Dragon tooth tree is a kind of medicinal vegetables and woody plants, its roots can be used in medicine, young buds are a relatively high-grade health care type mountain vegetables, known as "the king of mountain wild vegetables" and "Northeast bamboo shoots" reputation. Its taste is fragrant and delicious, particularly rich in nutrition, and also contains a variety of amino acids, minerals and vitamins needed by the human body, is very popular in the market, is one of the main varieties of wild vegetables exported by China, in recent years, because of man-made destruction and predatory harvesting, resulting in the current wild dragon tooth sassadine less and less, and with the change of market demand, artificial cultivation of dragon tooth sassafras wood slowly more.
Cultivation of dragon tooth sycamore, I still have that sentence, first of all, to understand the characteristics of the dragon tooth tree, master its cultivation technology, through open cultivation and facility cultivation, do a good job of management, to meet the needs of the market.
(1) Classification and varieties of dragon tooth linden
Dragon's tooth tree can be divided into thorny and spineless varieties. At present, most of the artificial cultivation is made of Liaodong linden. In recent years, new varieties from Korea have also been introduced to the Tohoku region. (Such as Jianguo No. 1, New District, Gaopinya, etc.)
(2) Morphological characteristics and growth and development of Dragon's Tooth Tree
Dragon's Tooth Tree is a plant belonging to sub-arborvitae, its height is 1.5 to 6 meters, the diameter is 6 to 9 cm, the bark color is gray and densely spiked, the bark will fall off when it is old, then only the thorny stem is left; the young branches of the Dragon's Tooth Tree are pale yellow, with dense fine spines. The leaves are relatively hypertrophied, the length of the leaves is 40 to 80 cm, the length of the stalk is 20 to 40 cm, it is alternate, there are 2 to 3 odd pinnate compound leaves, set at the top of the branches, its petioles, leaf shafts and leaflet shafts usually have spines; the pinnae has 7 to 11 leaflets, and there are 1 pair of leaflets at the base; the leaflets are ovate, broad-ovate or long-ovate, and the length is 8 to 15 cm. The width is 2.5 to 8 cm , and the apex is tapering , the base is rounded , the edges are sparsely serrated , and the front of the leaf is green and the back is gray-green.
Dragon's tooth tree is also a shallow root plant, there is no more obvious vertical primary root, dragon's tooth tree adult plant has 3 to 6 side roots, the length of the root is between 20 to 80 cm, some of the longest can reach 250 cm, its whisker roots are relatively rich, mostly distributed in 5 ~ 25 cm soil layer. Its inflorescence is umbel-shaped and aggregated into an apical conical inflorescence, with 5 petals and pale yellowish white in color. The fruit of the dragon's tooth tree is a berry-like stone fruit, spherical with 5 edges, and a diameter of 4 mm is black brown. The seeds of the dragon's tooth tree are kidney-shaped, and its 1,000 grains weigh about 1.4 grams.
(3) The requirements of the dragon tooth sycamore for environmental conditions
Dragon's tooth tree likes to grow in the valley at an altitude of 250 to 1000 meters, shady slopes or semi-shady slopes of mixed wood forests, broad-leaved forests, broad-leaved mixed forests or secondary forests, its hardiness is relatively strong, so the range of adaptation is relatively wide. When the average temperature of the day drops below 10 ° C, the plant begins to shed its leaves and enters a state of natural dormancy, and at this stage its hardiness is extremely strong.
When the temperature rises in the spring of the following year, the top of the branches can sprout and grow. Dragon's tooth tree is also a plant with long sunshine, and its adaptability to light is relatively strong, but it will grow better if the depression is at 0.3. The absorption ability of the dragon's tooth tree is extremely strong, so its drought tolerance is particularly strong, but it grows very quickly when the soil moisture is sufficient. Dragon's tooth basswood is not waterlogged, and if there is a long period of water accumulation during growth, then the growth and development will not be good. Dragon's Tooth Basswood is also relatively adaptable to the soil, but still prefers fertile neutral or slightly acidic soils.
