The long-term application of chemical pesticides in paddy fields not only pollutes the environment and agricultural products, makes pests resistant, but also kills a large number of natural enemies, affecting the ecological balance of the field and the actual control effect, which is a problem worthy of great attention in the current pest control. Green prevention and control of diseases and insect pests refers to the comprehensive use of various ecological control measures and biological, physical and chemical technologies to implement sustainable treatment of diseases and insect pests. Green prevention and control is mainly manifested in its guiding ideology is ecology, biology, economics and ecological regulation theory, the overall purpose is to develop ecological agriculture, protect the ecological environment, and produce pollution-free agricultural products or green food in large quantities. Replace the passive "prevention" that was tolerated in the past with active and planned "prevention and control", which is aimed at the entire farmland ecosystem or regional ecosystem. The emphasis is on giving full play to all the available energy in the system, especially the biodiversity in the system, the resistance of crops, the predatory parasitic role of natural enemies, etc., and the comprehensive use of a variety of green prevention and control measures such as the rational layout of crops, fertilizer and water management, ecological breeding, etc., not just measures for the prevention and control of diseases and insects; focusing on the integration, optimization, assembly and integration of various measures, rather than simple synthesis and assembly on the basis of chemical control: the main purpose is the efficient, low-consumption and sustainable development of the entire agro-ecosystem, Instead of just controlling the disease and insect below the economically permissible loss level, it can effectively solve the environmental problems and safety problems caused by chemical pesticides.
In May 2011, the Ministry of Agriculture issued an opinion on promoting the green prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests, emphasizing that promoting green prevention and control is to implement the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention" and is an important measure to implement the green plant protection strategy. On the basis of the comprehensive management of rice diseases and insects in the past, the effectiveness and interplay relationship and synergy effect of various green prevention and control single technologies were studied and clarified, and various forms of green prevention and control models in different rice areas in our province were optimized and assembled according to local conditions, so as to provide technical support for the development of ecological agriculture and the production of green food. The 10 major technologies and prevention and control modes of green prevention and control of high-quality rice diseases and insect pests that have been widely promoted and applied in our province in recent years are introduced as follows.
<h1>First, the two-way borer trap technology of the field trap</h1>
The mass trap method is a method of setting up a dimodulate borer trap to trap a large number of male moths in rice fields on a large scale. This method slowly and uniformly releases the synthetic dimethyl moth sex pheromone compound by the lure core in the trap, lures the male moth to the trap and annihilates it, and thus causes the imbalance of the male and female proportions of the adult male and female of the field dimorphic borer, effectively reduces the mating behavior between male and female, greatly reduces the natural mating rate, and greatly reduces the population of the dihua borer generation, cannot effectively reproduce offspring, and ultimately controls the population development. A large number of traps are used as a prevention and control tool by traps, and the trap trap device is mainly a trapper core and a trap, and the trap core is a synthetic silicone rubber plug, that is, a dimorphic borer attractant (sexual information cord), which is the heart part of the trap, and its validity period, release rate and proportion of active ingredients directly affect the trap effect.
