Qingliang Temple Tanrui Statue Shrine (Photo by Sima Xiaobei)
One
A thousand years ago, in 986 AD, the Japanese monks who had entered the Song Dynasty ended their four-year study and study in China and returned to Japan. Among the ritual objects brought back to Japan by Yiran are the 481 letters and 5,488 volumes of the Shu edition of the Kaibao Dazang Sutra issued by Emperor Taizong of Song, and the 41 volumes of the new translation of the sutra, which are engraved with a statue of Shakya Tanrui, the king of Youjing. "Kai Treasure" was originally stored in Hosei-ji Temple in Kyoto, but because the temple was repeatedly caught on fire, it is no longer extant. Statue of Sakyana Sakari in Kyoto. It is like five feet three inches and five minutes high, carved from Chinese Wei cherry wood similar to a sandalwood, with a shoulder robe and a tea line. Hair ropes swirled and flesh buns inlaid with crystal balls. Silver round pekoe with a Buddha statue in the middle. The eyes are slender and set with blunt black beads. The two earlobes are long, and the ear holes are embedded with crystal balls. The right hand is bent with five fingers extended, and the fearless seal is now applied. The left hand is slightly curved and palmed, and the knot is sealed with the wish. Boat-shaped light back, carved lotus tang grass and eleven-body Buddha. Looking at the Buddha statue, it is good and dignified, with a strange look, quite exotic Indian sculpture style. This statue is called "Qingliangji style" by Japanese Buddhist art historians to distinguish it from the general statue of Shakyamuni. In the late Heian period of Japan, there were molds of this statue, and to the Kamakura period, which revived the Shakya faith, the style of mold carving was popular everywhere, and Tang Zhaoti Temple, Xidai Temple, Kek lok Temple, Andei Temple, and Enmei Temple all now preserve this kind of cool temple-style Shakya statue. For this statue, the Japanese people, regardless of whether they are noble or inferior, rushed to pay homage to the shrine. At that time, it was the period of the rise of the Japanese Amitabha faith, and the Huixin monk Du Yuanxin wrote the "Collection of Past Lives", and the Japanese Pure Land Sect developed rapidly. In the first year of the Baoyuan Dynasty (1156), The Dharmakaya Shangren Left Mount Hiei and prayed for seven days at shakya temple Qingliang Temple, in order to get rid of the cumbersome philosophy of Tendai teaching, to seek true religious awakening, and finally opened up a path for the common people to practice and pray for the Buddha, and won the enthusiastic support of the people, forming a strong Buddhist group, and a new turning point appeared in the history of Japanese Buddhism.
This article will try to give a brief introduction to the inheritance of this statue.
Statue of Qingliang Temple
Two
According to the Buddhist scriptures, a statue of The Buddha appeared during Shakyamuni's lifetime. The Sutra of The Sutra of The One-A-Han Sutra contains the legend that King Youchu first made a Buddha statue in the Kingdom of Mi, which is widely circulated in India and China.
According to the Sutra of Zengyi Ahan, when the Buddha lived in the Weiguo Tree and gave it to the Garden of Solitude, many of the four parts were slack, and they did not listen to the Dhamma or seek convenience. In order for them to thirst for the Dhamma, His Holiness did not tell the four tribes, nor did he bring attendants, but went to thirty-three days and spoke for three months for his birth mother, Lady Maya. The multitude of the four parts of the world, who do not see the same thing, long for sorrow. The kings of Persia and Utra became ill because of Si Mu Rulai. In the end, the courtiers of the Kingdom of Youguo agreed to make a five-foot-tall statue of Rulai from the Ox-headed Sandalwood (the finest white sandalwood produced on the Ox-head Mountain). When the king of Persia heard about it, he also built a five-foot golden statue. Shakya descended from heaven along the three precious steps of gold, silver, and water essence transformed into the Son of Heaven and came to the water of the Great Pond of the Sangha Ruler Kingdom. Kings and people gathered at the edge of the pool to greet the Buddha. Shi You filled the statue of the bull head and asked for the merit of this Buddha statue, and the Buddha said: "The statue of the Buddha is blessed, and Xu Fu is incalculable." Its blessings are incredible, and its fame is far away. The root of the eye is never broken, and the eye is clear after the day. The form is always complete, and it will never fall into the path of evil. "The five kings below King Uchiha then raised the Great Shrine temple at the place where the Buddha said it, as a memorial.
