Liu Zong Zhou Xingcao", "The Tale of peach blossom origin"
Liu Zongzhou (1578-1635), originally known as Charter, ziqi dong (一作启東), was a native of Shanyin, Zhejiang (present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang). Famous theorist at the end of the Ming Dynasty. The key to its learning lies in "sincerity" and "prudence and independence", which people call "the right learning of a thousand autumns". Liu Zongzhou was also a patriot with great national integrity. The Qing army attacked Hangzhou, Mr. Zong Zhou was eating, when he heard the news, he pushed food and wept, and died on hunger strike on the 23rd. The world reveres it as "Taishan Beidou". Later, because of his lectures in the northern part of The mountain town of Shanyin County, the scholar was honored as Mr. Fushan. He was born on the 26th day of the first month (March 4) in 1578, and his father died less than one year after his birth, so he was raised with his mother in the family of his maternal grandfather Zhang Ying. Zhang Yingzi Shulu, nicknamed Nanzhou, was a very famous Confucian in the eastern Zhejiang region at that time, and was proficient in the study of "Yi". In his youth, he repeatedly failed to do so, so he made a living as a lecturer, and together with his brothers Zhang Li and Zhang Huan, he was known as the Three Masters of the Zhang Clan. He had a unique set of teaching methods, so many of his protégés were promoted to high rank and ascended eunuchs, such as Xu Jie, Tao Wangling, Zhou Ying, and other famous scholars and bureaucrats.
Liu Zongzhou was nurtured by his maternal grandfather and his learning progressed day by day. At the age of 17, he learned to make art from Lu Nianbin. Because of his own efforts, coupled with his good at cultivating, it only took about a year, Liu Zongzhou's eight strands of writing did a good job, creating conditions for future dengdi.
In the twenty-fifth year of the Wanli Calendar (1597), Liu Zongzhou passed the examination, and 4 years later, he was admitted to the Jinshi. But because of his mother's death, he was not elected. Later, although Liu Zongzhou was admitted as a jinshi in the early days, he did not do the official introduction, and he studied under Xu Fuyuan, a Scholar of Huzhou Deqing.
Xu Fuyuan (徐福遠字孟仲), courtesy name Jing'an, was a disciple of Tang Shu (Yi'an) under zhan ruoshui (ganquan). His learning is based on "self-denial" as the key, "firmly believing in conscience, and evil husbands aid conscience to enter the Buddha", so it is inconsistent with the teachings of Luo Rufang (Jinxi), who believes that Luo and his disciples "regard no good and no evil as the sect" and do not conform to Wang Yangming's "canonical transmission", so they pretend to be difficult to discuss with the Nine Noble Truths. When Liu Zongzhou visited Xu as a teacher, he asked for the key to learning, and Xu told him to "save heavenly reason and curb people's desires." Liu Zongzhou was greatly influenced by Xu Fuyuan, and from then on he "inspired the study of sages", believing that it was better to enter the Tao than to respect, to tidy and serious people, "Every time there is a selfish intention, it will be painfully added to the province." ”
In the following year (1604, the thirty-second year of the Wanli Calendar), Liu Zongzhou went north to the Beijing Division to be elected, and was appointed as a pedestrian. Passing by Deqing, he bid farewell to Xu Fuyuan, and Xu encouraged him to "learn not to be ignorant, but to return to practice", and Liu Zongzhou "made a strong province for it". He was very respectful of Xu throughout his life, and once said: "In the 26th year of his life, from the Deqing Xu Gongjian public tour, Yi Ji asked for learning, and now he has quite a good reputation for it", "Ordinary life obeyed Xu Shi". Later, he advocated the theory of "cautious independence", which had a lot to do with Xu Fuyuan.
At that time, the government was dark, the powerful ministers were in charge, and the Pembi was adulterous, and the righteous people were rejected. The Wanli Emperor fainted and decayed, lived deep among the officials, took food and alchemy, and did not come out for decades, and the Daming River and Mountain were already "the mountains and rains were about to come and the wind was full of buildings". Liu Zongzhou served as an official for less than a year, and he resigned and returned to his hometown on the grounds of serving his relatives. Soon, his grandfather and grandfather died one after another, and he took on the burden of keeping the system, and in his spare time, he continued to teach apprentices at the monks' house of Dashan Temple, and made a living from it. He lived idle for seven years, poor and sick, with no food and clothing, and often lived on loans. But he did not go to the court, and the officials visited him, and he refused to see them.
In the forty years of the Wanli Calendar (1612), on the recommendation of others, the imperial court issued an edict to restore Liu Zongzhou's old position as a pedestrian. On the way north, passing through Wuxi, visiting Gao Panlong. Gao and Gu Xiancheng were both giants of science at that time, and they were also the founders of Donglin Academy, and the World Sergeant Doctor looked up to him as Taishan Beidou. Liu Zongzhou stayed in Wuxi for a short time, and exchanged knowledge with Gao, and there were three books of inquiry and study, one on the square inch, two on poor theory, and three on Confucianism, similarities and differences and the merits of the Lord. Since then, Liu Zongzhou's theory has been more repulsive and close, engaged in the work of curing the heart.