Traps are also known as traps, and the currently commonly used traps are mainly basin traps, shroud traps and barrel traps. We widely use water basin traps. The water basin is a commercially available ordinary plastic basin, with a mouth diameter of 20 to 30 cm and a depth of 8. 0～12． 0 cm, the mouth of the basin can cross a thin wire, the middle hanging core, generally each pot only hangs 1 core, the basin contains about eight full of water, add a little washing powder, to enhance the adhesion of the water surface, the core and the surface of the pot water need to be maintained about 1. 0 cm distance, then place the water basin on a tripod supported by wooden sticks or bamboo stalks in the field. When the adult borers in the field are gradually feathered, the male moth is lured by the female pheromone released by the lure core of the trap and automatically drowns in the basin. Adult insects that are lured in the field pot that night need to be fished out of the pot the next morning to facilitate booby traps. The plastic pots used for trappers are best in green, blue pots are better, red pots are poorer, and yellow and light gray pots have the worst lure effect. Due to the weak flight ability of the male moth, the flight height is also low, and it is also affected by the air flow and wind direction, so the pot should not be set too high, generally slightly higher than the rice plant as the standard. When supporting the tripod with wooden sticks or bamboo stalks in the field, the tillering stage of rice is 30 to 50 cm, and the panicle stage is 100-120 cm. The validity period of the lure core in the trap pot can generally be maintained for about 30 days, and the water in the trap basin needs to be continuously replenished on sunny days, and generally 2 to 3 mouths are set per mu with mutual ink dihua borer sex j} moth field trap field trap, with a spacing of about 30 meters. Because we use a large number of traps, the production must be set up in a large area of dimorphic borer traps, through the trap of most of the male moths, in order to effectively reduce the population density of offspring, so as to receive good control effects.
<h1>Second, rice field duck breeding, frog breeding ecological breeding technology</h1>
Rice field duck farming is based on the principle of symbiosis and mutual benefit between animals and plants, making full use of spatial and temporal ecological niches and the biological characteristics of ducks, and rationally using modern ecological agricultural technology measures to achieve green prevention and control methods. Because the duck has the characteristics of strong foraging power, gregariousness and water-loving, it is suitable for field stocking, so the rice field duck can also give full play to the duck's active and diligent foraging habits to peck at pests. We mainly choose small and medium-sized duck species with strong vitality, wide adaptability, good stress resistance, fast growth and high egg production rate, such as "Jiangnan No. 1" water duck, "Sichuan Ma Duck" and "Linwu Duck". The rice field implements a "wide and narrow row" planting method to keep the field ventilated and transparent, providing convenience for ducks to travel freely through the field and forage for pests. Generally, ducks are stocked about 15 days after rice seedlings or transplanting, and 12 to 20 ducks are stocked per mu in the paddy field, and 10 to 15 ducks are released, and the water layer of 8 to 10 cm depth needs to be maintained in the field. In order to prevent ducks from escaping, rice paddy enclosure is implemented, and about 2.5% of the plastic yarn nets are used per acre before the ducks are released. 0～2． 5 kg fenced along the perimeter of the field, the height of the fence is 1. 0～1． 5 meters and tilt slightly inward. Small duck sheds are usually built in the corners of the fields as feeding and duck habitats. When the rice enters the milk ripening stage, all the ducks are locked in the duck shed to prevent the field from eating the tender grain.
Bullfrogs mainly live in plains and mountainous areas such as rice fields, vegetable fields or ditch ponds, and mostly breed naturally, and the natural breeding time in Hunan is from late April to early August. The suitable water temperature for the growth of bullfrog tadpoles is 20 °C ~ 3O °C. In the base of high-quality rice fields selected area of about 0. 6 hectares as a demonstration area for frog farming, surrounded by nylon yarn mesh, the height of the yarn is 1. 5 meters to prevent bullfrogs from escaping, ditch the rice field, ditch and ditch to keep water. Generally in late August when the number of pests such as rice planthoppers in the field increases, the field maintains a shallow water layer, the number of bullfrogs is generally 50 to 60 per acre, the largest number of plots is 100, while the stocking of bullfrogs while protecting the use of field frogs and other dominant frogs.
