"Qiang People in Southern Shaanxi" - The Origin and Living Region of History (Ning Qiang)
Ningqiang, formerly known as Ningqiang, was the old name of Wei and Zhou in the Ming Dynasty. On the New Year's Day of the Thirty-first Year of the Republic of China (1942), it was originally named Ning qiang. The county seat is located in Hanyuan Town, which was called Yangluping in ancient times.
The Shang Shu Yu Gong (尚書禹gong) says: "The mountains lead the waves, the east flows for the Han, and the east is the water of the waves..." is the place where the great Yu zhi water comes. "Shan Hai Jing, Xi Shan Jing, And tsukasa Mountain": "Three hundred and twenty miles to the west, the mountain of The Mountain of the Mozuka, the Han River flows out of the yan, and then flows southeast into the Mountain..." This is the earliest record of the Shaanxi Mountains and waters in the history books.
The 1990 edition of Cihai gave a new interpretation of the Han River and its upper reaches of the Yudai River: "The Han River is called Han Shui. The longest tributary of the Yangtze River. The Shangyuan Yudai River flows out of Ningqiang County in southwestern Shaanxi Province, and flows east to Mian County, where it merges with the Chu River and is called the Han River. It flows southeast through the southern part of Shaanxi Province, the northwestern and central parts of Hubei Province, and enters the Yangtze River in Wuhan..." "The Yudai River, formerly known as Qiushui. The upper source of the Han River. In the southwest of Shaanxi Province. It originates from the border of Ningqiang County, and flows east to mian county east and is called the Han River after the confluence of the Chu River. Downstream there is the Hanhui Canal irrigation project. ”
Map of Ningqiang County
Ningqiang is adjacent to Sichuan and Gansu provinces, since ancient times for the Qin and Shu key chong, but also known for the dangerous terrain, overlapping passes and passes, is the former golden passage connecting the great northwest and the great southwest and Sichuan and Shaanxi important gateway, there is a south board road from the Hanzhong Chu River, through Mian County, Ningqiang into Sichuan, directly to Chengdu, also known as the Golden Bull Road. It is also because of this that wars and chaos have been frequent throughout the ages, you have fought for me and conquered, and there have been constant divisions; soldiers and bandits have been plagued, the people have accumulated heavy poverty, and they have migrated and displaced; and the chaos has been sung by you to stop me from appearing on the stage, and shouting about the return of Qin and Shu at noon.
Ning Qiang has a history to document, dating back to the Spring and Autumn Period. Qing Daoguang's "Continuation of the Chronicle of Ningqiang Prefecture and the Establishment system": "Ningqiang is three hundred miles west of the capital city, and the border of ancient Liang Prefecture is also the intersection of Liangyong." The eastern realm of the Warring States White Horse, the famous sheep deer plain... Later Wei set up The County of Zhizuka ..."嶓冢 County, which was located in the Northern Wei Dynasty (504——-508) in the division of Qiuyang County, was located in present-day Tongqianba, Mian County. The northeastern part of present-day Ningqiang County was then part of Mtizuka County.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Baima Occupied the Northwest Territory of Present-day Ningqiang County, and the Eastern Frontier was the Territory of the Shu State Marquis Of Tho (present-day Zhaohua, Sichuan). In the fifth year of King Shenliang of Zhou, that is, in the ninth year of queen Huiwen of Qin (316 BC), the Qin army destroyed Shu through the Golden Bull Road, and placed Shu County, and Ning Qiang belonged to the land belonging to Shu County.
During the Qin Dynasty, the county belonged to Shu County, Yemeng County, and most of the territory was inhabited by the Qiang ethnic group. The Qiang people are an ancient great nomadic herder strong old Shi Yuan clan, also known as Xi Rong. King Wu of Zhou, Qiangren led the division to join. "Huayang Guozhi Bazhi" has been recorded. Since then, the Qiang people have either separated themselves or been subject to the central government.
In the fifth year of the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC), Guanghan Commandery was established in Shu County, part of the Yizhou Thorn History, and the county site was Zitong, Sichuan, and the county belonged to Guanghan County. In the 20th year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (215), Cao Cao defeated Zhang Lu and took control of the north of the county, which belonged to Wudu Commandery.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Liu Bei divided Guanghan Commandery into Zitong County in the twenty-second year of Jian'an (217), changed Yaomeng County to Hanshou County, and controlled the southwest of the county; in the twenty-fourth year of Jian'an (219), Liu Bei occupied southern Shaanxi, and the county border was returned to Shu Han; after the fall of Shu Han, the county border was under the command of Cao Wei.
