Pengyang Ancient County and Pengyang Township
In the winter of the fourteenth year of Emperor Wen of the Western Han Dynasty (166 BC), the Xiongnu Lao Shangdan Yu, led 140,000 iron horses, murderous, all the way south, attacked the northern land of the Han Dynasty, Anding County, invaded Chaona, occupied Xiaoguan, captured the land, and robbed a large amount of property and livestock. Sun Jiao, the capital of The Northern Territory County, resisted bravely, but was outnumbered and died in battle. The Xiongnu wantonly plundered the city and destroyed the village, hit Pengyang, and then burned back to the Middle Palace, causing disaster to the people for more than a month, and Wei Xie Chang'an. The Western Han Dynasty sent the generals Zhang Xiangru and Luan Bu to send 300,000 vehicles to march to the Pengyang area, and the Xiongnu saw that the Han army had many generals and a strong army, and did not wait for the Han army to attack, the Xiongnu fled in anticipation of the wind, and the Han army recovered the lost land.
Both the "Records of History" and the "Zizhi Tongjian" record this major historical event, and the ancient place names involved in it, Xiaoguan, Chaona, Pengyang and Huizhonggong, have been valued by the historians of all generations. Where is Pengyang, which the Xiongnu attacked in that year, now? Is it Pengyang County in the present-day Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region? No. The correct answer is this part of Pengyang Township under the jurisdiction of the former county of Present-day Zhenyuan.
Pengyang Township is located in the southeast of Zhenyuan County. During the Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty and Republic of China, it was called Pengyang Village. In 1962, Pengyang People's Commune was established in Pengyang Village, in 1965 it was changed to The Pengyang Brigade of Taiping Commune, and in 1983 it was reorganized into Pengyang Township People's Government. It has jurisdiction over 7 administrative villages and 66 natural villages, including Pengyang and Shangcheng.
The Pengyang Township Government was built in the ruins of the ancient city of Pengyang County in the Han Dynasty, and the north wall of the ancient city of Pengyang is basically preserved, except for the newly dug gully in the middle. The southern city wall has been washed away by the Ru River, and only a few ruins and broken walls remain in the east and west walls, and fragments of Qin bricks and Han tiles are often excavated in the urban area. The ancient city of Pengyang County is 250 meters long from east to west, 200 meters wide from north to south, the remaining height of the city wall is 10 meters, the thickness of the wall roots is about 6 meters, and the thickness of the rammed earth layer is 20 to 30 centimeters. There are two gates in the east and west of the city, a convenient gate in the south, and an enemy tower in each of the four corners of the city wall, and the remnants still exist. In 1983, it was listed as a county-level cultural relics protection unit, and in 1996, it was announced as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit.
Ancient Pengyang County is rich in excavated cultural relics. The Paleolithic stone cores and other stone tools excavated from the Sigoukou of present-day Pengyang Township are national precious cultural relics and are now hidden in the Gansu Provincial Museum. A large number of paleovertebrate fossils such as rhino bones have also been unearthed here. In 1991, a stone stele excavated from Pengyang Village, west of the ruins of Pengyang's ancient city, called the Xichanyuan Stele, is 95 centimeters high, 56 centimeters wide and 15 centimeters thick, and the front is engraved with "Zhou Xiande's Record of the Western Zen Temple on May 6, 2012", 14 large characters, 304 small characters, engraved with "Yuanzhou Sima Liu Wenjian", and the back of the vertical inscription "Ningzhou Fengyi County Rebuilding the Western Zen Temple", "Township Gong Jinshi Zhang Hangmeng, Wang Xianke Book", the inscription is 388 words, of which 24 characters are difficult to distinguish. The lower left corner of the inscription is signed "Diary of the Fifteenth Of June of the Fifth Month of the Great Song Dynasty Kaibao", "Former Weizhou You from the Oshi Ya Jia Rong Yao Hu." From the inscription, it can be seen that the Western Zen Temple was destroyed in the Later Zhou Dynasty (955 AD). When Song Taizu Kaibao rebuilt the Western Zen Temple in the fifth year (972 AD), it was written on the original stele. The blank stele on the back of the original stele was reused and the inscription was re-engraved. This stele is now in the Zhenyuan County Museum and is a national second-class cultural relic. There is the Yushan Temple Grottoes on