Author: Sun Li'an Source: Jie Shi Feng
In 1900, Britain, Russia, Japan, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, and Austria decided to jointly send troops to China to suppress the Boxers, first occupying Tianjin and then capturing Beijing on August 14. Empress Dowager Cixi led the Guangxu Emperor to flee to Xi'an, known in history as the "Gengzi Incident". Subsequently, the Eight-Nation Alliance attacked from Beijing and Tianjin in four directions, controlling the key passes around Beijing and Tianjin in the south to Zhengding, Zhangjiakou in the north, Shanhaiguan in the east, and Niangziguan in the west, completely crushing the Boxers. The Qing Dynasty was forced to seek peace with imperialism. On July 25, 1901, the eight powers forced the Qing government to sign the "Xinugu Treaty" with "the largest amount of indemnities, the most serious loss of sovereignty, and the deepest spiritual humiliation" in China's modern history, which completely reduced China to a "semi-feudal and semi-colonial" society.
After the signing of the "Xinugu Treaty" in 1901, the troops of the Eight-Power Alliance were gradually withdrawn, but the quintessential transportation facilities of the "foreign affairs movement" such as the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan and the two seaports in Tianjin Qinhuangdao were still stationed by the Eight-Power Alliance for a long time to obtain railway and customs benefits and ensure that the indemnities were in place. Paragraph 9 of Annex VIII to the Treaty of Xinugu is the provision stipulating the railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan. "Paragraph 9 In accordance with the clause attached to the text on the sixteenth day of the first month of the 1901st year of the Western Calendar, that is, on November 26 of the previous year of the Chinese calendar, the State of China shall be sponsored by the various countries and shall remain in garrisons at its discretion, so as to ensure that the passage from the Beijing Division to the sea is not broken. The places where the present-day states are stationed are Huangcun, Langfang, Yangcun, Tianjin Junliangcheng, Tanggu, Lutai, Tangshan, Luanzhou, Changli, Qinwangdao, and Shanhaiguan. ”
The Boxer Rebellion, which attracted the Eight-Nation Alliance, began in Shandong and developed into the Zhili and Jingshi (Hebei and Beijing-Tianjin areas). The Boxers claimed that the gods were possessed, chanted spells to resist guns and cannons, and used fists and sticks as weapons, with names such as ancestors, master brothers, and second masters. Lulong, Changli, Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan belong to Yongping Province, in the easternmost part of Zhili Province. It was heavily influenced by foreign churches and also had Boxer activities. At that time, the Catholic Church and the Christian Church were burned down by the Boxers, and the villas of some foreign missionaries on the beidaihe beach were also destroyed. After the Eight-Power Coalition army came, it created two major massacres in Changli County, namely: the "Clam Street Massacre" and the "911 Changli Massacre".
1. Clam Street Massacre
In 1933, the "Chronicle of Changli County of the Republic of China" recorded: In May of the twenty-sixth year (1900) of the twenty-sixth year (Guangxu), a monk from Guanguan, who called himself the brother of the Boxer Rebellion, had the surname of Liang and set up an altar in the Ant Mountain Temple. The townsfolk are mostly incited and provide money. He was expelled by the rich servants of zhi county. In August, due to the Boxer Rebellion, there were foreign soldiers stationed in Changli and those who had Jing'an, but more than 70 merchants were killed at Ansan Station on Clam Po Street (formerly changli, now part of Lulong). In the spring of the twenty-seventh year (1901), the Japanese were stationed in Changli. In Xia, German soldiers passed through Jing'an, and British Indian soldiers lived in the fourth street civil merchant house. The gentleman Dong Zhi should be thoughtful and unharmed.
Historian Xiong Deji learned through eyewitnesses who visited the scene of the (Clam Street) massacre that the British army set out from Ansan Station, and the tragedy occurred on Clam Street, and most of the more than 70 people who were killed were ordinary people who rushed to the market. Zhang Pengchao's "Poems of the Phoenix Mountain Shelter Fort" contained in the "Chronicle of Changli County" can be used as circumstantial evidence.
On the right side of the mountain in the west of Phoenix County, it can accommodate hundreds of people, and the river cave built by Wei Song can avoid soldiers. The city is at the foot of Phoenix Mountain, which is called "Fort of Refuge".
"Phoenix Mountain Shelter Fort"
Zhang Pengxu
Jun did not see, Liaodong old Phoenix Mountain, Tang Bing conquest Zeng Dengpan;
And nowhere to see, There is a place to avoid soldiers in JhanLi Cave, and the luan river is dangerously obstructed.