In the third year (267) of the reign of Emperor Tai of the Jin Dynasty, Fengyi Prefecture was set up in southern Shaanxi, and in the first year (280) of the Western Jin Dynasty, Hanshou County was changed to Jinshou County; in the first year of the Reign of Emperor Yixi of Jin'an (405), the county border belonged to Later Qin; in the fifteenth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (390), Xing'an County was established in the eastern part of Jinshou County, with its seat in present-day Jialing Town, Guangyuan, Sichuan, and Jinshou County was promoted to a county, and the county was Xing'an County, Jinshou County, Liangzhou. At the end of the Jin Dynasty, it was the residence of Yang Maosou, a member of the Jin Dynasty.
In the eighteenth year of the Sui Dynasty (598), Xing'an County was changed to Miangu County.
In the second year of the Tang Dynasty (619), Wude established Jinniu County in the northeastern part of the county in present-day Da'an Town. Two years later, Jiamu County was established in the ancient city village of present-day Gaozhaizi Town, southeast of the county. At the same time, Sanquan County was established north of present-day Chaotian in Sichuan. In the first year of Tianbao (742), the administration of Sanquan County was moved to the present-day Yangpingguan Town of Dougutai Village.
Tang Dynasty Sanquan County ruins stele
The Song Dynasty set up the Da'an Army in Sanquan County, which was at the same level as the prefecture and prefecture. In the fifth year of Qiande (967), Sanquan County was directly subordinate to the Beijing Division, setting a precedent for counties directly under the central government of China.
The Yuan Dynasty established Da'an Prefecture and Da'an County in present-day Da'an Township. By the 20th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1283), the prefecture was demoted to a county, and at the same time, Sanquan County was merged into Da'an County, which belonged to Guangyuan Road in Xingzhongshu Province, Sichuan, and its location and jurisdiction were basically the same as those of the Song Dynasty. At this point, Sanquan County has become history, with a total of 541 years. In the Song Dynasty directly subordinated to the Beijing Division for more than 160 years.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Da'an County was merged into Qiu County, which initially belonged to Shaanxi. Prior to this, the area of present-day Ningqiang was under the jurisdiction of Sichuan.
In the first month of the fourth year of Ming Hongwu (1371), Fu Youde and Gu Shi respectively served as the generals of the zheng and deputy conquests, and sent troops from Shaanxi and Gansu to pacify Sichuan, threatening to march from Jinniu Road, but secretly sent troops to take the ranks of Wen (present-day Wen County, Gansu) (present-day Wen County, Gansu), and the garrisons in various parts of Sichuan were scattered, so in May of that year they marched to present-day Ningqiang Yangluping and garrisoned them. By August, the General Tang He and others had completely pacified the counties of Chuan province, and Yangluping had been used as a place for long-term garrison of soldiers and horses.
In April of the eighth year of Hongwu (1375), when Liu Bowen died, he asked his son Liu Jing to secretly send a secret message to the emperor: Wherever the situation in the world is dangerous, military institutions must be set up. Originally, the general establishment of guardhouses was based on the priority of town guarding and appeasing, the power to mobilize soldiers and horses was controlled by the central authorities, the conscripted soldiers and horses were handed over to the generals, and the generals who led the troops to fight could not be called up at will.
Liu Bowen was still very concerned about this before his death, which showed that he attached great importance to the defense of Qiangxi.
In August of the twenty-seventh year of Hongwu (1394), the Jie and Wen soldiers rebelled, and the imperial court sent Ning Zheng to carry out a crusade for the general Pingqiang, and in the spring of the twenty-eighth year (1395), the War of Jie and Wen was quelled, and Ningqiang Wei was established in present-day Hui County, Gansu. Ning Zheng led his troops to follow the Qin king Zhu Zhu to quell the Qiang rebellion in Tao prefecture (present-day Lintan, Gansu), and after quelling the rebellion, in September of the 30th year of Hongwu (1397), He sent Ning Qiangwei to command Jiang Guan to build a city in Yangluping, and moved the wei post from Huizhou to here.