the outskirts of pengyang's ancient city, which is now a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit. Wanggou Yangshao Cultural Site, Jusigou Neolithic Site. The brick inscription in the Xiaojin Song Pagoda reads "On the third day of the first leap month of the eighth year of Zhenghe (1118 AD), Chongxin Rural Forest Society in Pengyang County" is 18 characters, which proves that the area around Xiaojin in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty belongs to the jurisdiction of Pengyang County. The copper ding excavated from the Western Han tomb in Yelin Village, Xiaojin Town, has the inscription "Peng Yang, weighing three pounds and four two, Rong three liters", and the inscription along the abdomen is "Peng Yang, weighing seven pounds, Rong one bucket and three liters". This ding is now in the Qingyang Museum. It is enough to prove that the Han Dynasty in the area around present-day Xiaojin belonged to Pengyang Ancient County. These cultural relics protection units and excavated cultural relics have extremely important physical evidentiary value for the study of China's ancient civilization and ancient Pengyang history.
Pengyang Ancient County was a well-known county in the Han Dynasty. Ban Biao, a famous historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, recounted his experience of visiting Pengyang and his lamentations about the chaos of the war in his long-lost "Northern Expedition". It reads:
"So he marched north, beyond extinction and traveled far.
Chao Fa is located in the Yuan Palace of Changdu Xi and Xi Su Gu. ”
"Climb the Akasu Nagasaka, and enter the old city of the Righteous Canal."
"Shi Yu Ma yu Peng Yang Xi, and thinks to himself.
The sun will be twilight, and the cattle and sheep will come down.
The sorrow of resentment, the sigh of the mourner.
The more stable it is, the more tolerant and tolerant, and the longer it is, the great wall is long. ”
"The Slippery Summer Of Min Yue, The Hanging Lieutenant Yu Chao Na"
"Wild depression with recklessness, back to thousands of miles and homeless"
"The wanderer mourns his hometown, and his heart is hateful and sad.
Stroke the sword and sigh, cry and wet the clothes"
Fu's general idea is that he set out from Chang'an City and marched toward Guyiqu, and when he reached Pengyang County, he let his mount breathe a sigh of relief, slowly entered the city, touched the scenery, and had a thousand thoughts, relying on Sun Duwei, who died in the war here that year, hating Wang Mang's usurpation of Han, accusing Kui Huan of dividing up the territory in Anding and other counties, chaos, depression, and the people's livelihood, he worried about the country and the people, wept and wept, and he had pride in his heart, supporting the Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiuzheng to divide the forces and unify the country.
The ancient city of Pengyang is located on the north bank of the Ru River, 6 kilometers west of the famous North Grotto Temple. From here, along the Ru river against the water for 30 kilometers, there is the ruins of the ancient city of Helian, continue west for 8 kilometers, and then go to the county seat of Zhenyuan, which was once the county rule of ancient Linjing, and also set up The Anding County, Wonju and Zhenyuanzhou. 20 kilometers west of the original county seat of Zhenyuan, there is an ancient village in Kaibian, and there is a picturesque Jitou Mountain in the west of the village, which was climbed by Shi Qin Shi Huang during his western tour. Kaibian Jitou Mountain is more than 20 kilometers away from the Great Wall of Wugou Qin, and Qin Shi Huang once passed through here when he went out to inspect the Great Wall in Beidi County, and it was natural to climb Jitou Mountain. The ruins of the ancient city of Yangqianyuan in the northwest of Jitou Mountain are the hometown of the Emperor Fugui of the Eastern Han Dynasty, who died in "Gucheng", because of the long years of annihilation, and now mutated into "Ancient City", in 1962, the ancient city commune was established here, and during the Two Han Dynasties, this was the territory of the ancient Chaona County. The entire territory of Chaona County in the Han Dynasty included the towns of Kaibian in present-day Zhenyuan County, the townships of Wugou, Xincheng, Xiaodan, Guoyuan, Maqu, Miaoqu, and Sancha, as well as some townships in present-day Pengyang County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The famous Huangfu family once originated in this area as a giant chamber of the Wang clan. The Han Dynasty Dynasty was located between present-day Guyuan and Zhenyuan Counties. After the annexation of the ancient Dynasty, part of the area was in present-day Zhenyuan and part of the area was in present-day Pengyang County.