<h1>Third, spiders and other predatory predators of the protection and utilization of technology</h1>
Rice field spiders and black-shouldered green blind bugs (abbreviated as spiders and bugs) are important predatory predators of pests such as rice planthoppers. In the late rice field survey of Xiangyin Base, the dominant population of spiders was 9-10 species, and the main species were eight-spotted sheathed spider, insectivoretic gully tumor spider, ring-like leopard spider, water tarantula, water-like tarantula, grass-like small black spider, cone-bellied xiao spider, garden tail xiao spider and zongguan nest spider 9 species, accounting for a total of 73% of the total spider volume. 60%, each accounting for 15% of the total spider volume. 70％ 、12． 80％、10． 70％ 、9． 37％ 、7． 44％ 、7． 16％ 、4． 13％ 、3． 30% and 3. 00％ 。 The important factors affecting the growth and safe transfer of predatory predator populations such as spiders in the double-cropping rice area of Hunan are the three agricultural operations of spring ploughing, double robbery and autumn harvest, and the improper use of pesticides. Due to the frequent irrigation, ploughing, wholeing, and pesticide application in the rice fields, the green fields and roadside grasslands are the main non-rice habitats in the agricultural areas, and these rice field boundary habitats are the transfer channels for natural enemies such as spiders. When early rice matures, predatory predators such as rice spiders gradually move from the field to the edge of the field, and the field weeds and other non-rice field habitats have become the green channel for natural enemies such as spiders at this time, and attention should be paid to protecting these places in production. In addition to protecting green channels for field mounds and other non-paddy habitats, artificial migration techniques for the safe transfer of predatory predators such as spiders from winter crop fields to washi fields and from wasa fields to late rice fields should be carried out in a timely manner. In the double-cropping rice area, watermelon, vegetables and other cash crops can be planted in a reasonable combination with late rice arrangements, leaving a suitable bridge field for natural enemies such as spiders, and facilitating the safe transition of spiders to bridge fields during spring planting and double snatching. Carry out rice field grass target relocation, place 10 straw targets per mu before winter crops or early rice fields are ploughed, and safely remove grass targets when ploughing the whole field for 2-3 days with irrigation, and then move spider grass targets into the field after rice transplanting in the morning and evening. Crops such as soybeans are grown on the moats, which is conducive to the habitat and migration of predatory predators such as spiders. In particular, during the double rush period, straw targets are reasonably placed in the paddy field, or artificial migration methods such as grass piles and digging protective pits on the field mounds help the field transfer effect of natural enemies such as spiders is better.
<h1>Fourth, rice borer red-eyed wasp propagation and release technology</h1>
The artificial release of rice borer red-eyed bees generally uses the egg card release method, which puts the egg cards that will be feathered into bees into the bee releaser separately. Before bee release, the investigation grasped the occurrence period and amount of rice longitudinal leaf borer and dimorph borer to determine the time and quantity of bee release. The beekeeper uses a disposable plastic cup that is rainproof, windproof and sun-proof or a paper cup printed with flexographic water-based ink, and the egg card is pasted into the cup in time in the field with transparent adhesive paper, so that the bees can feather themselves in the bee-releaser, and after the bee feathers, they will fly freely from the mouth of the beekeeper cup, look for the egg parasitism of the target pest in the rice field, and breed offspring. According to the activity ability of the red-eyed bee, choose to release the bees in the morning on sunny or cloudy days, and the large area of the rice field is generally placed 10 to 12 points per acre, and a long bamboo pole with an egg card cup is inserted at each point, and the egg card cup is hung upside down on the bamboo pole with a thick line, away from the rice plant 1. 0～1． 5 meters, depending on the growth period of rice. The first batch of bees bees began to be released at the peak of spawning of pests such as rice longitudinal leaf borer or dimorph borer, and then released a batch of bees every 2 to 3 days, and the amount of bees released each time was 1. 01 million. 50,000 heads / acre, in the main pest generation of two insects can be released 2-3 times. The eggs placed in the field are stuck after the adult bee feathering, and the actual feathering rate is checked to understand the number of bees released in the field. About 5 days after the last release of the bees, the egg parasitism rates of the field pests were investigated separately, and the eggs parasitized by the red-eyed bees of the rice borer were generally black. After 15-20 days of bee release, the leaf curl rate and dihua borer infestation rate of rice longitudinal curl leaf borer were investigated in the bee release area, chemical control area and control area, and the control effect was mainly determined according to the field egg parasitism rate and victim rate.