Later, in April of the first year of Emperor Xianzong's reign (1465), Liu Tong and Shi Long launched a rebellion in Jingxiang, which was so loud that where the rebels passed, the people were miserable and fled along the Han River into Shaanxi. In the winter of the sixth year of Ming Chenghua (1479), Hubu Shangshu Yang Ding played to the emperor: Shaanxi's external troubles are worried about qiangxi intrusion, internal troubles are worried about displaced people, Shaanxi Nanning qiang lives in the remote mountains, located in the dangerous throat of Sichuan and Shaanxi, but there are tens of thousands of wanderers in the four directions, prone to change, such as do not pay attention to management will have consequences, request the establishment of a regulatory agency, specifically manage these affiliated displaced people. The Emperor approved the recital.
Yangping Guanlongmen Cave
After decades of construction and development, the population of Ningqiang has been increasing, so in the twenty-first year of Chenghua (1485) in June, an edict was issued: In this place of Ningqiangwei in Shaanxi, one-third of the counties of Ningqiang and Qiang were set up, and Wei and Zhou coexisted. Later, for the convenience of administration, Qiu and Liao were successively placed under the jurisdiction of Hanzhong Province, and Ningqiang became a scattered prefecture of Wuling County.
The Qing Dynasty abolished Wei Cun Prefecture.
In the second year of the Republic of China (1913), the prefecture was changed to a county.
On February 4, 1935, the first day of the first lunar month, the Red Fourth Front captured the county seat of Ningqiang and Yangpingguan and other vast areas, and established two Soviet governments in Ningqiang County and Yangping County. In April, the Kuomintang restored its original structure.
On the New Year's Day of the 31st year of the Republic of China (1942), Ningqiang County was changed to Ningqiang County. So far, the name "Ningqiang" has been used for a total of 536 years.
Ningqiang poor countryside remote, there is no oil and water, the mountain high emperor is far away, the official whip is out of reach, compared to other counties in southern Shaanxi, relatively peaceful, for the crowd, it should be an ideal place to live. However, in the nearly two thousand years of ningqiang's history, there have been chaos and dynastic changes, in order to compete for population, power and resources, since King Hui of Qin sent the doctors Zhang Yi, Sima Zuo, and Du Weimo to take the Golden Bull Road to cut down Shu, successive battles have been frequent and affected.
In the early years of Emperor An of the Eastern Han Dynasty (107-113), the Western Qiang invaded Hanzhong and captured Hanzhong;
In the second year of Emperor Huan's reign (148), The Western Qiang invaded Hanzhong again;
In the sixth year of the Shu Han Dynasty (263), Cao Junzhong attacked Hanzhong and fought a major battle at Yangping Pass and the Shu general Zhang Yidong( Dōe);
The Three Kingdoms shu rejected Fu You from Yang'anguan;
In the 20th year (443) of the Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty Emperor Yuanjia, Yang Wende of Northern Wei occupied the White Cliffs of Da'an Daolinggou and called Wang Fawei; in the fourteenth year (515) of Emperor Tianjian of Liangwu, Wei Fa Shu had a great battle in present-day Yangpingguan and the north of the county;
In the third year of Emperor Wen of Liang (551), Liang and Wei fought a major battle around The Tombs;
Emperor Guangqi of Tang, Wang Jian of Lizhou, and Jiedu of Shannan's Western Province made Li Mijun fight in Sanquan County, where Wang Jian, the lord of The Late Tang Dynasty of the Golden Bull of Sanquan, was founded in Sanquan County;
In the first year of the Later Liang Dynasty (911), The Shu lord Wang Jian took the county border as the front line of the conquest and fought a great battle between the Golden Bull and the Qi soldiers;
Yonghui Gate, formerly the South Gate of Qiangzhou
Later Tang Zhuangzong Tongguang three years (925), Later Tang Fa Shu, the Great War of Sanquan;
In the second year of Song Taizu Qiande (964), Song Taizu cut shu, and Liu Yanzuo, the superintendent of the Three Springs Army, led troops to meet the battle, three battles and three defeats, and the county border was returned to Song;
In the third year of Emperor Gaozong shaoxing of Song (1133), the Jin army marched south to drive Hanzhong, and Song Jing slightly made Liu Ziyu retire to Sanquan County of the Da'an Army, and resisted the Jin soldiers at Tan poison pass;
