Pinyin shuǐ chānɡ pú
Aliases Nichang, Shuichang, Shuisu, Stem Pu, Baichang, Xisun, Lansun, Changpu, Changyang Mud Calamus, Pujian, Water Octagonal Grass, House Calamus, Stinky Pu, Large-leaved Calamus, Soil Calamus
The source of the water calamus was first published in the "Bielu".
1. "Notes on the Materia Medica" Yun: "In the lower wetland, the name of the big root is Changyang. Zhenchang Pu, the leaves have ridges, like a sword blade, april and May are also used as small flowers. 2. "Materia Medica" said: "Changyang is born on the waterside, people also call it Changpu, which is different from The Stone Changpu, the roots are large and smelly, and a water Changpu." 3. The Materia Medica says: "Changpu, a spring leaf, is one or two feet long, and its leaves have ridges in the center, shaped like swords, and have no flowers, and are harvested on the fifth day of May." 4 "Gangmu" Yun: "Born in Ikezawa, Puye Fat Root, Two or Three Feet Tall, Mud Calamus, Bai Changye." "What has been said above is used today
Source medicinal herb base source: It is the rhizome of calamus of calamus of the family Tiannanxingaceae.
Latin plant animal mineral name: acorus calamus l.
Harvesting and storage: Harvested after 2 years of planting. Harvesting is available throughout the year, but it is good for diggers from August to September. After digging up the rhizomes, wash the sediment, remove the roots and dry them in the sun.
Original form calamus, perennial herb. Rhizomes are transverse, slightly flattened, branched, 5–10 mm in diameter, yellow-brown in the outer skin, aromatic, fleshy roots, 5–6 cm long, hairy whisker roots. Leaf basal, membranous on both sides of the base, leaf sheath width 4-5 mm, upward tapering; leaf blade blade sword-like linear, length 90-150 cm, middle width l-3 cm, base width, folded in half, narrowing above the middle, grassy, green, bright, the midrib is significantly raised on both sides, lateral veins 3-5 pairs, parallel, slender, mostly extended to the tip of the leaf. The inflorescence is triangular in shape, 15–50 cm long; the leaf-like buds are sword-like linear in length, 30–40 cm long; the inflorescence of flesh spikes is obliquely upward or nearly upright, narrowly tapered cylindrical, 4.5–8 cm long and 6–12 mm in diameter. The flowers are yellowish green, the flower is about 2.5 mm long and about lmm wide, the filament is about 2.5 mm long and about l mm wide, and the ovary is cylindrical, about 3 mm long and 1.25 mm thick. The berries are oblong, red. Flowering period is from February to September.
Habitat division ecological environment: it grows at an altitude of less than 2600 m at the water's edge, swampy wetlands or floating islands of lakes, and is also cultivated.
Resource distribution: distributed throughout the country.
Cultivation 1. Biological characteristics: prefer warm and humid climate, like sunshine, resistant to severe cold. It is advisable to choose moist and humus-rich black soil cultivation, and can also be planted in low-humidity places such as swamps, ditches and ponds.
2. Cultivation technology: propagation with rhizomes: dig out rhizomes in early spring, select bud rhizomes as seeds, cut into 10-15cm long small segments, and each segment has 2-3 buds. In low-lying wetlands or shallow waters, plant at a row spacing of 20 cm × 15 cm, with a planting depth of about 5 cm.
3. After planting seedlings, often remove weeds, pay attention to irrigation, and keep the soil sufficient moisture.
Trait 1. Trait identification: rhizome is flat cylindrical, rarely branched; 10-24 cm long, l-1.5 cm in diameter. The surface is white to brownish red, with fine longitudinal stripes, the internodal length is 0.2-1.5 cm, there are large triangular leaf marks on the upper side, the lower side has a sunken dot-like root mark, and the node remains brown hair. Hard, spongy, white or light brown; the endothelial ring of the cross-sectional surface is obvious, with most small holes and vascular bundle dots; the gas is more intense and specific, and the taste is bitter and bitter. It is preferable to have a thick rhizome, a yellowish-white surface, and a scale and whiskered root.