Portrait of king yu
This legend may have been added to the classics after the buddha statue making became popular. Similar legends can be found in the Mahayana Sutra of Merit and Virtue, the Sutra on The Image of the Buddha, the Samadhi Sutra on Buddha-viewing, etc., and the sayings are not the same. The Mahayana Sutra of Merit says that this statue is made of pure purple sandalwood, with a strong physique, sitting on the master's seat, sitting on the seat of the master, sitting on the throne, and the appearance of the small part of the spiral jade, made by the celestial craftsman Bi shou karma. And the "Double View of the King of Youjing" says that the King of Youjing sent thirty-two craftsmen, and the sandalwood, please go to the heavens, build a statue of the Buddha, and sit five feet high. The legendary statue is either cast in gold, or carved wood, or made as a standing statue, or as a seated statue. What is said varies and should be a convenient statement of the Buddhist scriptures.
In addition, this legend is also widely circulated in Indian folklore, which can be seen in the "Records of the Buddha Kingdom" of Master Fa Xian in the early fifth century and Xuanzang's "Records of the Western Regions of the Great Tang Dynasty" in the early seventh century.
According to the Biography of the High Monk Dharmakaya, when He arrived at the Acropolis of the Kingdom of Tsara (present-day Setemacht, India), he saw a seated statue of Shakya made by King Persia, not a golden statue, but a statue of Tantan:
"On the ninetieth day of the Buddha's motherhood, the king of Persia saw the Buddha, and immediately made a statue of the Buddha and placed it where the Buddha sat. ...... This image is the beginning of all the statues, and the future generations also have the law. ”
When Master Xuanzang was studying in India, he saw the statue carved by King Shengjun (King of Persia) in the Garden of Solitude (Gion Jingshe, shaht on the south bank of the Lapti River in present-day India):
"Fifty or sixty miles south of the city, there is a dead dolin, which is for the Garden of Solitude, and the minister of the Victorious Army, Shan Shi, has built a fine house for the Buddha. ...... The room is poured out, only the rest of the foundation, the only brick room is alone, there is a Buddha statue. After the thirty-three days of ascension to motherhood, the King of Victory smelled that the King of Love (King Youchong) carved a statue of Buddha, and created this statue. ”
Gandhara Relief King Youjing holds the statue of the Buddha in the world
Xuanzang also saw the statue of the Buddha carved by King Youcheng in the kingdom of Mi (present-day north of the Jumuna River in India):
"There is a large jingsha in the forbidden city, more than sixty feet high, with an engraved statue of the Buddha, a hanging stone cover, and the work of King Wu Tuoyanna (King Youfill). Spirits rise from each other, and the light of God shines. The kings of the kingdoms are so strong that they cannot be transferred, so they try to make offerings, and the source of the words is also this image. At first, if you come to enlightenment, you will ascend to the Heavenly Palace as the mother, and if you do not return it in March, your king Simu may be like a figure. He asked His Holiness the Dalai Lama to take the workers to the Heavenly Palace with divine powers, to see the mysterious appearance with his own eyes, and to carve the sandalwood. If it comes from the Heavenly Palace, the statue of the carved sandalwood greets the world. His Holiness said, "Educate Lauyer? Enlighten the end times, this is the hope! ”