<h1>Fifth, frequency vibration insecticidal lamps and other light booby traps</h1>
Frequency vibration insecticidal lamp is a kind of physical insecticidal equipment produced by Henan Jiaduoke Industry and Trade Co., Ltd., which adopts modern light, electricity, numerical control technology and biological information technology, and integrates light, wave and color three kinds of insect attraction methods. It makes full use of the biological characteristics of pest phototropism, wave trending and color trending, scientifically sets the light waves within a specific range, uses light at close range, uses waves at long distances, and uses frequency vibration high-voltage power grids outside the lamp to lure and kill adult insects. In recent years, the large-scale promotion and application of our province is PS-1511 ordinary type and light-controlled frequency vibration insecticidal lamp, according to observation statistics, it can trap 1287 kinds of agricultural and forestry pests in 87 families, and the single lamp control area 2. 7 to 3-3 hectares, the booby trap effect is obvious. Rice lights up for about 70 days a year, and can trap and kill dihua borer, triple borer, large borer, rice longitudinal leaf borer, rice borer, rice planthopper and rice bug elephant. The lamp selects a light source and wavelength and band that can avoid the tendency of natural enemies, although it has a certain impact on natural enemies, but the killing is small, and it is a more advanced practical technology for the prevention and control of rice pests by physical methods. During the growth of rice, a large number of pests can be exposed to the net bag, which can effectively reduce the amount of pest eggs and the density of insect populations in the field, and control the population of major pests. In addition to promoting the application of Jia multi-frequency vibration insecticidal lamps, it is also possible to promote the application of intelligent solar insecticidal lamps, which store electricity during the day through solar panels and turn on the lights at night to supply power, saving materials and energy.
There is also a new type of fan suction beneficial pest separation insecticidal lamp, the booby trap function of this lamp is mainly to change the electric shock to fan suction, which can enhance the enticing force of pests and reduce the killing of natural enemies.
<h1>Sixth, rice varieties to brown planthopper resistance evaluation and utilization technology</h1>
The promotion and application of resistant varieties is the most cost-effective and simple practical technology. The resistance and tolerance of rice varieties are closely related to the size of brown planthoppers and the severity of the hazards, which play a decisive role in the reproduction and growth of populations. In the case of no or little administration, the less resistant species (combination) brown planthopper short-winged adult insects are more numerous, the egg volume is large, the nymph density is large, and the damage is heavy: while the more resistant varieties are the opposite, the field egg and insect volume are small, and the damage is light. In the base demonstration area, the resistance evaluation method of natural populations in different species was mainly used during the peak occurrence of the fourth and fifth generations of brown planthopper nymphs in mid-to-late August and mid-to-late September. Five samples were taken from each hill field, 5 seeds were checked at each point, and a total of 25 seeds were checked, and the amount of 100 worms was converted, and the resistance analysis of the insect population density on the varieties (combinations) and the control varieties of the insects that were widely promoted and planted was carried out.
Formula for field control effect of cultivar (combination) on brown planthopper FC=Nc. NtNc was statistically analyzed (in the formula, FC is the field control effect of the cultivar on the brown planthopper, NC is the insect population density on the control cultivar, and Nt is the insect population density on each generalized cultivar), and the field control of the sensory insect control variety TN1 on the brown planthopper is 0, and the complete control is 1. Under normal circumstances, the natural control effect of rice cultivar resistance plus natural enemies on brown planthoppers in the field is 0. 85—0． Varieties between 99 indicate a certain resistance under natural conditions. By understanding and mastering the resistance performance and anti-susceptibility of the promoted planted varieties to brown planthoppers, it can help us to apply drugs scientifically and rationally and protect and utilize natural enemies.
<h1>7. Nitrogen-saving harm control fitness cultivation technology</h1>
Fertilizer not only directly affects the growth and yield of rice, but also has a significant impact on the occurrence of major pests and diseases, of which nitrogen fertilizer is the most important and active element of rice growth, but also the most sensitive element of disease and pest.