At that time, the Donglin Party members and the ministers of the DPRK attacked each other, which was like water and fire. Liu Zongzhou's "Revision of Learning to Cultivate the National Vitality of the People with the Hearts of The Ladies" pointed out that at that time, the court was becoming more and more competitive, and the party was in a common practice of fighting against the same, and the people's hearts were declining day by day, and the soil habits were dangerous. He hoped that the imperial court would turn the party into a partial party and return to peace, and there would be no need to divide the evil from the good by the door. This songshu made a correct analysis of the party struggle at that time, and it was not all based on the Donglin Party people, nor did it all take the political enemies of the Donglin Party as wrong. However, the partisan tendencies in the DPRK and China were already evident, and Liu Zongzhou invented Gu Xiancheng's school in the former Shuzhong and was considered to be sympathetic to the Donglin Party. In view of the fact that the group was small and the party was in power, the party disaster would be revived, so he asked shenwen officials to give them leave and return. At this time, the governor of Jiangxi, Han Junshang, impeached Liu Zongzhou, compared to Shao Zhengjiao, saying that he "acted false words and insisted" enough to chaos the world and had more than enough, begging Shang Fang to add a curse, thinking that it was a warning to confuse the world and slander the people. Attributing to Gu, Liu Tingyuan attacked him one after another. So he embarked on the road back home.
After the dismissal, Liu Zongzhou's mood felt relaxed. He had long wanted to immerse himself in learning and set the world around. In the "Book of Zhou Sheng", he wrote: Reading without being a few is to be ashamed of being a mortal. Having passed through the books, every time you hug Geng, you think of repaying the father, and you will be righteous. Occasionally, it will be difficult, and I will not be sympathetic to try it. The field of thorns in the wind and waves, the pawn to get trapped. Foolishness is foolishness, and its ambition is also sad. However, he was careful and deliberate, did not hide his mediation, did not know the small group outside, did not see the gentlemen inside, or was foolish, and his ambition could also be mourned. Oh, the current events are getting worse, the way is blocked, the urgent struggle is defeated, and the slow adjustment is also defeated. Although there is a sub-room, there is no way to borrow today's book, and I can only see the thorns of the copper camel! "Yi" said: "The villain peels off the lu, and it will not last long." "What is the benefit of this Cao? We will be busy with this for the sake of heaven and earth, for the sake of the people, and for the unity of all things. If the husband's ascension is indulged in pampering, he has been placed outside. However, if they do not advance in learning, do not cultivate virtue, and quickly take the land of tolerance, and if they die in the heart of heaven and earth, and the bloodline of the people's destiny, what should be done in the hearts of the people in the world? This is not a tired place and cannot tolerate itself. Xi Han retired and abandoned, made "JinXue Xie" to encourage himself, and became a famous Confucian, and his name is today!
The villain is in charge, the state affairs are not the same, and neither can he be a famous subject of the world, but he may as well be a Confucian of the name of the Tao. Therefore, Liu Zongzhou has moved further towards the path of introspection.
Liu Zongzhou "did not like the study of Xiangshan and Yangming in his early years", believing that Lu and Wang Xinxue "all believed in their own hearts to prove holiness, and did not like to speak and deny themselves, let alone learn to speculate", which could easily lead to Zen studies. Therefore, he once said: "Wang Shouren's learning conscience is also good and evil, and its disadvantages will be stubborn and shameless for the Buddha." But by middle age, his academic advocacy had changed a lot. After this dismissal, he studied behind closed doors, "realized that there is no reason for the world to be outside the heart, and there is no study outside the heart", turned to Lu Wang's heart study, and wrote the article "On the Heart", expounding his own view of the study of the heart, believing that "only this one heart, scattered into ten thousand, all transformations return to one heart", "the great heart, the original is the end, is the reason for knowing death and life." It shows that Liu Zongzhou has completed the transformation of the study of mind from "beginning to doubt" to "middle and faith".
In his teaching time, Liu Zongzhou wrote two important works, "The Case of Analects of Linguistics" and "Zeng Zi Zhanggu". In the "Case of Analects of Linguistics", Liu Zongzhou emphasized that "learning words is the first meaning of Confucius", instructing "gentlemen to learn to be cautious and independent, and to establish a foundation directly from the outside of the voice", "audio-visual speech and movement, one heart; if this little heart does not exist, then audio-visual speech and movement are sick everywhere, and all are vain." If you look at Si Ming, listen to Si Cong, think loyally, move and respect, you are close to it. "It reflects the characteristics of his academic thought that he was not only born out of the psychology, but also hoped to correct the loss of the psychology." This shows that Liu Zongzhou's study of Yang Mingxin began to change from "middle and faith" to "finally discerning difficulties and sparing no effort".