The two Buddha statues carved by King Youcheng and King Persian, written by Master Xuanzang, and stripped of their legendary elements, at least it is certain that the production of Buddha statues of Suntan buddhas has appeared in India. Indian Buddhism spread to the Chinese mainland through the Western Regions, and the production of this sandalwood Buddha statue followed. The Buddha statue in the Luoyang Jialan Chronicle (捍馬城) (in present-day Shazhong, north of Cele County, Xinjiang) is the eastward movement of this Sandalwood Buddha statue:
"Twenty-two miles west of the end of the city, to the city of Han, there is a great temple in the south fifteen miles, and there are more than three hundred monks. There is a golden statue of a body, holding high and six, the appearance is superb, the good looks are good, the face is constant and standing, and the west is refused. Father and elder passed on the clouds, and this image came from the south. ”
Rui statue in Dunhuang murals
This can be corroborated with the statue of The Tang Dynasty in the Tang Dynasty Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty, which was written by King Wu Tuoyan of the Kingdom of Mi Tuoyan when Master Xuanzang passed through the city of Bimo on his way back to China. After the Buddha's death, this statue fell to the city of Yulaoluojia, because the people of the city were happy and rich, and they did not cherish it, and the rain and sand filled the city of Luolaga, and this statue moved east to rival the city of Mo. The Dunhuang murals contain a shoulder-length coat and a round light statue of Shakya on the back, inscribed "Statue of Huang Tanrui in Khotan" (written around 839, see Bo Xi and No. 81), which may be a copy of the Buddha statue in Hanmo City contained in the Luoyang Jialan Chronicle.
Kumoro holds a picture of a sandalwood image
The inheritance of the legendary statue of Shakyamuni Shakyana by the legendary King of Youjing can be seen in relevant historical materials such as "The Origin of Qingliang Temple" and "The Chronicle of the Statue of Shakyamuni made by King Youjing". 1,305 years after the statue was made, it was held by Kumarosh's father, KumoRoshi, and extended east to China. Kumoro traveled to the kingdom of Kamezi, and King Shu chun kept the statue inside to make offerings. Kumarosh had not yet been born. In the twentieth year of the Former Qin Dynasty (384), Lü Guang defeated Guizi, the king of Guizi was killed, and Li Shuchun's brother Shu Zhen became king, and he was awarded the statue of Kumarosh and Rui. In the third year of the reign of Later Qin Hong (401), Yao Xing's Western Expedition against Lü Long, the Later Liang King. Lü Long was defeated, and in September he surrendered, sending more than fifty of his sons and wenwu ministers to Chang'an, and on December 20 of the same year, Kumarosh was welcomed to Chang'an by Later Qin, and Ruixiang was moved to Chang'an. Later, gaozu of the Liu Song Dynasty moved to Jiangnan Longguang Temple (Kaiyuan Temple). In the ninth year of the Sui Kai Emperor (589), the Changle Temple (Dayun Temple, Kaiyuan Temple) in Yangzhou, Huainan was moved. The Southern Tang Dynasty Tianfu was enshrined in the Changxian Temple of Jinling (Nanjing). In the second year (964) of the Song Dynasty, Qiande was placed in the Yong'an Courtyard of Kaibao Temple, Liangyuan City, Tokyo (Kaifeng). In the second year of Emperor Taizong of Song (985), the statue of Rui was relocated to the newly built Qisheng Zen Temple outside the Westernization Gate. The temple was burned down during the Eight-Nation Alliance's attack on the city of Beijing, and it is said that the statue was stolen by the Imperial Russians.
