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The popular TV series "Prime Minister Liu Luoguo" in the 1990s was loved by the audience, but everyone may not know that there is a story about the Qing Dynasty's literal prison in the play, but it is actually about Dongtai. This was a real big event, not a fabrication, which caused a sensation throughout the country at that time and was known as one of the four major literary prisons of the Qing Dynasty. However, the plot of the TV series is different from the historical facts, and today Xiaodong came to restore the truth.
One of the four "literal prisons" of the Qing Dynasty - Xu Shukui's "One Pillar Building Poem" case
Xu Shukui, a native of Dongtai Licha Town (formerly part of Dongtai, later divided into Hai'an County), a well-known anti-Qing literati, because he was not full of Qing tyranny, once did: "Qingfeng is illiterate, why should he turn over the book", "The cup is seen tomorrow again, and put the pot on the half side", "Seize Zhu Fei's color, the xenomorph is also called the king", "Destroy my clothes and crowns are rats, pound er's nest in the Ming Dynasty" and other poems remember the Ming Dynasty, rebuke the Manchu Qing, was opened by Qianlong to kill the corpse, Zhulian Ten tribes, sin and teachers, one of the four major literary prisons of the Manchu Qing.
In the history of Dongtai County, there was a major case of "word prison" that caused a sensation throughout the country
Based on the Qing Dynasty Character Prison File (compiled and printed by the Palace Museum Archives), Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House launched an additional hardcover volume in June 2007. A new "supplementary series" was added, and five archives were included: "Xu Shukui's "One Pillar Lou Poem" Case", "Wang Xihou's "Character Guan" Case", "Wang Yuan's "Love Bamboo Xuan Poem" Case", "Rong Ying's Book Donation Case" and "Pseudo-Sun Jiagan's Manuscript Case".
According to the statistics of the "Brief List of Qing Dynasty Text Prisons", Qianlong reigned for 60 years, and after retirement, he managed the government for 4 years, a total of 64 years, and created more than 130 large- and small-scale text prisons, and evaluated them once every five months to "serve the sword and axe" to the literati.
In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), the two surnames of Xu and Cai in Dongtai continued to ferment lawsuits caused by disputes over land property, which then evolved into a shocking case that caused a sensation throughout the country. The development of the matter not only exceeded the imagination of the owners of the two sides in advance, but even the governor, fu, government, and county officials were horrified by it, and eventually evolved into the largest text prison case in the Qianlong period.
Things have to start from the three years of Qianlong, one day in that year, the Xu family, firecrackers in unison, gongs and drums in the sky, the people who congratulated the Daoxi were endless, Xu Shuzhi was satisfied, his face was full of red light, and he even hugged his fist and fought with the people who came to congratulate him, how could it be so lively? It turned out that today Xu Shukui received the good news of Zhongju, and from now on, he is a master of the lifting, with a meritorious name in his body, and the hard work of studying hard for many years in the cold window has finally paid off.
Speaking of the Xu family, it is a large family in Dongtai County, a family of poetry and books, with strong capital, and is extremely famous in the township.
Xu Shukui has been smart and studious since he was a child, participated in the child examination at the age of 17, and with excellent talent, he broke through the county test, the government test, and the hospital test, becoming a show talent, only 33 years old this year, and he won the lift, so that this already rich family has added a little glory. And let the young Xu Shukuo happy there is another thing, this time with him in the middle of the 66-year-old, the world-famous poet - Suzhou Shen Deqian, the two have similar interests, close contacts, have made an appointment, next year together to participate in the exam. In Xu Shukui's view, with his full belly, he will try to be a jinshi in the next year, and seek an official and a half-post, from the previous Cheng Xiangjin is within reach, and compared with this 22-year-old Shen Deqian, who should be lifted and has taken the exam 16 times before he was lifted, he is undoubtedly extremely lucky.
