Source 丨 Skinny Camel Science Midnight File (id: shoutuokexuewuyedang)
Author 丨 Skinny Camel
This year's Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine was awarded to the study of oxygen biology. Oxygen is so important to people, how important is it?
One term that will be mentioned repeatedly in this winning study is epo (erythropoietin), which is erythropoietin. This is a glycoprotein hormone secreted by the liver and kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells and allows people to fight against a certain degree of hypoxia. In 1977, EPO was purified for the first time. In 1985, using genetic engineering, human-derived epos synthesized from other animal cells were born, which meant that this glycoprotein could be mass-produced. In 1987, a clinical trial of EPO for the treatment of certain severe anemias was successful, and two years later, the US FDA approved EPO for the treatment of severe anemia caused by kidney disease or chemotherapy.
The human body is a large internal combustion engine, almost all energy production, to rely on redox reaction, the more oxygen in the body, theoretically more energy generated. This is especially crucial for the improvement of endurance. For a long time, the sports world has been using various methods to improve the oxygen carrying capacity of athletes' blood, from pre-game blood transfusions to altitude training, all with the purpose of increasing the number of red blood cells in the blood. EPO was still in the lab stage and was targeted.
Anti-doping organizations banned epo as early as the early 1990s, but it wasn't until 2000 that reliable epo detection methods emerged. So, throughout the decade of the 1990s, EPO was a "safe" drug ban. By the time it was time for the Tour de France, the company that provided the epo had more than one car followed by several different teams.
2017 comedy pseudo-documentary "Tour de pharmacy bike race"
What it's like to use epo, a professional athlete I know, said that when he was a child, he was unknowingly injected with epo by a coach under the name of "muscle nutrition medicine" until he was flipped into the medicine bottle in the trash by a suspicious parent. During that time, his endurance project performance improved by leaps and bounds, "I don't feel tired, I feel that my endurance is endless, I can run with other athletes at will, and I can surpass them whenever I want." ”
In 2001, the first case of epo-positive athletes was only detected, in fact, until recently, more stringent and advanced blood tests have basically eliminated the flood of epo on the sports field. In 2012, Lance Armstrong, the former bicycle god of anti-drug control in the United States, used epo for a long time, and his entire miracle career was inseparable from epo, including 7 consecutive Tour de France championships between 1999 and 2005. Armstrong confessed the allegations in a way very different from his time of miracles. He went on oprah and pleaded guilty on the world's hottest reality show. I don't know how much this show brought him.
Ever since Armstrong publicly confessed his guilt, he began a life of letting go
He even played himself in the film above
In recent years, there have been fewer and fewer athletes planted on the epo. The last person to be shot was Yang Fangxu, a former women's volleyball player, who will also be absent from the upcoming "Chinese Women's Volleyball Team". After the incident, she said "through friends" that she did not know, did not know what epo was, and may have been drugged. Epo, on the other hand, can only enter the human body by injection, and the possibility of being framed is extremely small. After decades of silence, the autologous blood return is back on the front line of the sports world.
After epo, how to identify red blood cells that are re-infused back into the body after refrigeration has recently been detected. So the hypoxia inducible stabilizer, which is also used to treat nephropathic anemia, has become a new favorite, some of these stabilizers have not yet been detected, and their effect is to stimulate the body to produce epo. EPO generated by itself cannot be defined as a banned drug.
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