The nitrogen nutrition status of rice is closely related to the hazards of rice borer, rice longitudinal leaf borer, striped blight, etc. After a large amount of nitrogen and chemical fertilizer is applied, the rice grows luxuriantly, the leaf color is thick and green, the field shade is closed, the ventilation and light transmittance are poor, and both the feeding conditions and the ecological environment are suitable for the occurrence and reproduction of the main diseases and insects, and can also cause greed and late ripening. The experimental results show that with the increase of nitrogen application, the rice yield increases, and when the ammonia application level reaches the highest value, the nitrogen application rate is increased, and the yield decreases, and the disease and pests show a straight upward trend with the increase of nitrogen application. Rice high-yield nitrogen control cultivation technology adheres to scientific fertilization, combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, and scientific dosage of ordinary nitrogen fertilizers (urea, ammonium carbon, etc.). The economic ammonia application index of this technology is 8-10 kg of pure nitrogen per mu of conventional rice;
General hybrid rice is 1O-12 kg; super hybrid rice is 13-15 kg is more appropriate. It can focus on the promotion and application of new slow-release fertilizers, controlled-release fertilizers, microbial fertilizers, nitrogen-based phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizers, etc. Because the nitrogen in slow-release fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer is slow and controlled release in the paddy field, its release rate and the fertilizer demand law of rice growth can achieve a good dynamic balance, and the last application of production can meet the fertilizer requirements of the whole growth period of rice, which not only fully ensures the high yield and stable yield of rice, but also reduces nitrogen loss and reduces pests and diseases.
<h1>8. Farmland landscape optimization and habitat control technology</h1>
The application of landscape ecology principles in agricultural production, long-term and effective creation of sustainable farmland ecological environment, close cooperation with the reform of the rice field cultivation system and the adjustment of the planting industry structure, the structural adjustment of important rice field landscape elements, will cause changes in local biological communities and populations, which is also one of the important measures of ecological regulation. In the past 20 years, the reform of the agricultural system in our province has gradually changed the traditional farmland landscape pattern in the past. In order to improve the comprehensive production efficiency of paddy fields and promote the comprehensive development of agriculture to meet the needs of the strategic adjustment of agriculture and rural economic structure, we have vigorously promoted efficient and diversified planting models and high-yield and high-quality cash crops, so that the crop planting pattern in Hunan rice areas has undergone new changes. In some areas, the diversified rice field farming system with high-quality late rice or super hybrid rice as the main body and the rational allocation of a variety of cash crops constitutes the diversity of paddy landscapes in the double-cropping rice area. According to the characteristics of different regions, according to local conditions, rational planning, in a certain range of rice fields: vegetable one rice, melon one rice, oil one rice, corn one rice, flue-cured tobacco one rice, forest, rice, fish, duck, farming, breeding and other different breeding modes or economic and ecological elements, combined with local characteristics and planting structure adjustment, to create a variety of biodiversity communities, is conducive to the realization of sustainable management of rice diseases and insect pests. Changing the landscape pattern of rice fields, using landscape diversity and spatial heterogeneity, can significantly affect the changes in the population of pests and their natural enemies associated with it, and promote corresponding changes in field biomes, resulting in a decrease in the number of pests in paddy fields and an increase in beneficial organisms.
<h1>9. Promotion and application technology of biological pesticides</h1>
Biopesticides have the characteristics of high efficiency, low toxicity or micro-toxicity, no residue, good environmental compatibility and strong safety, and the application of biopesticides is one of the important measures for the production of pollution-free agricultural products and green food. As the demand for green food and pollution-free agricultural products grows, the use of biopesticides is gradually increasing. In recent years, the biopesticide insecticides used in rice mainly include avermectin, methylphenidate, Bt preparation, borericidus and polycycline, etc.: microbial fungicides include jinggangmycin, agricultural streptomycin, chytetemycin and neophytomycin.