The statue of The Sandalwood looted by the North Russian army is now in the Russian Ulan-Ude Sandalwood Temple
The above is the northern transmission of the statue of Tan Rui made by King Youjing. According to the "Records of the Three Treasures of Ji Shenzhou", when Emperor Wu of Liang was there a model of the statue of Shakya Tanrui. On the eighth day of the first month of the first year of the Tianjian Dynasty (502), emperor Wu of Liang entered the country with the statue of Mengtan, that is, he sent Hao Qian, Xie Wenhua and eighty other people to the Indian state of Shewei and summoned thirty-two craftsmen to carve the statue of King Youjing of the Temple. In the tenth year of the Tianjian (512), the envoys returned to China, and Emperor Wu welcomed the Buddha statue at the Taiji Hall in Yangdu (Nanjing). In the third year of the Taiqing Dynasty (549), Emperor Wu collapsed, the King of Xiangdong took the throne, and the Buddha statue was moved to the Chengguang Hall of Jingdu (Jiangling), and then enshrined in the Daming Temple of Jingling in the north of the city. The stone statues of the ruins of the Ten Thousand Buddhas Temple in Chengdu in the Sichuan Provincial Museum, including two statues of Shakya Rulai, are remembered. One is the statue of Shakya Rulai of Anpu Monastery erected by Emperor Wu of Liang's son Xiao Hui of Poyang in the first year of the Zhongda Chao Dynasty (529) three years after entering Shu, and the other is the Northern Zhou Baoding 2nd to 55th year (562-565) Yizhou General Pillar State Zhao and Guo Gongzhao, simulating the Buddha statue created by Ashoka (Ashoka may be the mistake of King Youchong). The two statues are made of shoulder-to-shoulder robes and flowing water, which are quite similar to the statue of Shakyari in Qingliang Temple.
The main hall of Kiryoji Temple in Kyoto
Three
Bringing back to Japan the statue of Shakyamuni Shakyamuni was the Human Song monk Master Rinran. The deeds of Master Yuran are scattered in the "Biography of Song Shi And Japan", "Biography of a High Monk of the Dynasty", "Yiwen of The Diary of Tanran", "Records of the Master of Sheng Algorithms", and "Records of the Five Terraces of The Mountain of The Heavenly Terrace" in which Master Yuran entered the Song Dynasty ninety years later. The "Biography of the High Monks of the Dynasty" and the "Biography of the Song Dynasty and Japan" are all surnamed Fujiwara clan, but in fact they are naturalized by the Qin clan of the Hao clan (奝ran self-signed "The Second Marriage": "Born on the twenty-fourth day of the first month of the first year of the Tianqing Dynasty, commonly known as qin"), he entered the Todaiji Temple as a monk and specialized in Sanskrit. He once studied the Three Treatises from the Guan Li of the Southeast Courtyard of Todaiji Temple, and also learned occult teachings from the Yuan Gao of Ishiyama Temple.
Master Yanran's ambition to enter the Song Dynasty was during the reign of Emperor Tianlu of Yuanrong (970-973). The purpose of Japanese monks coming to China during this period was different from that of the Tang Dynasty when they studied for the Dharma, and most of them came to worship the holy relics in order to eliminate their sin karma and pray for the transcendence of the next life. We can understand his purpose and aspirations for entering the Song Dynasty from the "Wish for The Cultivation of Kindness for His Mother when He Entered the Tang Dynasty" written by Qing Zi Baoyin in the fifth year of the Tianyuan Dynasty (982). The first is to pay homage to Mount Wutai in order to appear on The Verge of Manjushri. The second is to refer to the Zhongtian zhu and tour the relics of Shakya. But considering that you are a body of sin, it is not easy to achieve this goal. Because he believes that all those who enter the Tang Dynasty to seek the Fa, such as the Master of the Dharma, Kukai, and the Master of Tendai, are all people who have been empowered and the instruments of the Xi Dynasty, and he is a mortal, if he enters the Song Dynasty, he will be determined to laugh at the Song Kingdom. However, I did not enter the Song Dynasty to covet a position, "If I have the Destiny of Heaven and get the Tang Dynasty, someone asked me, who is Ru, who is the person who sacrifices his homeland, and who is going to the giant Tang Dynasty, what is his heart and wish?" Answer: "I am a Japanese monk who has no talent and no line." In order to seek the Fa, it does not come, and it comes for the sake of practice. What shame does it have in this dynasty? "Again, to repay the mother's kindness, to make a reverse repair offering for the mother."