In present-day Pengyang County, Ningxia, the Han Dynasty was part of the Chaona region, and the Xiongnu entered the Chaona and entered the Kou here. The Xiongnu army advanced from the northwest to the southeast and attacked Pengyang. It was impossible for the Xiongnu to attack Pengyang from the north of present-day Lingtai County.
At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Pengyang County was established, and the name of the county came from, and there was also a reason. First, because this place was once a territory of the ancient Pengguo, in order to commemorate the exploits of the ancestors in developing the Pengguo. Second, Pengzu is a symbol of longevity, and it is more auspicious to adopt Pengzu's "Peng" for long-term peace and stability. Ancient people worshipped the sun god, often naming place names with the word "yang" with other auspicious characters, and taking the name of the county with the two auspicious characters of "Pengyang". Nature is loved by people.
In the Han Dynasty, Pengyang County was under the jurisdiction of xiaojin, yelin, Xiansheng and some areas on the north bank of the Pu River under the jurisdiction of present-day Xifeng. During the Yixi period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (408 AD), Pengyang County was abolished. In the first year of Tang Wude (618 AD), The northern county was changed to Ningzhou, and in the second year of Wude (619 AD), Fengyi County was established, and the county administration was located in the former Pengyang Ancient City, which was subordinate to Pengzhou. In the first year of Zhenguan (627 AD), Pengzhou was abolished, and pengyuan and Fengyi counties were subordinated to Ningzhou. In the eighth year of The Tang Dynasty, Fengyi County was subordinate to JingZhou, and in the first year of Tianbao (742 AD), it was changed to Pengyuan County. In the first year of the Qianyuan Dynasty (758 AD), it was restored to Ningzhou. In October of the third year of Emperor Dezong of Tang (787 AD), Tubo attacked Wonju, Jingzhou, and Koufengyi City, and in December, The Ning Festival made Han Youhuan enter the Chaoshang, Fengyi City was dilapidated enough to resist the enemy, in order to prevent Tubo from advancing eastward, please repair the new fengyi county town, and Dezong quasi-played. The following year (788 AD), Zhang Xianfu served as an envoy to Han Youhuan and led the army and people to build Fengyi City, which is now the ancient city of Pengyang. Five generations later, at the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty was still Fengyi County, which was subordinate to Ningzhou. In the first year of the Taiping Revival of the Northern Song Dynasty (976 AD), Fengyi County was abolished and Pengyang County was restored, and in the third year of Dao (997 AD), ningzhou was transferred from Ningzhou to the jurisdiction of Yuanzhou, and the jurisdiction of Pengyang County was attacked. The Jin Dynasty belonged to Wonju, and the Yuan Dynasty was administered by Zhenwonju. In the second year of Ming Hongwu, Pengyang County was abolished, and its territory included Xiaojin, Yelin, and Xiansheng, all of which belonged to the territory of Zhenyuan County. The county seat of Pengyang has since become the ancient city of Pengyang. After The abolition of Han Pengyang County, it is a pity that the name "Pengyang County" disappeared. However, the original district north of Han Pengyang County, during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei, established a new county named "Pengyang County", which was renamed Pengyuan County in the eighteenth year of the Sui Dynasty (598 AD), and was upgraded to Pengzhou in the first year of Tang Wude (618 AD). From the Western Han Dynasty to today, in the area of QinbeiDi County, from ancient times to the present, four "Pengyang Counties" have been established successively, one is the "Pengyang County" established in the southeast of present-day Zhenyuan County in the early Western Han Dynasty, which was abolished in the Jin Dynasty. The second is the "Pengyang County" established in the present-day Xifeng District during the Northern Wei Dynasty, which was abolished in the Sui Dynasty. The third is the "Pengyang County" that was rebuilt in the southeast of Zhenyuan County during the Reign of Emperor Taizong of the Northern Song Dynasty, and was abolished in the second year of Ming Hongwu. Fourth, with the approval of the State Council in 1983, "Pengyang County" was established in pengyang city in the southern Song Dynasty in the guyuan area, which is today's Pengyang county. As for Pengyangyi, Pengyang Township, Pengyang Commune, Pengyang City, Pengyang Fort, Pengyang Ancient City and other place names, it is not surprising that some of them coexist at the same time.