<h1>10. High efficiency, low toxicity and low residue chemical pesticide application technology</h1>
Out of the emphasis on the quality and safety of agricultural products, some chemical pesticides that have been used in rice have been gradually banned or gradually reduced due to drug resistance and other reasons, such as organophosphorus compounds, carbamate compounds and sand silkworm poison compounds. New chemical pesticide formulations, such as amide compounds, triazole compounds, etc. are widely used. In the production process of pollution-free high-quality rice, the pesticide varieties that have been restricted and prohibited by the state should not be used to minimize the amount of pesticides used and avoid pesticide pollution. In recent years, the commonly used agents for the prevention and control of rice three worms and three diseases in a large area in production mainly include (1) the control of dicarbon borer agents: 20% chlorantranobenzoamide l0 ml per mu, 20% fiproxer diamide 10 g, 20% trizophos 200 ml, 2% avermectin 150 ml, etc. (2) Control of rice longitudinal leaf borer agent: 20% chlorpyrifos benzamide l0 ml, 20% fiproxer diamide lO g, 5. 7% methylaminoavermectin benzoate (methylvidrin salt) 30 g, 1. 8% avermectin 180 g, 48% chlorpyrifos 100 ml, etc. (3) Drug for the prevention and control of rice planthopper: 25% of thiazide 70-80 grams per mu, 25% pyridoxine 16 to 20 grams, 20% imidacloprid 10 to 20 grams, 10% enididine 30 ml, etc. (4) Drugs for the prevention and control of blight: 30% benzopricazole 20 ml per mu, 10% hexazole 40 ml, 20% thiafumesamine 10 ml, etc. (5) Prevention and control of rice blast agents: 40% of the dosage per mu of rice blast 80 to 1O0 ml, 30% dinoflor phosphorus 80 to 100 ml, 75% - cyclozole 30-40 grams, etc. (6) Prevention and control of rice aspergillosis agents: 30% benzoprexazole 20 ml, 10% hexazole 40 ml, 43% pentrazole 20 ml, etc. per mu. The above agents must be targeted at different diseases and insects, and can be sprayed according to 50-60 kg of water per mu. The application time should be mastered in the early stage of the occurrence of diseases and insects, and the prevention effect is better. In addition, the environmental protection and safety dosage forms of rice insecticides are mainly water-based dosage forms (suspension agents, water emulsions, microemulsions, etc.), as well as solid granular dosage forms (water dispersible granules, effervescent tablets, etc.). With the development of society and the improvement of people's living standards, the social demand for pollution-free agricultural products, especially green food, is increasing day by day, so it is imperative to seize the green mountains and green waters, protect the ecological environment, produce green food, and build ecological agriculture. In recent years, through multi-point demonstration research at various bases, we have clarified the effectiveness and effectiveness of the above-mentioned L0 individual technical measures.
According to the interaction relationship and synergistic effect between these 10 individual technologies, the first 8 technologies are focused on production to reduce the effectiveness of the average density of diseases and insects, and a variety of technical measures are further optimized and assembled into various forms of prevention and control modes in different rice areas of our province in a coordinated manner, so as to give full play to the multi-effects and complementary functions of each model. These prevention and control modes are: (1) sexual attractants + insecticidal lamps + rice field duck breeding modes: (2) insecticidal lamps + sexual attractants + spiders, bugs and natural enemies modes: (3) red-eyed bees + bullfrogs + insecticidal lamp modes; (4) sexual attractants + insecticidal lamps + red-eyed wasp modes: (5) insecticidal lamps + sexual attractants + biopesticide modes; (6) sexual attractants + insecticidal lamps + chemical pesticide control modes. Finally, according to the demonstration results of various different prevention and control modes, a green prevention and control technology system for high-quality rice diseases and insect pests based on green prevention and control technology is systematically established.
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