The shenxiu bell in Changli territory, the northwest rises and the flying peak,
The wings stretched out, and the head held high seemed to be whimpering.
It is a famous scenic spot for the mountain, and the rioters often entertain.
For three hundred years, the residents have not seen any military incidents.
With the light and descending smoke and dust, the red scarf of the Righteous Fist Bandit,
The burning of churches was brewed, and the coalition forces entered the country to kill the people.
The officials fled first and scattered bravely, and the chickens and dogs were restless.
North to south to He Canghuang, slightly slowly eroded.
Carrying the daughter and the child up the mountain, the foothills of the stone city can be dangerous.
It is not the Eastern Slope Chibi Tour, but also the Dragon Tiger Leopard.
Shelter, the mountains are quiet; Shikakaoka, don't look back.
Women throw away their buns, and men hold their hairs and worry;
There is no distinction between rich and poor, and they all leave their hometowns and return to the mountains.
Several noises broke out in the southwest, and a hundred people and ten people died at the time.
Even more bandits marry foreign slaves, foxes and fake tigers threaten the township.
Fortunately, there is a way to escape the world, and it is better than Yannan Zhaobeiji.
After a memorial to the situation, the crane was still palpitating.
Woohoo,
The female wall watchman was terrified, and the fu time carried wine to the high and drunk around the city;
Fathers and elders cried out to their children, and the repetition of the song answered and sang to each other.
I smell that there is a paradise in the world, and the mulberry is harmless to the Qin people,
Anderson was extradited and broke away from the fence of slaves, cattle and horses.
Note: Shé [shé] high monk. The [zhù] bird flies upwards. Birdsong. 陟[zhì] ascended.
The 1985 edition of the History of Changli County records that in the autumn of that year (1900), the Eight-Power Alliance also committed a horrific massacre in Changli. At that time, one day, just as clam street was catching up with the market, many people went to the market. At about eight or nine o'clock in the morning, seven or eight Indian soldiers led by the British came from Ansan Station, all riding horses and guns, and rushed into ClamBo Street. A traitor who accompanied them wanted to buy some grapes when they arrived at the intersection. The grape seller looked up and recognized him as the "second hair" of the village, and couldn't help but blurt out: "Ah, it was you!" The people on the set heard the gunshots and were in chaos. The foreign invading troops, along with the sound of the traitor's gunshots, took guns and shot indiscriminately at the crowd. For a moment, no one could run, and more than seventy people died under the guns of the robbers. After the people on the set ran out, these robbers who came to China to do evil robbed the contents of the set. The massacre was recorded in the county chronicle.
2. The 911 Changli Massacre
In September 1901, the Treaty of Xinugu was signed in Beijing, and twelve strategic points along the Railway from Beijing to Shanhaiguan allowed the troops of eleven imperialist countries, including Britain, France, Russia, the United States, and Japan, to be stationed for a long time. Yongping Province has six places: Tangshan, Luanzhou, Changli, Beidaihe, Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan. Shanhaiguan has become the place with the largest number of foreign troops, and many barracks have been built. At the same time, the resurgent foreign church forces set up the Catholic bishopric of Jingdong in Lulong, the city of Yongping Province. Japanese and British troops took turns at Changli Station. Before the Treaty of Xinugu was finalized, the Japanese infantry was stationed in Dongguan, the county seat of Changli County, and was not evacuated until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945. In the autumn of the second year of the founding of the Republic of China (1913), a tragic case occurred at Changli Station in which the Japanese garrison shot and killed five Chinese railway policemen, which can be described as the "911 Changli Massacre".
The 1985 edition of the "History of Changli County" has this: The thing is that at 9:30 p.m. on September 11 of that year, Yang Tongqiu, a Chinese railway patrolman, was on duty when he suddenly found Japanese soldiers stationed at Changli Station flying in the basket of fruit sellers to eat fresh fruit. The fruit sellers snatched back, and Yang Tongqiu was afraid that the Japanese soldiers would beat the fruit sellers, so he ordered the fruit sellers not to take them. The Japanese soldiers therefore suspected Yang Tongqiu of protecting the fruit seller, and immediately beat Yang Tongqiu with a gun, and another Japanese soldier also came to accomplice. Yang Tongqiu hurriedly played the flute for help and ran back to the police station. He returned to the bureau with Inspector Liu Changzhong and others who greeted him, and the Japanese garrison surrounded the police station under the leadership of his officer Tetsutaro Sano. After Tetsutaro Sano assassinated Liu Changzhong with a combat knife, he ordered the Japanese soldiers to fire a platoon of guns inside. On the spot, he killed patrol officers Wang Xueru, Liu Jinming, and Yang Tongqiu, and another patrol officer, Liu Bingjun, was seriously injured and died in the hospital the next morning. After killing five Chinese railway policemen, the Japanese invaders coerced Wang Zhitian, the governor of Changli County, into signing a document distorting the truth, and the guns were forced to last four hours.