Open-field cultivation techniques
(1) Propagation of seedlings
◆ Seed propagation
❣ Seed harvesting and seed treatment
Seed propagation is a source of large areas of production of seedlings and is a frequently used method. In late September, the flesh of the dragon's tooth tree changes from brown to black, when the seeds are ripe for harvesting. In general, it is necessary to choose varieties with fewer thorns, strong germination and more branches. Because the seeds of the dragon's tooth tree have the characteristics of post-ripening, they must be treated after the seed harvest to allow the emergence rate to reach more than 80%.
Seed treatment method: after the harvested ripe fruit is stacked indoors to make it soft, it is scrubbed in clean water, the peel and pulp are removed, and the deflated seeds are also bleached out, and then the full seeds are disinfected with 0.5% potassium permanganate solution, the time is 2 hours, and then rinsed with clean water, soaked in warm water for 24 hours, and then mixed with wet sand (the moisture content of wet sand is 40%) in accordance with the ratio of 1:(3~4), sprayed with 300 times of multi-bacterial elixir to sterilize, Finally, it is placed in a textile bag or wooden box and buried outdoors before winter, which can promote the post-ripening of the seeds. When the soil is about to freeze, move the container containing the seeds back indoors, pay attention to the temperature to be controlled at 1 ~ 5 ° C, spray water when dry, and turn it over once every 15 days, which can prevent the seeds from mold. In the spring of the following year, 7 to 10 days before sowing, it is disinfected with 0.5% potassium permanganate solution, and then moved into the germination chamber under the conditions of 20 to 25 ° C, and the humidity of the seed and sand should be maintained at 50% to 55%, and often turned, and it can be sown when 30% of the seeds are white.
❣ Preparation of the nursery
Try to choose leeward and sunny, deep tillage layer, loose and fertile, irrigation and drainage are more convenient neutral or slightly acidic sandy loam as a nursery, and combined with deep ploughing, per acre of land is recommended to apply high-quality decomposed farm manure is 3000 ~ 4000 kg, the three elements of compound fertilizer is 20 kg, to use as the bottom fertilizer. It is required that the fertile soil must be mixed evenly, and then made into a seedbed with a width of 100 to 120 cm and a height of 10 to 15 cm.
❣ Sowing seedlings
The methods of seedling rearing include greenhouse nutrient bowl seedlings and mulching cover seedbed live broadcasting.
★ Greenhouse nutrient bowl nursery
Mix the grass charcoal soil and vermiculite in a 3:1 ratio,
Then add a little ternary compound fertilizer as a culture soil, each seedling tray sowing seeds is 1 gram, and then covered with vermiculite, the thickness is 1 to 2 mm and watered, placed in the indoor temperature is 26 ° C conditions for germination. When the seeds germinate and move into the greenhouse, the temperature is controlled at 13 to 26 °C, and when the seedling age is about 30 days and 2 true leaves, the first seedling is divided, and the single plant is moved into the nursery tray of 128 holes. A second transplant is performed after 30 days, this time into a nutrient bowl with a diameter of 12 cm. This time, the nutrient soil is mixed with decomposed manure and soil in a 2:1 ratio. After 1 month, you can move out of the greenhouse to ventilate the seedlings, and then fake plant it according to the plant spacing of 60 cm × 10 cm into the fertile countryside.
★ Mulch cover seedbed nursery
It is recommended that the northeast region in the middle and late April to early May, in the 10 cm ground temperature reached 12 ° C when the trenching use strip sowing, the row spacing is 20 ~ 25 cm, the depth of the ditch is 2 cm, the seed dosage is 1 square meter 1 g, the sieved fine loam soil covered with 0.8 ~ 1 cm, and slightly suppressed after the cover of straw or reed curtain, pour enough water, the last step is to cover the mulch film. Remove the straw or reed curtain when the seedlings emerge. After the seedlings, we should have time seedlings to ensure that the number of seedlings is 100 to 110 plants/㎡ for the most suitable. The high temperature and high humidity environment should be punched in the mulch film, so that ventilation and cooling can be reduced. When you have two true leaves, remove the mulch film.
