Coleoptera is the largest order of insects, commonly known as beetles, so named because of the hard walls of insects, especially the forewings.
There are about 330,000 species known in the world, accounting for about 1/3 of the total number of known insects in the world, and about 7,000 species are known in China. The body wall is hard. 11 antennae, filamentous, rod-like, serrated, ctenophores, candibals, gill lobes or knees.
The mouthparts are chewable, and the palate is generally developed, some are equal in length to the body, and some are close to disappearing. Compound eyes are more developed, some degenerate or disappear, and some split into upper and lower two. The forecootax is well developed; the forewings are, hard, and without wing veins, called elytra, which are covered on the back at rest, covering the mid-hind thorax and most or all of the abdominal segment (the small shield of the middle thorax is generally exposed).
The hindwing membranous is generally large, folded vertically and horizontally, hidden under the elytra, and folded in different ways in different taxa. The foot has a variety of morphological variations and is suitable for rushing, swimming, jumping, digging or grabbing. The claws are generally 1 pair, and some only have a single claw. The claws are single-toothed, attached and double-toothed.
Female oviducts generally extend from the 9th abdominal segment, and the length of the oviduct varies greatly depending on the spawning habit. The male external genitalia are mainly composed of two parts: the yang stem and the yang base. The impotent stem is generally a tubular with a strong ossification, and the opening at its end is called a mating sac or port. The yang base is also known as the yang stem base, and its base is often V-shaped or Y-shaped. Male external genitalia have obvious interspecific differences, which is an important basis for species identification.
Coleoptera is the most widely distributed order of insects, with the largest distribution on land, in the air and in various waters except for the sea, especially in terrestrial species. The feeding habits of beetles are very complex, including saprophytes, dung eating, carcassism, plant feeding, predatory and parasitic, etc. Many of the plant-eating species are important pests of agriculture and forestry.
Seven-star ladybug
Habits of life
The feeding habits of adult and larvae are complex, including scavenger (Yan Jia), dung eating (dung beetle), carcass (burial beetle), plant feeding (various leaf nails, flower turtles), predatory (step nails, tiger beetles) and parasitics. Many of the plant-eating species are important pests of agricultural and forestry crops, some live in the soil as harmful seeds, roots and seedlings, such as the larvae of the kowtow family (Golden needle worm) and the larvae of the Golden Turtle Beetle family (grubs); some moth stems or dried moths are harmful to economic crops such as trees, fruit trees and sugar cane, such as the larvae of the Tianniu family and the Beetle family; some eat leaves, such as leaf beetles and adult insects of various beetles; some are important food storage pests, such as most species of the bean elephant family, which specialize in eating the seeds of legumes. Many predatory beetles are natural enemies of pests, such as most species of the family Ladybuds that prey on aphids, whiteflies, mesozoans, leaf snails and other pests, and the beetles and tiger beetles can prey on a variety of small insects, especially for Lepidoptera larvae. Coriander larvae parasitize in locust eggs and hives, and some species of larvae of the great flower fleas live in the body of cockroaches, and some live parasitically in the hives. Carrion-eating, fecal-eating and cadaver beetles, such as many species in the family Funnelidae and Dung Beetles, can clean the environment for humans.
Star Cow
Some of these species are important pests and beneficial insects in agriculture, forestry, fruit trees and horticulture, or have become world pests in various warehouses and human households due to commercial transportation, etc. Among the predatory beetles, many of them are beneficial to humans, such as ladybirds, step beetles and tiger beetles. The Australian ladybird in the ladybird family is a natural enemy insect of great economic value, which has been introduced from Oceania in China to control blowing insects; the cryptolabus ladybird is originally distributed from India to Australia, and China has also introduced it to control mesophora. Important species in the family P. such as the Chinese broad-shouldered and red-breasted beetles prey on lepidopteran larvae such as armyworms and root-cutters, with high predation rates. Some beetles have medicinal value, such as coriander, coriander, coriander, and short-winged coriander in the family Coriander, and adults can secrete cilantroclin (also known as cantharidin). It is used in China to treat certain cancers; the dried finished products of the fecal golden turtle family and the purple dung beetle have functions such as anti-alarm, bruising and pain relief, and attacking poison and laxative, and are used in traditional Chinese medicine.
Coleoptera insects are commonly known as beetles, including leaf beetles, scarabs, celestial bulls, weevils and so on. Its forewings are cured into elytra, and the hindwing membranous folds under the coleoptera, so it is commonly known as Coleoptera. It is a fully metamorphosed insect and the mouthparts are chewy. It feeds on crops through chewable mouthparts and can be controlled by using touch-killing and gastric-toxic pesticides, such as organophosphorus and permethrin pesticides.
Tianniu control method:
(1) Artificial control: adults use the suspended death of the tianniu, shake the branches in the morning or after the rain, kill the adult insects on the ground, and often check the branches during the larval stage, deal with and prune in time, and concentrate on treatment.
(2) Drug prevention and control: the use of dichlorvos or emulsion for drug killing.
(3) Tree trunk whitening: use quicklime plus sulfur mixed with water to whiten the trees.
There are also methods such as the use of insect phototropism.