However, "the weather is unpredictable", the Xu family's festive atmosphere has not yet completely dissipated, and an unfortunate news came from the capital. Originally, according to the Regulations of the Qing Dynasty, all the articles in the middle were to be sent to Beijing by the officials of the Ministry of Rites, and the examination question that year was "The Emperor's Envoys and Subjects with Courtesy", and the word "Suicide" in Xu Shukuo's article "The Ceremonial One, the One Who Committed Suicide by the King" was considered "disrespectful" by the officials of the Ministry of Rites. Therefore, Xu Shukui was disqualified from participating in the examination and was never hired. Originally, the good fortune of the middle move was a great joy and encouragement for Xu Shukui, who was ambitious and wanted to help the world and an security state, but the bad news of the sudden suspension of the meeting immediately made his long-cherished wish to achieve great things through the rank of the imperial examination a vain.
The three years of Qianlong became xu Shukui's most proud and most frustrated year. Disheartened, Xu Shukui stayed in the one-pillar building he built, writing books and poems to survive, and wrote more than ten kinds of poems and novels, such as "One Pillar Building Chronicle Poem", "One Pillar Building Small Inscription Poem", "One Pillar Building and Tao Poem", "Legend of The Five Colored Stone", "Eight Caves Heaven" and so on. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong, Xu Shukui passed away with infinite regrets. What Xu Shukui did not expect was that these poems he wrote would become the bane of the largest literary prison in the Qianlong period, the "One Pillar Lou Poetry" case. At that time, the literati published their own works and made it the highest honor for future generations.
Xu Huaizu, Xu Shukui's son, also wanted to print out his father's poems and articles to comfort his deceased father. He asked his father's students Xu Shoufa and Shen Chengmao to help proofread it, and engraved his father's three poems and "Xueyong Lecture Notes" first, which was originally a matter of both elegance and filial piety.
Who expected that the report of the neighbor Cai Jiashu contained many words and phrases that "denigrated the dynasty", which caused Qianlong thunder and anger, the Xu family was full of disasters, and although Xu Shukui and his son Xu Huaizu were ill and died, they could not escape punishment and were dissected and killed, and the head of the emperor was shown to the public. Shen Deqian, who was deeply favored by Qianlong rong before his death, was dismissed from his official post, destroyed the imperial altar inscription, and removed from his post; even a cadre of officials in Jiangsu, from the government envoys and prefects, down to Zhixian and Yanchang ambassadors, was also implicated, killing heads, exiled, and dismissed. In this case, the bodies of the dead were killed, the living were beheaded, and relatives and friends of the family were reduced to slaves, and the case involved a wide range of cases that shocked the world. At the same time, it also made Dongtai suddenly stand on the cusp of the national collection of banned books.
The biggest behind-the-scenes driver of this earth-shattering case is liu yong, who is known as "Liu Luo pot" in the folk.
The origin of the matter is as follows: Xu Huaizu, the son of Xu Shukui, once bought a large field from the Cai family at a price of 2400 silver, and originally voluntarily bought and sold two wishes, but at that time, the family concept was relatively strong, and the field property was also relatively heavy, a field that originally belonged to him, and now the owner was replaced by someone else, and he was always uncomfortable, and the gap between the Xu and Cai families was also born. A few years later, Xu Huaizu died, his two sons Xu Food Tian, Xu Food Book took charge of the family, Cai Jiashu saw that the two sons of the Xu family were young, and there was no power to rely on, he felt that the opportunity had come, he looked for a middleman to pass on the word, hoping to redeem his own field property, originally, this was also beyond reproach, but Cai Jiashu was greedy and cheap and refused to redeem at the original price, only willing to pay a very low price, the Xu brothers of course did not agree. Cai Jiashu was ashamed and angry, and wanted to find something to touch the Xu family's moldy head.