The 1933 edition of the Chronicle of Changli County of the Republic of China reads: (At that time), The Governor of Changli, Wang Zhitian, presented the two ministries of communications and foreign affairs and was directly subordinate to the Governor of the Capital and the Chief of Civil Affairs Wenyun: In order to report the matter: At ten o'clock in the night of September 11, the second year of the Republic of China, the governor was in the office of the bureau, overheard several rows of gunshots outside the South Pass, and immediately took tang Wanqing, the police chief, and Ma Mingbiao, the district official, out of the city on foot to investigate. As soon as he left the city, he encountered Liu Yuxing, the inspector of the railway, who came to report. It is said that at 9:30 tonight, Inspector Yang Tongqiu was on duty, just as the Japanese soldiers were snatching fresh fruits from the baskets of the people selling fresh fruits. The sellers of fresh fruits wanted to retake them, but Yang Tongqiu was angry with the Japanese, and the sellers of fruits were beaten by him, even so that the sellers of fresh fruits did not have to take them back. The Japanese soldiers actually suspected that Yang Tongqiu was back to protect the people who sold fresh fruits, that is, they beat Yang Tongqiu with a gun, and another Japanese soldier from the side grabbed Yang Tongqiu and beat him, and Yang Tongqiu played the flute and asked for help. Inspector Liu Changzhong, Together with Liu Yuxing and Liu Huanwen, Yang Tongqiu had already run back from the south platform and entered the bureau together. Not long after, Japanese team officer Tetsutaro Sano led the whole team to surround the road bureau. The officer of the squad entered the bureau and stabbed the inspector with a combat knife, and the Japanese soldiers and other companies fired platoon guns. Many inspectors and patrol officers were injured, and the bureau has been ravaged. Hearing that the officers of the brigade telegraphed luan county and Shanhaiguan Japanese soldiers to come to assist, please hurry to reconciliation, etc., the governor staggered to the head of the road bureau, saw the Japanese soldiers outside the bureau lining up with guns to force the governor to go to the place where he lived, and the governor begged for permission for the governor to go to the bureau, but the army still forced the governor to enter the hospital with a gun. Inspector Liu Changzhong was seen in the courtyard with many knife and gun wounds, and died on his back. Entering the house, I saw inspector Wang Xueru suffering from a gunshot wound and lying on his stomach and dying. In the east and west rooms, inspectors Yang Tongqiu and Liu Bingjun were seriously injured by gunshots, and they could not speak. That is, to send people to extend medical treatment. In the courtyard of The Bureau Dongtong and Yongzhan House, a patrol policeman Liu Jinming was also seen dead by a gunshot wound. Survey the neighbors of the street houses. It is said that the Japanese soldiers lined up to shoot and besiege the road bureau and shot the patrol police and the root cause of the attack, which was the same as the report of Inspector Liu Yuxing. Before the governor walked up to the Japanese soldiers, he saw that the officer had asked for the withdrawal of the troops, but was not allowed. The governor repeatedly pleaded that the officer had begun to lead the team back with sorrow. It's time, it's more than one o'clock. The governor immediately entered the city and telegraphed the general situation to the governor of the capital. At eight o'clock in the morning of the twelfth, the Road Bureau reported that two injured patrol officers died of their injuries around seven o'clock. The governor went out of the city to check on the letter, but before he reached the road bureau, he was forced by many Japanese soldiers to shoot the governor's gun to the garrison, and sat around the densely packed internal and external troops. The officer and others immediately issued a draft, and the guards covered up the words of the other straight song and forced the governor to write a signature and seal. The governor did not allow the officer to threaten with a gun, and the governor wanted to return to his seat, and the officer and others pressed the governor's arm, and another officer forced the governor to shoot and did not order him out of the camp. The situation of rape and coercion was so overwhelming that the guns were forced to four hours. The officer and so on had nothing to do, so they approved on the list that the above words were japanese troops, and did not know the words, but still forced the governor to sign and seal. The governor checked that the words of criticism were both words of the Japanese army, and such words on the one hand did not hinder future negotiations, and if they resisted again, the troops would be treated with barbarism. The governor was in charge of the place alone, and it was not a pity to die, for fear of disordering the order on the ground and provoking large-scale negotiations, he had no choice but to ask for a delay in his return to the office. At two o'clock in the afternoon, the two officers of the army led one of the soldiers and escorted them into the city with the governor. The army was forced to sign and seal the name, and the governor was about to send a telegram to the governor of the prefecture of civil affairs: Check the thirteenth at four o'clock in the morning to go out of the city to go to the station road bureau, and at five and a half o'clock, together with Ding Junyi, chief inspector of the Beijing Road Bureau, Tan Jundingying, chief inspector of the first section of the Beijing-Fengfeng Railway, Li Junzhaonian, director of the Shanhaiguan Road Bureau, Yan Junbin, commander of the first company of the gendarmerie battalion, Gou Misi, a British medical officer of the Railway Bureau, and Zhan Juntianzuo, the director of the Changli Station, were verified to be injured and killed by the Japanese soldiers. Now the station patrol is out of the post as usual, and the place is peaceful. The Japanese soldiers at tongyi station shot the patrol police of the road bureau, and then the governor's platoon persuaded the actual situation to maintain the status quo. In addition to the division of submissions, the Nuclear Office of Theory and Submission of the Nuclear Power Office seriously negotiated to seriously increase human life. However, zhang Guoquan was really public, so he checked the laws of various countries again, and all the documents established by coercion should be invalid. This time, the governor, the chief of police, the captain of the guard, etc. were coerced by the Japanese military officers to sign the zigzag, of course, as invalid, and then submitted. Sincerely.