Rui statue made a record
However, until the discovery of the relevant information in the womb of Shakyamuni, it has not been possible to give a precise explanation for the historical facts of why Master Shōran created the Qingliang Temple with the statue of Shakyamuni, and since the discovery of various inclusions in the statue in 1953, the research on the purpose of Master Shūran's entry into the Song Dynasty and the statue of Rui has entered a new stage. In particular, the discovery of the "Signature Handprint Oath" ("Now the Second Marriage Certificate"),which was jointly established by Master Yuran and Master Yizang, provides important historical materials for the study of this aspect.
The "Second Marriage Certificate" is an oath made by the 46th generation of Dongda Temple, the quan young monk Dufazang ordained disciple Yizang and the elder of Dongda Temple, Kuan Jing, on the third leap month of the third year of Tianlu (972). At that time, Yizang was twenty-three years old, and he was thirty-five years old. The "Second Marriage" says: Rare people have a human body, and a rare man is rare in the human body. Even if you are a man, it is difficult to encounter the Dharma, and it is difficult to become a monk. Even if you are a homemaker, it is difficult to be a classmate. Therefore, the two swore an oath to the world as the father and the Dharma as the mother, and agreed to the marriage, and the death and life were one heart. For this reason, when we work together to build a Garan in Mount Atago, we should prosper the Shakya Relics. In order to be born in the pure land of Maitreya in the second life, to see the Buddha's Dharma, and in the third life to follow Maitreya, and to be born in the next life, to witness the supreme bodhisattva, so he made this second life of the knot, put together the mudras, and each held a pass, and will be in the future.
Qingliangji Temple Tibetan Tanrui statue kano Motonobu painting
Mt. Atago, mentioned in the "Knotted Relationship", is the site of the present-day Kiryoji Temple in western Kyoto, which is far from Mt. Hiei, the Tendai Sect's Daimoto Mountain in eastern Kyoto. The Todai-ji Temple, to which Master Kuran belonged at that time, was a major temple built in the heyday of Buddhism in the Nara Dynasty of Japan, and because of the support of the Yamato Court and the Hao clan, many of the latest cultures were absorbed from the Tang Dynasty, and it can be said that it was the center of Buddhist culture at that time. However, after the capital of Japan was moved from Nara to Heian (Kyoto), the great temples of the southern capital of Nara gradually showed signs of decay. The reformed monks of the new capital of Kyoto, unable to bear the abuses of the Nara Buddhist monasteries, resolutely set off mountain Buddhism, which flourished in the tendai of Mt. Hiei and the Shingon of Mt. Koya. This is undoubtedly a major threat to Buddhism in the old capital of Nara. For the emerging religious movement, the old Buddhists in Nandu initially attacked it fiercely, but in the face of the mighty power of the new mountain Buddhism, the tide of opposition gradually flattened, and a group of young monks who could deeply reflect and consider re-understanding the sacred mission of Buddhist monks fell into a state of boredom. Where does Todaiji Temple go from here? What is the true mission of a monk? How exactly do you preach the Dharma? Among the Buddhists in the old capital who had lost their leadership ability and turned their hearts to their hearts, a group of courageous and insightful young monks were born. Like Master Kuran, the establishment of a large Garan on Mount Atago opposite Mount Birui and the revival of Shakya's relics would undoubtedly have a great shock to the Buddhist community at that time. For the Todai-ji Temple, where Master Kuran is located, this action will be to set up another mountain and deviate from the sect; compared with the emerging sects such as Mt. Ryoyama and Mt. Koya, the missionary master Shōshū and the Dharma propagator Master Kukai are all a generation of masters, and if Master Kukai wants to create a sect and revitalize the Dharma, is it not self-sufficient? This is the ambition of Master Yanran hidden deep in his heart and unwilling to show people. Thirteen years after this ambition was disclosed in the "Second Marriage Certificate", in 985 AD (the second year of Song Yongxi), Master Yuran modeled the statue of Shakyamuni in Taizhou, and the vow to establish Galan was included in the statue of Shakya.