Coincidentally, just when Cai Jiashu was pondering how to deal with the Xu family, a man named Tong Zhixuan gave him a good idea. It is said that Xu Jia's privately engraved "One Pillar Building Small Inscription Poem" has verses such as "Zhen Fei during the Ming Dynasty, go to the Qing capital in one fell swoop" as "very rebellious words". Let Cai Jiashu go to the county court to report that the Xu family has a forbidden book. Without waiting for Cai Jiashu to file a complaint first, the Xu family brothers, who had long been on the defensive, went to the county with a book on the sixth day of the first month of April in the 43rd year of Qianlong. By the time Cai Jiashu also went to the county to report on the ninth day of the first month of April, it was already a slow move. Cai Jiashu denounced the "reverse book," and Dongtai County did not dare to be careless, and immediately reported the poem to the Jiangning Bookstore, which was responsible for concentrating on the confiscation of banned books in the counties of northern Jiangsu, and the "reverse book" sent by Dongtai County did not indicate in the book where there was a forbidden content, and Baoding Wei, a member of the Jiangning Bookstore, returned the book to Dongtai County as usual, and asked for it to be marked before sending it to the bookstore. When Cai Jiashu learned that the forbidden book had been sent back to Dongtai County, he thought that the Xu family had bribed officials at all levels to help cover up, so he wrote a letter of paper and went to Jiangning Bu's envoy Yamen to report Dongtai County ya and Jiangning Bookstore together.
Lu Yan, an aide of Tao Yi, the envoy of Jiangsu Province, was an upright man, and after understanding the situation, he knew that Cai was making false accusations for personal gain, so he gave instructions to refute: "The book version has been submitted to the county, and if there is any violation, it should be destroyed. Apparently, it is suspected of falling. He also wrote on the plaque sent to Yangzhou Capital: "If the article on the transmission of the scriptures is sent as a song and a chant, if the words and sentences are misaligned, involved in suspicion, and there is no rebellion against the truth, the person who will raise his head will sit back according to the law for the crime he has slandered." "Then, the case was sent to the Yangzhou government for trial." Xie Qikun, the prefect of Yangzhou, received the plaque and did not dare to be sloppy, and immediately asked Dongtai County ya to escort a cadre of criminals to Yangzhou for examination, at that time, the case was only tried in Jiangsu Province and was treated as a civil case. It was Liu Yong who put this case on the line and became the pusher. Liu Yong, who was then a student in Jiangsu, happened to come to Yangzhou from jintan, and this news was known to Cai Hu and Tong Zhixuan, the sons of Cai Jiashu, who were imprisoned in Yangzhou. These two people looked at the case that they originally thought it would be easy to sue the Xu family, and they were a little undecided for a long time, and they couldn't sit still, thinking that they should be able to manage this matter, as long as they could bring the Xu family down, all roads should be tried. Therefore, Tong Zhixuan tried his best to find out Liu Yong's address, and immediately rushed away to present two books to Liu Yong: a volume of Xu Shukuo's poetry collection and Shen Deqian's xushu chuan.