2. Microscopic identification: rhizome cross-section: the main difference with calamus is: parenchymal cells arranged in a circle chain, with large cell gaps, sponge-like ventilation tissue, and a large circular oil cell at the junction of each ring chain; vascular bundle sheath fibers are underdeveloped; there is no fiber bundle in the middle column; and the 1 circle of cells around the fiber bundle and vascular bundle usually does not contain square crystals.
3. Physical and chemical identification: thin layer chromatography: take 20g of crude powder of this product, put the volatile oil analyzer in the water vapor distillation, the resulting volatile oil is extracted with ether, anhydrous sodium sulfate is dehydrated, ether is recovered, and the resulting volatile oil is dissolved in ether for sampling. Α-fine octyl ether is a control product. Respectively, the samples were spotted on the silica gel lg-cmc thin layer plate, the petroleum ether-ethyl acetate (85:15) was unfolded, dried, and observed under the ultraviolet light (254 nm), and the same blue-purple spots appeared in the sample chromatography at the corresponding position with the control chromatography.
The main components of the volatile oils of fresh rhizomes are: cis-methylisoeugenol, calabolone, acoragermacrone, isogrene glycol (isocalamendiol), calamin (calamen); also contains a small amount of linalool (iinalool), camphor, dragon brain (borneol) , α-terpineol (α-terpineol), (Wang gu) (wangba)ene (copaene), β-eleulinene (β-elemene), methyl eugenol (methyleugenol), β-palatine (β-gurjunene), β-cilancarbolyene (β-cubebene), white calarene (calarene), calarone (shyobunone), calamus ketone (shyobunone), indra ketone isohydrate ( isoshyobunone), epi-shyobunone, trans-methylisoeugenol, β guainale (β-guaiene), cadinexene(cadinene), calacinone (acolam-one), isovacolamone ( isoacolamone ), dihydroprinone ( calacorene ) ( elemol), α-α-asarone, δ-carboscarbosanol (δ-cadinol), caladatriene (calada-l, 4,9-triene), etc. It has also been reported that the main component in the rhizome volatile oil is. α and β-caprylyl brain, also contain calamendiol, calamendiol, calaquinone (acoronene), calorone (acorone), calorone (acorenone), preisocalamendiol (preisocalamendiol), trimethoxypropylbenzene (calamol), calacone (calacone), epoxyisocanone epoxyisoacoragermacrone), γ-γ-asarone, calamone (acoramone), asarylaldehyde, calamdin (acoradin), galangin, 2,5-dimethoxyben-zoquinone, cis 3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2- Acrylaldehyde [z-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-propenal],2,3-dihydro-4,5,7-trimethoxy-1-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)indine[2,3-dihydro-4,5,7-trimethoxy-l-ethyl-2-methyl-3-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl) inde-ne], flavonin (curcumin), etc. It also contains myristic acid .) acid), palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, fatty acids such as arachidic acid, and sugars such as maltose, glucose, fructose, and β-sitosterols ( β-sitosterol)。 The root contains 13 amino acids, of which tryptophan is the generator. Also contains luteolin-6,8-c-diglucoside.
Pharmacological effect 1. Systemic effect on the central nervous system: rat intraperitoneal injection of hydrocalciol extract can prolong the sleep time caused by sodium pentobarbital, and can also prolong the disappearance time of the positive reflex caused by ethanol or ether, which has a significant inhibitory effect on the conditioned evasion response of rats, similar to chlorpromazine, can also reduce the body temperature of rats, and can significantly reduce their aggressive behavior for mice raised in cages. However, the alcohol extract had no significant effect on the spontaneous activity of mice; it did not affect the aggressive behavior and gladiatorial response of rats caused by dehydrated morphine, nor did it have a protective effect on the poisoning of mice caused by amphetamine, and chlorpromazine had a significant effect on the above-mentioned dehydrated morphine and amphetamine. Mice intraperitoneal injection of alcohol extract have a protective effect on convulsions and deaths caused by pentaerythrezo, although the mice in the drug group can still produce clonic convulsions, but their severity and frequency are greatly reduced, the incubation period and survival time are also greatly prolonged, the mortality rate is reduced, there is no protective effect on the mice with strychnine convulsions and electroconvulsions, and there is no analgesic effect on the torsional reactions of mice caused by acetic acid, hot plate method and mechanical tail pressure method.