Master Yuran entered the Song Dynasty in August of the eighth year (983) of the taiping revival of Emperor Taizong of Song, accompanied by his disciples Jiayin, Dingyuan, Kangcheng, Shengsuan, etc., and took the merchant ships of Song merchants Chen Renshuang and Xu Renman. On August 18, Master Yuran and his party arrived in Taizhou and stayed at Kaiyuan Temple. On September 9, he went north to Tiantai Mountain, stayed for a month, and visited the True Body Hall of the Wise Master of Guoqing Temple and the relics of the Three Sages (Fenggan, Shide, and Hanshan). On October 11, he visited the 100-foot Maitreya Stone Statue in Xinchang County, passed through Suzhou and Hangzhou, and entered Yangzhou on October 18. Yangzhou Kaiyuan Temple was originally dedicated to the statue of Shakyamuni the King of Youcheng, and was transferred by Li Yu, the lord of the Southern Tang Dynasty, to the Jinling Changxian Temple. After the death of the Southern Tang Dynasty, it was moved to Kaifeng and placed in the Zifu Hall of the Inner Palace Dojo. On November 15, at The Puguang Monastery in Sizhou, the shrine of the Sangha monks was visited. On December 19, he arrived in the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, Fenjing, and on the twenty-first day, he met with Emperor Taizong of Song at the Chongzheng Hall, questioned and answered the national conditions of Japan, and presented books such as "Chronicles of Japan" and "Staff Orders", which were deeply appreciated by Emperor Taizong, and gave him purple clothes, and the museum was located in the Mingsheng Guanyin Temple on the left street of the city. In the first year of Yongxi (984), he toured the temples in Jingzhong and paid homage to the statue of Shakyaray the King of Youjing at the Zifu Hall. On April 7, he arrived at The Great Huayan Temple on Mount Wutai, toured the holy relics for more than 50 days, and vowed to imitate Mount Wutai and build Garan on Mount Atago. On May 20, he left Wutai Mountain to visit Luoyang White Horse Temple, and on June 18, he worshiped the five-story pagoda of the Longmen Grottoes to worship the fearless sanzang true body. On June 24, he returned to Beijing, and on March 2 of the following year, he resigned from Emperor Taizong. Emperor Taizong gave him the title of Master of The Fa Ji and gave him a new sculpture of the Great Tibetan Sutra and a new translation of the forty-one volumes. On June 27, he arrived at Taizhou Kaiyuan Temple, bought incense wood, gathered craftsmen, started work on July 21, and on August 18, he carved a statue of Shakyaray the King of Youjing. The engravers were Two brothers, Zhang Yanjiao and Zhang Yanxuan in Taizhou.
In June of the third year of Yongxi (986), Master Wuran took the statue of Shakyas, the king of Youjing, and returned to Japan from Taizhou on the ship of the merchant Zheng Rende, and the statue of Shakya was placed in the Shangpin Lotus Temple. The following year, Master Yuran asked an emperor to build a Qingliang Temple on Mount Atago as Mount Wutai, and to enshrine the statue of Shakya. In the third year of Yongyan (989), Master Yuran was appointed as the tokusatsu temple, and retired from the same temple in the second year of the zheng calendar (991). During his lifetime, Master Zanran failed to fulfill his wish to build a Qingliang Temple, and he fell ill and died in the fifth year of Nagawa (1016). The Kiyoya Temple, built by Emperor Hara's son, Emperor Saga, at the foot of Mount Atago, is today's Qingliang Temple, and Master Uzumaki's vows were finally fulfilled.
Qingliang Temple-style statue of Tansan Rui
The belief in the statue of Shakya has been widely spread among Japanese monks and laymen for thousands of years. This kind of transcending sects, transcending the incomprehensible Buddhist teachings, and the simple worship of spiritual images has made Qingliang Temple a holy place for the beliefs of the common people.