As Qianlong's eyes and ears installed in Jiangnan, Liu Yong's political sensitivity was quite strong, and he also knew very well to read the emperor's mind and ask for merit and reward, he knew that Qianlong had always been annoyed by the official's inability to confiscate banned books, which just gave the emperor a handle. Therefore, on the one hand, he immediately handed over the matter to the Governor of Liangjiang and the Governor of Jiangsu for handling. On the other hand, he immediately wrote a secret fold, and sent it to the Beijing Division with a quick horse and whip. On August 27, Qianlong saw Liu Yong's recital and "One Pillar Lou Poem" and was greatly angered, what "during the Ming Dynasty, Zhen Fei, went to qingdu in one fell swoop", what "the great tomorrow day re-met, and put the pot on the half side", what "took Zhu Fei's right color, Hu Nai is also called the king", what "destroyed my clothes and crown really hated things, and destroyed the nest in the Ming Dynasty", these are not anti-poems? How could a rural scholar who had been stripped of his meritorious name dare to write such a rebellious poem, and how could it not make Qianlong thunder furious, and the inactive attitude and inaction of local officials at all levels toward the investigation and handling of banned books was even more inflammatory. Qianlong secretly ordered Gao Jin, the governor of Liangjiang, Sa Zai, the governor of Liangjiang, and Yang Kui, the governor of Jiangsu, to strictly investigate all of Xu Shukui's poems. And issued several edicts in a row. 18 celebrity prisoners were escorted to Beijing for trial. Among them were Tao Yi, envoy of Jiangsu Province, Xie Qikun, governor of Yangzhou, Tu Yuelong of Zhixian County, Lu Yan, a staff member of the envoys of The Prefecture of Dongtai, Baoding Wei, member of the Jiangning Bookstore, Shen Lan, ambassador of the Tea Salt Farm in Dongtai County, and Jin Changwu and Ni Jin, officials of Dongtai County. Xu Shukui's grandsons Xu Shutian and Xu Shushu, their grandmother, mother, Xu Shushu's wife and two children, three-year-old Shou Nan, one-year-old Fu Nan, Xu Shukuo's students Xu Shoufa and Shen Chengmao, and plaintiff Cai Jiashu and ten other civil criminals.
The University Scholar and the Jiuqing Department gathered the Criminal Investigation Department to hear the case, and on November 27, the verdict came out:
"Xu Shukui fabricated wild poems and wantonly slandered them, and his son Xu Huaizu openly published and circulated the reverse book, and although the two were deceased, they still followed the great rebellious law, filed their corpses, and showed their heads to the public." Xu Shitian, Xu Shushu, Xu Shoufa, Shen Chengmao, and Lu Yan were originally sentenced to be beheaded, "All were ordered to change to prison and beheaded, and executed after the autumn." Previously, Tao Yi had died of illness in prison.
Xie Qikun, the prefect of Yangzhou, was assigned to the frontier, and Tu Yuelong, the county of Dongtaizhi, was punished with a hundred rods and exiled for three years.
The rest of the Xu family and others were not included in the banner slaves, and their property was confiscated; Xu Shukui's books and editions were burned.
Although the Xinghua people who wrote the preface to the "Chronicle Poem" and Yao Dexuan, who wrote the preface to the "Small Inscription Poem", although the person died, his home was still confiscated, and Mao Cheng, who wrote the "He Tao Poem", although he had changed his name to Huang Bin at that time and avoided Gansu and Shaanxi, he could not escape punishment. He was stripped of his men, a hundred staffs, and exiled to Hainan Island.
Shen Deqian, a waiter who had been dead for many years, was also "dismissed from his post, stripped of his name, thrown at his monument, destroyed his ancestral hall, and crushed his corpse" because he had written a biography of Xu Shukui. What about Cai Jiashu? Guilt twice, release! Really did something that harmed others and did not benefit oneself.
The only winner of the largest literary prison during the Qianlong period was Liu Yong. At the end of the year (forty-three years of Qianlong), Liu Yong was impeached for xu Shukui's work of rebellion and outstanding achievements in supervising the government, and moved the right shilang of the household department, and later transferred the right shilang of the official department.
It is reasonable to say that this case was originally just a civil case of false accusations, and as long as it made a fuss at the local level, it would be enough, and there was no need to make a big deal out of it at all. How did it become a shocking case named by Qianlong overnight?
In fact, Qianlong made such a big fuss about the "Poetry of one pillar building" for its political purpose. The investigation and handling of banned books has always been a major problem for Qianlongye's confidants, but despite repeated orders, in the past three years, the provinces, especially jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, have still achieved mediocre results. The Qianlong Emperor believed that the reason was that there were "obstructions" in the process of investigating and handling the edicts of the forbidden books, and these "obstructions" were local officials at all levels. The Xu case occurred in Jiangsu, and the evidence of the crimes of the county scribes was caught, and even some of the evidence of the crimes of the envoys who played with the investigation and handling of the banned books, and even shielded some of the evidence of the forbidden books, could receive the effect of killing one hundred people, so Qianlong could not wait to classify it as an extraordinarily large reverse case, so as to create a momentum and enable the campaign to check and ban books to be carried out in an all-round way. The unlucky Xu family crashed right into the muzzle of the gun. This huge literary prison was not rehabilitated until the Jiaqing period. The Jiaqing Emperor believed, "Xu Shukui occasionally uses pen and ink to be improper, to the same branch as rebellion, both at the end of the accusation and the law of loss of affection." "Demand that the Ministry of Punishment make corrections."