❣ Seedling management
Pay attention to the timely prevention of weeds. It is necessary to keep the soil dry and wet, and pay attention to prevent drought and flooding. Proper control of water should be done in the early stages of growth, which can promote the root growth of seedlings. At the beginning of June, the seedlings began to enter a rapid growth period, and this stage must be replenished in time, and watered every 10 days or so. From early June to mid-July, urea per acre of land should be applied in combination with watering to 10 to 20 kilograms. In order to promote the lignification of seedlings in mid-August, it is necessary to control the moisture and increase the application of phosphate and potassium fertilizers, and it is recommended to apply 20 kg of diammonium phosphate and 10 kg of potassium sulfate per mu of land. When the height of the plant can reach about 20 cm in that year, it can be cultivated for another year and can be transplanted.
◆ Propagation by plant
When the soil begins to germinate in the spring, dig a trench 30 cm wide and 40 cm deep on the side of the mother plant 30 cm from the trunk, and cut off all the root systems encountered. There are about 20 to 30 days, after cutting off the root system that remains in the soil, it can germinate new shoots to form new plants, dig out these new plants and fake plants into the nursery, and after 1 year, they can be transplanted.
◆ Propagation of root segment cuttings
Before the flow of sap in the spring, dig out the side roots 0.3 to 0.5 cm thick outside the adult plant 30 cm, and then cut into root segments of about 10 to 20 cm with 1 to 2 buds according to the density of the root buds, it is recommended to soak the root segments with a solution of 500 mg/kg I.aa for 24 hours, which can promote rooting. Soil should be selected loose, high organic matter content, and irrigation conditions of the plot, it is recommended to apply 3000 to 5000 kg of decomposed farm manure per mu of land, three elements compound fertilizer 25 kg to do the base fertilizer, deep ploughing, the depth should reach about 20 cm, level the rake to make a width of 150 cm furrow. When planting in the ditch, the depth of the ditch is required to be 15 cm, the row spacing and the plant spacing are 20 cm, and the groove is inserted obliquely according to the slope of 30º, keeping the root section exposed to the ground is 1 cm, and then the ground is leveled and watered, covered with mulch film. At the same time, pay attention to timely watering and loosening the soil, and new root seedlings can germinate in about 30 days.
◆ Cuttings propagation
To choose a 1-year-old branch with 2 to 25 cm long and 2 to 3 buds as a cutting, it is recommended to choose rooting powder abt soaked for 10 minutes and then cut the cuttings, and then transplant after the cuttings are alive.
◆ Tissue culture reproduction
To select the budding 1 to 2 weeks of young petioles as explants, after surface disinfection and sterilization, inoculated on the medium that induces differentiation, the medium is MS2.4-d1.0mg➕/l➕ agar 9g/l, the temperature must be maintained at 24~26 °C, the daily light should be maintained at 12~16 hours, and the light intensity is 1500~2000lx. Callus is replaced once a month, and then the callus is inoculated into adult medium, which is ms➕ agar 7 g/l➕ activated charcoal 1.5 g/l. When the height of the seedlings is 3 to 4 cm, it is taken out of the medium, washed off the agar, and then planted into the seedling matrix with a ratio of 1:1 vermiculite and perlite, and then transplanted after survival.
(2) Land selection, land preparation, application of base fertilizer, colonization
To choose the shade slope, the degree of depression is required to be about 0.3, the soil layer must be deep, the soil should be loose and fertile, but also rich in organic matter, and the drainage is good, the pH value is 5.5 ~ 6.5 loam, the depth of ploughing is 20 ~ 25 cm, combined with deep turning is recommended to apply high-quality rotten farm manure per mu of land is 3000 ~ 5000 kg, three-element compound fertilizer is 20 ~ 25 kg as a base fertilizer, after leveling and fine, it is recommended that you make a furrow or ridge.