In the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1206), Xuanfu made Wu Xi secretly communicate with the Jin Kingdom and was crowned the King of Shu. The people of Hanchuan and Western Shuzhou Counties, unwilling to be subjects of the Jin Dynasty, went south along the Jialing River, passing through the Da'an Army (the area around Yangping Pass, the former site of Sanquan County), and the Xingyuan Government sentenced Yang Zhenzhong of the Da'an Army to give rations according to people. Wu Xi sent his officials to return the people to their homeland, and summoned Yang Zhenzhong, who did not rebel against the Song: In the twelfth year of Song Ningzong Jiading (1219), the Jin army invaded the south and attacked the Da'an army, and the capital Zhang Wei sent generals to attack and restore Da'an;
In the third year of Emperor Duanping of Song (1236), the Mongol pioneer Wang Shixian attacked Da'an, and Cao Youwen, the commander of the former Army of the Song Dynasty, entered Yangping Pass and personally led the army in a bloody battle, and finally defeated the Mongolian army. In September of the same year, the Mongol army again charged Da'an, Cao Youwen led the army to a bloody battle, the entire army was destroyed, and the Mongolian army commander drove into Shu;
In the twenty-ninth year of Ming Hongwu (1396), the Qiangren Tian Jiucheng rebelled against Ma Mian Shan in the south of the city, and jianyuan "Dragon Phoenix";
In the second year of Ming Chongzhen (1629), the rebels in Ningqiangyang Pingguan and other places rose up and fought in the area of Wudingguan; in the seventh year (1634), tens of thousands of rebels in northern Shaanxi entered the county territory: in the eighth year (1635), Zhang Xianzhong conquered Ningqiang; in the tenth year (1637), Li Zicheng led the rebel army to capture Ningqiang, and there were major battles in Huangbayi, Maiziping, Yangpingguan and other places: thirteen years (1640), Zhang Xianzhong passed through Jianmen Pass and went straight to Yangping Pass;
In the twelfth year of the Qing Kangxi Dynasty (1673), the Qing army and Wu Sangui fought at Yangping Pass and Qipanguan, and the Wu army captured Ningqiang;
In the second year of Qing Jiaqing (1797), the White Lotus Sect's female marshals Wang Cong'er and Yao Zhifu led an army to fight in the Ningqiang Nanshan and Tiesuoguan Belt, and at Luocunba, Dongshan Temple, and Nanheba Tunbing;
In the first year of Qing Tongzhi (1862), the Taiping Army entered Shaanxi from Sichuan and captured Ningqiang, and the following year, marched into Tiesuoguan and Bashan, occupied Dongshanguan, and captured the city of Ningqiang;
In the eighth year of the Republic of China (1919), the Red Lantern Sect headed by Zhang Zhenxian was active in the county, organizing the "Hanyi Security Army" and moving to various parts of the county, with a huge momentum;
In the sixteenth year of the Republic of China (1927), Zhang Jin, a farmer in Ningqiang, organized a big knife meeting and attacked the officers and soldiers;
From 1933 to 1935, the county was part of the Sichuan-Shaanxi revolutionary base area. The Red Army conquered Ningqiang twice, establishing two county-level Soviet regimes, "Ningqiang" and "Yangpingguan"...
Historically, Zhuge Liang cut down Wei through this, and The Tang Ming Emperor crossed the border to Ben Shu, and the ruins of the ancient Yidao still exist. Literati of the past generations also had many inscriptions, such as Du Fu, Cen Shan, Li Bai, and Li Shangyin of the Tang Dynasty, Wang Renyu of the Five Dynasties, Wen Tong, Lu You, and Song Jingwen of the Song Dynasty, Xue Xuan of the Ming Dynasty, Wang Shizhen and He Shaoji of the Qing Dynasty, and Yu Youren and Luo Zhanglong of the modern era, all of whom wrote immortal poems for Ning Qiang.
From the above, it can be seen that Ningqiang has a rich cultural history. In these humanistic histories, the cultural history of the Qiang people is the foundation. "Ningqiang County Chronicles and Customs" says: "The Qiangxi ethnic group has a long history of activities in this county, and for thousands of years, it has experienced vicissitudes, and now the traces of Qiang folklore are still faintly found. ”“...... In addition to official clothes, folk, especially in remote mountainous areas, have traces of Qiang and Qiang ethnic costumes left behind..." It can be seen that although the Ningqiang Qiang people are Sinicized, the Qiang customs have a deep influence on Ningqiang. These "traces" are mainly relative to outsiders, not only clothing, not only folk houses, diets, beliefs, etc., but mainly culture.
Source: Qiang people in southern Shaanxi (volume 1)