So far in history, there has been no more phenomenon of literal hell. However, the suppression of the thinking of posterity by the literal prison is still very strong, and even the "Chronicle of Dongtai County", which Jiaqing revised in the twenty-second year, does not mention Xu Shukui and Xu Shukui's poems. Out of such a major event as the Xu Shukuo poetry case, the area around the Xu family's residence has inevitably undergone tremendous changes. The originally lively and prosperous town has become sparsely populated, and pedestrians are rarely seen in the daytime, and there is only one word left in people's hearts, fear. When it gets dark, there are fires everywhere, and everyone is worried about the disaster of extinction because of the collection of books, and they are busy burning books in the dark, which is really smoke and scorching. And every time in the middle of the night, I vaguely saw the shadows of people looking forward to, heard the footsteps hurried, and from time to time there was a boat quietly leaving by the river. After dawn, those who carefully walked out would find that another family surnamed Xu had closed its doors and locked their doors and left their hometown. These people with the surname Xu, worried about being implicated, have avoided disasters in the countryside, buried their names in anonymity, a large family that has been passed down for many generations, so faded out of people's sight.
Note: "One Pillar Building" After Xu Shukui took the entrance examination and was disqualified, he built a reading building in his home, neutral one pillar, and the beams were divided on it, named "One Pillar Building", calling himself "Standing Out of the Flock". Some people think that the turn of a sound, "one pillar" is the meaning of "Yi Zhu", implying the meaning of "anti-Qing and restoration". After the Xinhai Revolution, the case was rehabilitated, the one-pillar building was renovated, and zhang Xiao, the first minister of industry of the Republic of China government and a Nantong person, inscribed a plaque "Ancient One Pillar Building" at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the first minister of industry of the Republic of China government. The building was demolished in 1947.
The beginning and end of the establishment of Qianlong County in Dongtai
In 1739 (the 4th year of Qianlong), the governor of Yangzhou, Gao Shiji, reported that Dongtai County should be established.
In 1767 (the 32nd year of Qianlong), Gao Jin, the governor of Liangjiang, once again proposed that the officials set up Dongtai County on the basis of ten fields, including Dongtai, He Duo, Jiao xie, Li Cha, Dingxi (including xiaohai field), Caoyan (including Baiju field), Anfeng, Liang Duo, and Fu'an.
In October 1768 (qianlong 33), it was approved to build Dongtai County with ten fields in the northeast of Taizhou, and the county government set up Dongtai Town in the Dongtaichang area, the town was divided into six shops, and the county office was placed in Dongtai Town. Its site is the Chayuan founded in the 24th year of Ming Jiajing (1545) by The Imperial History QiZong Dao on the site of Ming Zhenguan.
In the 5th year of Qianlong (1740), the water conservancy Tongzhi Yamen was built on its site. The Dongtai County Bureau used the water conservancy tongzhi yamen to expand on this basis (located 50 meters south of the present-day Gulou Street Entrance, on the west side of Park Road). The county office is located in Xixi. When the county was established, the Inspection Department was abolished; the Inspection Department was changed to dongtai County. Withdraw water conservancy tongzhi, build county knowledge, the original water conservancy tongzhi in situ as the county order.
The first Zhixian Wang Yu became a native of Bijie, Guizhou; the first county was Wang Mo.
This issue of the producer 丨 Xiaodong producer 丨 Xiaolu Editor-in-chief 丨 Xiaofeng