Intraperitoneal injection of water calamus volatile oil (ac-e) in mice significantly prolongs pentobarbital. The sleep time of cyclohexobiturate and ethanol, lowering the body temperature of the rectum, does not reduce the death rate of amphetamine caused by amphetamine, but reserpine reduces the mortality rate of amphetamine in social mice, and ac-e has the effect of synergistic reserpine, which further reduces the mortality rate of mice caused by amphetamine. Intraperitoneal injection of ac-e in rats can enhance the toxicity caused by pentaerythritium and increase mortality. Mice with pre-application of isopropylnicotil and then use of ac-e caused significant excitement rather than sedation, suggesting that its effect was similar to that of a hematopoietic race. Both ac-e and reserpine enhance the hypnotic effect of barbiturates, which can be antagonized by the α receptor blocker benzylamine, while this effect of chlorpromazine is not affected, suggesting that its mechanism of action is different from chlorpromazine.
The fine xin brain (1) and β-fine xin brain (II.) also have the effect of strengthening the sleep of pentobarbital sodium, both of which have no analgesic effect, II. promote the convulsions caused by mouse electroconvulsions, pentaerytrazo and indyxatoxin, and have no effect on the convulsions of Shi tiren, while I. has a mild protective effect on electrical convulsions and has obvious protective effects on pentaertetrazozo seizures. Both have a taming effect on the depiction of irritation and can block the rat's conditional avoidance response, but neither produces ataxia. Mice with anisonicinil after pre-application of ipronicotil before use of the brain still have a sedative effect, suggesting that its effect is not the same as reserpine. Rats were injected intraperitoneally with fine-hypnotic brain, and their whole-brain norepinephrine content did not change. Tetrabenazine, which has a reduced catecholamine content, can block the sedative and ptosis effect of reserpine on rats; for reserpine to block the conditional evasion response in rats, tetrabenazine also has a blocking effect, while the pyridoxine has no effect on these effects of reserpine. It is suggested that its mechanism of action is also different from that of tetrabenzene. Mice or rats are pre-applied. α-methyltyrosine, which reduces the concentration of norepinephrine in the brain, can significantly enhance the effect of subsequent application of the barbiturate hypnosis and block conditioned evasion response, indicating that the sedative effect of the pyrocytophane may be related to the inhibition of the hypothalamic norepinephrinergic system. The effect of small doses of fine-helioxipine or chlorpromazine inhibiting the effect of the wrestling caused by electrical stimulation in mice and the effect of inhibiting the conditioned evasion response of rats have obvious synergistic effects, β-fine-spicy brain does not have this effect, and the volatile oil of calamus and the fine heliox brain have no effect on the concentration of serotonin (5-ht) in the brain, suggesting that its effect is not related to the concentration of VI.-ht in the brain. L flavonoids obtained from calamus chloroform extract have a calming and tranquilizing effect on rhesus macaques, and large doses do not produce ataxia or loss of positive reflex.