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Western Xia State rose to threaten the Northern Song Dynasty, in order to resist the southern invasion of the Western Xia, the Song Dynasty chose a dangerous and spacious area in the upper reaches of the Ru River to build an army castle wall, strengthen the defense, and what is the name of the newly built military city? People of insight named the newly built military city Pengyang City. Its intentions were twofold: first, the Western Han army expelled the Xiongnu from the area around Gupengyang County, and built Pengyang City upstream to commemorate the historical highlights of Pengyang's victory over the enemy in the lower reaches of the Ru River; second, the construction of the military city showed the happiness of defeating the Western Xia, indicating that the Song army, like the Western Han Army, triumphantly protected the border and the people. Facts have proved that after the completion of Pengyang City, it played a huge role in defending the security of the Song Dynasty.
During the Reign of Emperor Taizong of the Northern Song Dynasty, Pengyang County was restored and came under the jurisdiction of Yuanzhou. During this period, there was Pengyang City in the upper reaches of the Ru River and Pengyang County in the lower reaches, which entered the period when two Pengyang place names in the east and west coexisted.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Pengyang County was abolished, and its original territory, including present-day Xiaojin, Xiansheng, and Yelin, was under the jurisdiction of Zhenyuan County, and the county seat of Pengyang became an abandoned city. The local village name Pengyang has been inherited to this day.
In ancient times, Pengyang County and Chaona County were places where soldiers and families had to fight. In the ancient dynasty, there were many famous courtiers and generals, especially the Huangfu family talents, such as HuangfuGui, Huangfu Mi, Huangfu Song, Huangfu Ji, etc., their hometown Chaona County is in the west of the present-day Zhenyuan County, so they are anding County Chaona (that is, the western part of the present-day Zhenyuan County), and the records of the zhenyuan county of the past generations clearly record that the emperor and other people are the people of the ancient dynasty najin Zhenyuan County.
In 1983, with the approval of the State Council, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region established Pengyang County in Pengyang City, which is a great joy, although the newly built Pengyang County is only more than 20 years old, but Pengyang City has been here for thousands of years. After the fall of the Western Xia, the military status of Pengyang City declined, but it became an important city on the Silk Road, with a wide area, sufficient water sources, convenient transportation, and an ideal base for establishing a post station, the Ming Dynasty set up a post here, known as Pengyang Yi in history, very prosperous. Later, the function of the post station declined, and Pengyang City was once depressed. In people's colloquial language, Pengyang City gradually changed its pronunciation, and the local dialect, the vowels of "Peng" and "Bai" were all "p" sounds, and during the Republic of China period, "Pengyang City" was verbally called "Baiyang City" or "Poplar City". In 1935, the Long March of the Central Red Army passed through this place, and the "White Yang City" began to enter the annals of history. Because there were no literary and historical materials at that time, it was regrettable that the spoken record of the dialect alone caused the error. It should be corrected to the Central Red Army Long March Road passing through Pengyang City. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the "Pengyang Commune" and "Pengyang Township Government" were successively established in the upper and lower reaches of the RuHe River. In 1983, Pengyang County was established upstream, and the west and east Pengyang competed for glory, so that the ancient Pengyang was rejuvenated with youthful vitality, full of vitality, the situation was gratifying, and in the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, it was striding forward side by side!