The 1985 edition of the History of Changli County said that this atrocity by the Japanese invaders aroused the public indignation of the people of the whole country. People from all walks of life in Changli held memorial services for the martyrs and collected donations for the families of the victims. Shanghai, Wuhan, Guangzhou and other places have boycotted Japanese goods in protest. The All-China Federation of Chambers of Commerce held a meeting of representatives from all walks of life in Tianjin to express solidarity with the people of Changli in their struggle.
When the "911 Changli Massacre" occurred, revolutionary pioneer Li Dazhao was working in Changli County. At that time, the remains of the five martyrs were parked in the Jizo Temple in the northwest of the city, and Li Dazhao personally went to mourn. He wrote in the "Miscellaneous Records of Youjie Stone Mountain": "However, in the ten days of this, Chang Li tragically killed five road policemen, and the coffin was left out in the cold, and he was sent to the Dizang Temple. Can the slaves of the Others be proud of themselves and hold their heads high in the territory of China, so as to kill our soldiers, the sad people, and can they not be indignant? Since Changli has become a memorial place for national enmity, the mountain alliance and the sea vow, may the central plains athletes not forget this heavenly shame, so those who do not share the heavens with the Slaves are like stones. "
Weak countries have no diplomacy. Yuan Shikai's government secretly sent the provincial warlords to stop the mass movement. The handling of the incident was delayed until the spring of the following year (1914), and ended with the Japanese minister in China promising to punish the murderer and apologize for the crime, and paying 26,000 yuan in reparations. This incident, which Li Dazhao regarded as a "national vendetta," ended in a peaceful atmosphere.
In the 1933 edition of the Chronicle of Changli County of the Republic of China, there is: Wang Zhitian, governor of Changli, submitted a report to the minister of civil affairs Wen Yun: For the purpose of reporting: On April 19, 1914, in the case of Directive No. 2455 of the Provincial Administrative Office, the official letter No. 664 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was opened, and the case of Japanese soldiers wounding and killing Chinese policemen at Changli Station was cloudy. This order was also sent by the Political Affairs Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and because of this, it was immediately prepared for reception. On the nineteenth, the Japanese railway captain Tanaka Tadazaburo sent people to the office for a one-and-a-half-hour meeting in the afternoon of the twentieth day. At that time, tea and fruit peel wine will be prepared for reception, accompanied by Japanese translator Daisukesuke to apologize. After the governor replied that the same language and the same species, in the future, they exchanged lips and teeth, and they were very friendly and harmonious. The feast was scheduled for the twenty-fourth day, and the governor of the bell was immediately allowed to pray in person at two (o'clock) in the afternoon of the next day. Translation talk, pen talk about one (point) more than one (point). In addition to talking about the peaceful settlement of the happiness of the two countries, they also talked about the scenery of Tokyo. Now it is planned to wait for the banquet to be scheduled after the banquet, and the captain will contact with the information and make a good friendship, and the Japanese officer will first go to the county to apologize and negotiate the situation, and submit the document to the examination. Sincerely.
Don't forget the past, the teacher of the future. On September 11, we should not only pay attention to the 911 incident in the United States, but also remember the "Changli 911" and the two tragic cases created by the Eight-Power Coalition in Changli. Take history as a mirror and create the future. Wish: Prosperity of the motherland and world peace.