Liu Zongzhou lived in the home for three years. During this period, his academic thinking matured day by day, and his reputation was far-reaching. At this time, the internal and external troubles of the Ming Dynasty were also becoming more and more serious, Manchuria in the northeast was becoming more and more powerful, and the Ming army was losing for many years; the DPRK and The Central Committee were constantly fighting among the parties and political corruption. Although Liu Zongzhou was in the jianghu, he still had his heart set on Wei Que, not in his position, and not without seeking his own government. In the "Letter of Friendship with Zhou Mianzhen (Qi Yuan)Nian", he wrote with a strong sense of distress: Today's next day is a big disaster, and it is not only in the middle and outside that we are in urgent need of help, so as to ease the break of the beard." The situation is far and far away, especially the day when there is nothing to do, and it is also a long time to repeat the evil caused by the mushroom. Now that one or two people are in the affairs, the local troubles will not disintegrate in one day. The enemy is in a hurry, the parties concerned are in charge of the military state, none of them are unsatisfactory, I am afraid that there will be changes in the future, and my generation of soldiers and doctors sincerely do not know where to die.
He believes that state affairs have become like this, "our party and guilty," and we cannot blame only the so-called "traitorous party." He made a profound reflection on the behavior of "upright people", pointing out that "the origin of my generation is also much to be discussed." Often from the sake of personal name, can not be true for the country. "Just take care of your own family to get a good name, do not think of the country, if the world collapses, there will be no place to die." Therefore, Liu Zongzhou said bitterly: "The sins of the Party are above the Song people, and they are not vain!" ”
Emperor Mingxi ascended the throne and appointed Donglin party members, and Liu Zongzhou was appointed as the chief of the Ceremonial Department of the Ministry of Rites. At this time, Emperor Xizong's nursing mother Keshi and his close attendant Wei Zhongxian interfered in the affairs of the dynasty, and Liu Zongzhou was impeached. Evacuated, passed on the court staff sixty, fortunately Ye Xiang Gao rescued and spared. At that time, most of the writers invited the Expulsion Of The Ke clan, and the correction of Wei Zhongxian began from Liu Zongzhou. Later, Wei Zhongxian was greatly affected by the party and disrupted the country, and Liu Zongzhou was unfortunately in the middle. In the third year of the Apocalypse (1623), Liu Zongzhou was promoted to Shangbao Shaoqing and returned. The following year, at the behest of the Holy Decree, "Liu Zongzhou was promoted to the Right Tongzheng Of the General Administration", the imperial court sent a note praising Liu Zongzhou for "a thousand autumns and a perfect generation." The World Qilin Phoenix, scholar Taishan Beidou. "Will push him into the cabinet. However, Liu Zongzhou was reluctant to go out of the mountains in view of the expulsion of Qunxian. He said: "In the decline of the world's tao, the scholars do not know what etiquette and righteousness are, and often know and then do not know how to retreat." and its change, or to retreat into advance. As for retreating to advance, the more clever the hiding below, the less power the upper world has, and the world rushes to the field of sound and profit. "He must use his own actions to correct the morale style, improve his integrity, and set an example for the world of decay." He also made two mistakes, one to explain the invention of the realm of loyalty and evil among the gentlemen, and the other to the sin of Wei Zhongxian's misleading the country. The second dredge was sent to the Department of Communications and Politics, and the people in the division were stunned and said, "When is this?" Into this shuye? The catastrophe is over. "Just leave the resignation on deaf ears." Sure enough, Emperor Xizong was furious and sent down his command, saying, "Liu Zongzhou despised the imperial court, was world-weary, and was so free to live!" He was dismissed from his post, served as an errand for the people, and still pursued the commandments. ”
At this time, Wei Zhongxian was in charge of the castration party, and the ti rode out in all directions, and the scholars and doctors who had cut their nationalities were all over the world. Since Liu Zongzhou had offended Wei Zhongxian, he sighed indignantly: "The heavens and the earth are obscure, and the hearts of the people are extinguished, and my generation only has to teach Minglun, and a few people are left in the line!" He summoned all the beings and spoke at the foot of the Mountain. He believes that the calamity of the world's ways is caused by the human heart, and the evil of the human heart advances without learning; today, when he is thinking about this matter, he is trying to understand the inherent goodness of the human heart, and he will not be fierce in the country of Er, but in the house of Er.
The lectures are held once a month and are dropped out at the end of the year. Every time he spoke, Liu Zongzhou made scholars restrain their bodies and minds, so that the roots were condensed and the foundation of humanity. He once said, "There is no place for this heart to berth." The past is the past, the backward is the future, the outside is divided into people, and the search is the ghost cave. The four roads are intercepted, and the place where there is no room for occurrence in the middle is precisely the place where this heart is docked. Here the reason is clear, then the Great Benda Road, all from here. Therefore, he put forward the theory of "cautious independence" as the foundation of his academic thinking.