It is possible to transplant the soil in spring and autumn when the dragon tooth tree is dormant.
Before planting, the plant should be flattened to a height of 50 cm, and then use 50mg/l of rooting powder solution to dip the roots of the saplings, which can promote the rapid growth and development of roots and branches, and also improve the survival rate of seedlings. For open-field cultivation, it is recommended that the row spacing is 50cm×30cm, so that about 4,000 plants are planted per mu; if you are planting in greenhouses, it is recommended that the row spacing is 40cm×25cm, so that about 6,000 plants are planted per mu. Every four lines, leave an operating tape that is about 70 to 80 cm wide. Pay attention to flattening the root system of the seedlings so that it is evenly distributed in the colonization hole, and the planting depth should be about 1 cm at the root trace. When burying the soil, it should be carried out in layers, while burying the soil, the seedlings should be moderately lifted, and then the seedlings should be stepped on and watered, and the pit should be sealed at the same time, and finally a layer of loose soil covered with 1 to 2 cm. In arid areas, pay attention to leaving watering trays, and in areas with strong winds, you should cultivate soil to prevent the seedlings from being blown by the wind and shaking the seedlings, otherwise it will affect the survival rate of the seedlings.
(3) Field management
◆ Fertilizer water management
After colonization, it is necessary to keep the soil moist to promote survival, and in the rainy season it is necessary to pay attention to drainage to prevent the phenomenon of rotten roots in the water.
Under normal circumstances, in the spring and autumn of each year, the excavation depth of the outer edge of the plant is 20 cm, the width is 20 cm fertilization ditch, and the high-quality farm fertilizer per mu of land should be applied is 2000 to 3000 kg, and the compound fertilizer of the three elements should be applied to each mu of land after harvesting is about 25 kg, and it should also be decided according to the tree potential. Pay attention to timely irrigation so that you can promote the vegetative growth of the plant.
◆ Pruning of whole branches
The ability of the dragon tooth tree to germinate new branches is relatively weak, it only has the ability to form 1 to 2 branches per year, and the dragon tooth tree is used as a budding plant, which will definitely affect its yield, so it is necessary to cultivate a multi-head canopy, which is conducive to achieving the purpose of increasing production. The specific method is to cut off the plants in the second year of planting at a height of 60 to 80 cm above the ground to promote branching.
Prune old branches with weak production capacity, retain roots at vacant branches, or re-cut adjacent branches to promote the germination of new branches at low levels, which can fill the space and vacancies and control the height of the plant below 2 meters. After 4 to 5 years, the growth of the plant will decline, and the roots around the old plant must be cut off to promote the tillers to produce new young plants.
◆ Pest control
After colonization, 2 to 3 times of medium ploughing should be carried out in time and weeds should be prevented.
The main diseases are standing blight, powdery mildew, scab disease and so on. The main measures to prevent and control blight are ecological control, try to avoid field operations that may hurt the roots, and pay attention to drainage; when the central disease plant is found, it should be dug up and buried immediately, and the soil should be disinfected at the same time. Scab disease is recommended to use sodium pentachlorophenol plus stone sulfur compound for spray prevention and treatment. Powdery mildew is recommended to be controlled by spraying 500 times the amount of liquid carbendazim or methyl tolbucin. The main pests are aphids and cloud-spotted celestial cattle, etc., which can be sprayed with garlic juice, tobacco leaf water, etc. for control, or some agents with low toxicity to people and livestock are selected, which must be sprayed after harvesting.