2. Effect on the cardiovascular system: anesthesia of the open dog sinus atrial end of the application of acetylcholine produced atrial fibrillation, Intravenous water calamus volatile oil (ac-e) 7.5 mg/kg can shorten the duration of atrial fibrillation at a titer equivalent to quinidine 2.5 mg/kg; for atrial flutter produced by nocicept stimuli, intravenous ac-e first slows the atrial rate and continues to administer it can transform it into a normal sinus rhythm; atrial fibrillation caused by topical aconitine on the atrial surface, intravenous drops ac-e can stop atrial fibrillation; ventricular tachycardia caused by two-stage coronary ligation, ac-e can reduce ventricular ectopic heart rate and total heart rate. Hydrostatic calamus decoction has an adversarial effect on arrhythmias caused by barium chloride in rabbits, anesthetized cats or dogs, and also has a significant anti-arrhythmia in guinea pigs caused by toxablin g or rat arrhythmias caused by aconitine. Intravenous injection of ac-e in anesthetized cats can prolong the ECG q-t and p-q interval, suggesting that it can prolong the refractory period and conduction time, while the sinoatrial nodal impulse formation is reduced, and for the ex vivo atrial muscle, ac-e can prolong its refractory period; in vitro, ag-e is similar to quinidine, and can still antagonize the effect of verantsandrin on frog suture muscle. Ac-e has a lowering effect on blood pressure in normal dogs and can slow down the heart rate of dogs and babies. Intravenous injection of ac-e in anesthetic cats can cause a decrease in blood pressure, a slowing of heart rate, and blocking the vagus nerve, sympathetic nerve and ganglia without effect on the antihypertensive effect. Both the β-phasing show cardiac suppression and hypotensive effects.
3. Asthma, antitussive and expectorant effect: calamus aqueous volatile oil (ac-e) has a good asthmatic effect on guinea pigs caused by spray inhalation of histamine and acetylcholine mixture, intraperitoneal injection of α- fine xin brain has a relaxing effect on cat and guinea pig bronchial contractions caused by histamine, α - and β - fine xin brain can antagonize histamine, acetylcholine, 5-ht and barium chloride caused by the contraction of the ex vivo intestinal tract and trachea. Ac-e has a significant antitussive effect on cough in mice caused by sulfur dioxide, α- and β-fine xin brain also have a significant antitussive effect on cough in mice caused by ammonia mist, cough caused by electrical stimulation of anesthetized cat superior laryngeal nerve, intraperitoneal injection of α-fine xin brain also has an antitussive effect. Ac-e has a good expectorant effect on rats and rabbits (capillary method), and α-fine brain has obvious expectorant effect on mice (phenol red method).
4. Antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle: ac-e has a relaxing effect on the ex vivo intestinal tract, uterus and smooth muscle of the trachea, and can antagonize the spasm produced by acetylcholine and histamine, lung perfusion and ex vivo tracheal chain test have proved that ac-e has a dilating tracheal effect, but is weaker than adrenaline. Ex vivo guinea pig ileum test proves that a low concentration of ac-e (l: 500,000) can antagonize the effect of acetylcholine, a medium concentration (1:100,000) can antagonize the effect of histamine, and a high concentration (1:1000) can antagonize the effect of barium chloride. Ac-e10 μg/ml without β-fine-spicy brain has a significant antispasmodic effect on histamine-induced ex vivo guinea pig ileal contraction, while ac-e containing more β-fine-spicy brain has no antispasmodic effect. Β-capillary high content of ac-e has been shown to have carcinogenic effects. Therefore, it is recommended to use diploid water calamus rhizomes without β-fine xin brain or β-fine xin brain with low content.
5. Antibacterial effect: ac-e has different degrees of inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus albicans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Dysentery bacillus, Typhoid bacillus, Paratyphoids A, etc. in vitro. Water infusion of calamus water immersion has different degrees of inhibitory effect on Viola p. coliformis, concentric ringworm fungus, and astrological nucca bacteria. Decoction after extraction of volatile oil also has a strong inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
6. Other effects: β-fine xin brain has a hypogonad effect on insects of the genus Erythrophora, and is a new insect resistance glandular drug that can be used for insect control.
7. Toxicity: From the 6th day of pregnancy in rats, gastric α-fine xin brain 20.6mg/kg/day or 61.7mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days, no abnormalities were found in the appearance, length, weight, internal organs and bones of the fetal rat. However, the dose was increased to 185.2mg/kg/day, and the administration was given for 7 days, and the weight gain was significantly inhibited, and the infertility rate and embryo absorption rate of rats increased, indicating that there was some toxicity to pregnant mice. α-fine xin brain has a mutagenic effect on salmonella typhi ta98, rat gastric α-fine xin brain makes the bone marrow chromosomal aberration rate increase significantly, but the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test is negative. β-pyridine has a mutagenic effect on Salmonella typhimurium and can also cause chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes. Volatile oil of water calamus containing β-fine brain can cause malignant tumors of the duodenum in rats. In 1971, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration declared β-throxin brain to be carcinogenic. Half of the lethal amount of intraperitoneal injection of ac-e in rats was 221mg/kg, the lethal amount of α-fine brain half of intraperitoneal injection in mice was 332.5mg/kg, and the intraperitoneal injection of ac-e o.lml/kg/day in guinea pigs was 6 times a week for 6 consecutive weeks, and no obvious symptoms of poisoning were seen. It was also reported that the intraperitoneal injection of α-fine xin brain l-d50 in mice was 310 mg/kg, and half of the lethal amount was 417.6 mg/kg when administered to the gastrointestinal tract.
