, k+ -atpase of the membrane, reduce the active transport of na+ to the extracellular and k+ to the intracellular, resulting in intracellular potassium deficiency, thereby reducing the maximum relaxation potential, making it close to the threshold potential, so the autonomy is increased. The result is predisposing to ventricular ectopic rhythms. The increase in autonomy can also be caused by delayed after depolarizations, which is a temporary depolarization formed due to the increased permeability of the membrane to na+ and other ions due to ca2+ inflow, which can initiate additional action potentials and cause ectopic rhythms if they reach a threshold potential.
3.3． Effective refractory cardiac glycosides can prolong the effective refractory period of the atrioventricular node, which is due to its inhibition of na+, k+ -atpases, so that intracellular k+ loss of k+, k+ outflow slows down, complex electrode prolongation and prolongs the effective refractory period. Cardiac glycosides prolong the effective refractory period of the AV node, which is the basis for its effect in treating supraventricular tachycardia, preventing excessive supraventricular sex impulses from transmitting to the ventricles, thereby slowing the ventricular rate. Because cardiac glycosides excite the vagus nerve, the outflow of K+ is accelerated, so that the atrial muscle abdominal pole is accelerated, and the effective refractory period is shortened. The amount of cardiac glycosides poisoned accelerates the re-polarization of Pu's fibers and shortens the effective refractory period. It can also shorten the effective refractory period for the ventricular muscles.
4. Effect on ECG: the therapeutic amount of cardiac glycosides can cause ECG changes, but there is no special significance, because it affects the repolarization process, so the t wave changes significantly, abnormal T waves appear early and disappear slowly, often t waves are low flat, biphasic or inverted. St-segment atmospheric pressure is low. Due to the acceleration of the complex process, the q-t interval reflecting the action potential time range can be shortened. The p-r interval is prolonged, reflecting atrioventricular conduction slowing, and the slowing of heart rate is manifested by an increase in the p-p interval. Typically presents as a fishy droop in the st segment connected to a biphasic or inverted t-wave. The amount of poisoning can appear ventricular premature beats, binary law, atrioventricular separation and even ventricular fibrillation and other arrhythmic ECG manifestations, these changes have a certain help in the diagnosis of cardiac glycoside poisoning, but due to lack of specificity, it should be correctly judged according to the disease and the use of cardiac glycosides.
Identification 1. Take 1.0g of powder, add 20ml of 50% ethanol and 10% lead acetate solution 10ml of water bath and boil for 2 minutes, then add 10ml of 10% sodium sulfate solution, centrifuge the precipitation after cooling, place the supernatant in 2 test tubes, one tube is blank control, the other tube is added to 2% 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid test solution in equal amounts, heat in the water bath for a while, the solution appears purple-red. (Check cardiac glycosides) 2. Powder about 0.5g, add chloroform 5ml, shake for a few minutes, filter in a small evaporation dish steamed dry, to be cold, add 0.5% ferric chloride glacial acetic acid solution 1ml, dissolve the residue after placing in a small test tube, slowly add 1ml of concentrated sulfuric acid along the tube wall, the junction of the two liquids appears brown, the upper glacial acetic acid solution appears blue-green. (α-deoxysaccharide reaction)
Sexual taste bitter; sexual temperature
Return to the Heart Sutra
Functional indications for cardiotonic; diuretic. Main heart failure; cardiac edema
Dosage for internal use: powder, 0.1-0.1 g each time, 0.4 g extreme. Or made into tablets, injections.
Note that the dosage varies greatly from individual to individual and the dose must be determined according to the patient's response.
Each family discusses the "Compendium of Xinhua Materia Medica": Leaf: Cardiotonic Agent. It is used to excite the myocardium, increase the contractility of the myocardium, increase the blood output during the systolic period, and improve blood circulation. Diuretic effect on patients with cardiac edema.
Excerpt from "Chinese Materia Medica"