(4) Timely harvesting
Dragon tooth trees are not suitable for harvesting in the year of planting, and can only be harvested in the second year. When the spring temperature is at 16 ° C, the buds begin to expand, there are 3 to 5 days to extend 2 to 3 fresh branches and leaves, the leaves at this time have not been fully unfolded, when the top bud grows to 10 cm, the side bud grows to about 9 cm, which is the best time to harvest young leaf buds. If the harvest is too early, the young leaf buds are too small and the yield is definitely lower, but if the harvest is too late, then the leaf unfolding affects the quality, of course, the commodity rate is reduced. Side buds can not be harvested in full, and it is necessary to leave reserve buds, so as to ensure the normal growth of plant nutrients and prevent the death of plants. If it is open-field cultivation, it is harvested once in the spring, under normal circumstances, the young shoots can be harvested per mu of land is 150 to 200 kg, and the young shoots that are harvested should be graded and packaged
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2. Facility anti-seasonal cultivation
In order to be able to increase the income of dragon tooth oak trees listed during the Spring Festival, it is recommended to collect branches in greenhouses or greenhouses, using aquatic cultivation methods, nutrient solutions or matrix cuttings to produce young shoots, so that they can be harvested twice, the first time is in late January to early February, the second time is in late March to early April, generally the number of young buds that can be harvested per acre is 300-600 kg, and the benefits are very impressive.
(1) Collect branches
In the collection of annual branches in mid-to-late November, whether it is cultivated or wild resources, it is necessary to pay attention to the appropriate amount of harvest, so as to maintain the integrity of the tree shape of the dragon's tooth tree and ensure the continuous use of resources. Under normal circumstances, it is necessary to choose branches with intact outer skin, no diseases and insects, and the full diameter of the bud tip is about 1.5cm, cut it into small sections of 50cm to 70cm, pay attention to every 30 plants tied with grass rope into a bundle, and place them vertically in a wet place of about 0 °C to prevent air drying. At the same time, according to the characteristics of dragon tooth linden with deep sleep, it is recommended to spray the bud with a gibberellin solution of 200 ~ 500mg / l, which can break its dormancy.
(2) Aquatic cultivation method
In the greenhouse or greenhouse, the depth of digging is 30cm, the width is 100cm, the length is determined by the number of buds, and a whole piece of plastic should be laid from the bottom of the ditch to the edge of the ditch to prevent water leakage. Fill the groove with 15 cm of water, and then put the bundles of branches upright into the groove, and keep the room temperature at 25 to 28 °C during the day and 2 °C at night before budding. After budding, it is most suitable at 22 °C during the day and 5 °C at night. Pay attention to timely replenishment of water to maintain the water level of the cultivation tank is 15cm.
(3) Nutrient solution cuttings
According to each 50kg of water + 0.25kg of urea + 0.2kg of white sugar, stir well to configure into a nutrient solution. Fill the cultivation tank with 20 to 25 cm of nutrient solution, and then put the bundles of branches neatly placed in the cultivation tank, and pay attention to the timely replenishment of nutrient solution according to the nutrient consumption in the tank in the future. At this time, we should pay attention to the control temperature, if you encounter low temperature weather to warm up, the minimum temperature can not be lower than 5 ° C.
(4) Matrix cuttings
To make furrows in the greenhouse or greenhouse, the width of the furrow is required to be 100 to 120 cm, the depth is 20 cm, it is recommended to lay a perforated mulch film on the bottom of the furrow bed (20 holes per square meter, The diameter of the empty is 1.5 cm), so that it is convenient to seep water, and then lay 20 cm of disinfected river sand, wood chips, fine slag and other substrates, after finishing, cut the branches into cuttings of about 20 cm, according to the density of 300 / ㎡, the cuttings are vertically inserted into the substrate, and the depth is maintained at 12 to 15 cm. The top buds and side buds should be inserted separately so that it is convenient to manage. After planting, water should be thoroughly watered so that the branches and substrate can be fully contacted. Keep the bed temperature between 15 and 30 °C, and harvest young shoots in about 40 days.
There are many ways to eat dragon tooth sassafras wood, wash and boil boil water for 5 to 10 minutes, fish out and put it in cool water to soak for 1 to 2 hours, but the meat can be fried, make soup, cold mix, make filling, the taste is tender, crisp, refreshing, and is delicious and fragrant. The buds and root bark of dragon's tooth tree can also be used to brew wine and bring tea as a drink for physical fitness. At the same time, the medicinal value of dragon tooth linden is also very high.