Prepare the original herbs, remove impurities, wash, soak in water for 2-4 hours to fish out the stuffiness until thorough, slice, sun dry or dry, and sift off the dust.
Tablet traits: round or oval flakes, surrounded by light yellowish brown or dark tan. The facets are white or pale brown, spongy, with a distinct ring with tendon points and small holes. The aroma is peculiar and the taste is slightly spicy. Store in a dry container in a cool, dry place.
Sexual taste is spicy; bitter; sexual warmth
Return to the heart; liver; stomach meridian
Functions indications for phlegm opening, dehumidification and stomach, insecticidal and antipruritic. Main sputum coma; stroke; epilepsy; throbbing and forgetfulness; tinnitus and deafness; abdominal pain; diarrhea; rheumatic pain; eczema; scabies
Dosage for internal use: decoction soup 3-6g; or into pills, loose. External use: appropriate amount, decoction wash or grinding powder to adjust the compress.
Pay attention to yin deficiency and hyperactivity, sweaty and slippery people with caution. "Qingdao Chinese Herbal Medicine Manual": "Insufficient yin blood, sweating, and contraindicated sperm." ”
The compound product has a fat and white rhizome, so it is called Baichang. Born at the water's edge, it is often named after water. The name of the person who lives in the stream is Xisun. Sun is a vanilla, this grass has a different fragrance, so the name Su, or vice versa called stinky pu.
Each family discussed 1. "Bencao Tujing": "Water calamus, raw streams and streams, there are many in the water, the leaves are similar, but the center is spineless, and it is light and weak after it is collected, it is not as good as the stone calamus, it is not suitable for medicinal use, but it can be mashed, and the oil is adjusted to coat scabies." Nowadays, the goods of the drug store are mostly mixed with two kinds, which are particularly difficult to distinguish. 2. "Materia Medica": "Calamus, also known as lansun in the world, is born of water, and if it loses water, it withers, and those who have dense roots smell enough." 3. "Compendium": "There are two kinds of this: a kind of white calamus with large roots and fat white knots, white calamus, commonly known as mud calamus; a kind of thin roots and slightly dense red knots, xisunye, commonly known as water calamus." The leaf has no sword ridge. Xisun smells like Baichang, and can kill insects, which is not easy to eat. ”
Clinical application with sweaty sputum fever convulsions, confused people. Water calamus can be compatible with Chuanlian, Tianzhu Huang, Stone Cassia, Hook Vine, etc., to extinguish the wind and open up phlegm, purify the heart; if the phlegm is disturbed on fire, the mind is restless, the panic is forgetful, it is compatible with the tranquilizers such as Yuanchen, Poria, and The Dragon Bone; the treatment of epilepsy sudden onset can be used with the expectorant drugs of epilepsy such as Quan Scorpion, Bai Zhizi, and Tiannanxing. Water calamus also has aromatic turbidity, qi and stomach function, so it is also used for wet turbidity in the stomach pain, chest and abdomen stuffiness, less food, moss and other symptoms, often with herbs, cardamom, tangerine peel, etc., there is a function of removing qi, wide in the stomach. Modern clinical treatment of acute dysentery and enteritis, often single flavor research end into capsules, has a good effect. Water calamus is also used to treat chronic tracheitis cough phlegm, can be single flavor decoction or grinding end of the service.
Excerpt from "Chinese Materia Medica"