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China has a long history of fish farming and rich experience in fish farming, blue carp, grass carp, silver carp and bighead carp are the traditional four major farmed fish, carp, crucian carp, tuantou bream, bream and carp are also important aquaculture economic species. The rapid development of fishery began in the 1980s in the rural land contract to households, since then the rapid development of fish farming, the total output has increased year by year, in 2020, the total economic output value of the whole society fishery economy is 2754.347 billion yuan, the total output of aquatic products in the country is 65.4902 million tons. Therefore, China is the most developed country in the world's freshwater aquaculture industry, and it is the leading country in the world in terms of both breeding area and total output.
Although China's aquaculture industry is developed and mature, there are many fish farmers. However, there are many species available for us to breed, and some of them are not well known to us and have mastered their characteristics. This article will make a brief description of fish species in stages, in order to have a "familiar and detailed" role, for reference only.
This article (in this issue) only focuses on seven kinds of bulk freshwater fish such as common species of grass carp, silver carp, bighead carp, bluefish, carp, crucian carp and tuantou bream.
1, carp
Cyprinus carp, Latin scientific name: Cyprinus carpio, cyprinids, is an omnivorous aquatic animal, commonly kept fish species in China.
The carp is short and thick, with a horseshoe-shaped mouth, a snout facing down like a kissing mouth, a thick lip, two whiskers, a reddish or yellow caudal fin, a thick serrated hard spine in both the dorsal fin and the fin, and lateral linear scales 33-39.
Carp belongs to the benthic omnivorous fish, meat and vegetarian food, demersal fish, eating miscellaneous, large amount of food, there is a habit of foraging in the mud, so it has a certain "bottom-changing" effect. Generally, 800-2000 tails are placed per acre.
2. Crucian carp
Crucian carp belongs to the order Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae, crucian carp genus, commonly known as: crucian shell (Sichuan-Chongqing), Xitou (Hubei), crucian melon seed (northeast), river crucian carp (Shanghai), moon crucian carp (Guangdong), ancient name: 鰿, 鲋, cold carp. English name: Goldfish, crucian carp. Crucian carp is widely distributed, except for the western plateau region, widely distributed throughout the country, middle and bottom fish. "Crucian carp" in the general sense does not include engineered crucian carp, as described in this article.
Crucian carp is streamlined ( also called shuttle ) , with a tall and lateral flattened body , an anterior half curved , a raised dorsal contour , a broad tail stalk , and a rounded abdomen with no flesh. The head is short and the snout is blunt. Without. The hypopharyngeal teeth are one row, flattened. Large scales. Slight bending of the lateral line. The dorsal fin is long and the outer edge is relatively straight. The gill rakers are slender, needle-shaped, and tightly arranged, with gill rakers ranging from 100 to 200. The third hard spine of the dorsal and fins is stronger and the posterior margin is serrated. The end of the pectoral fin reaches the beginning of the ventral fin.
Crucian carp is a small fish, small, plant-based omnivorous fish, can adapt to a variety of inferior waters, tolerant of low oxygen, eating miscellaneous, can forage all year round, like to gather, slow growth rate. There are many kinds of crucian carp, high-quality crucian carp must have more than 29 pieces (pieces) of scales, more than 35 pieces (pieces) of scales or more, if less than or equal to 28 pieces of (pieces) scales, it is earth crucian carp or at least inferior crucian carp, in short, the more the number of lateral scales of crucian carp, the better the longer. Generally, 2000-5000 tails are placed per acre.
3. Grass carp
Grass carp is also known as a carp, ancient called 鰀, slim body is "stick-shaped", commonly known as grass stick, anchovy, mixed. Grass carp belongs to the order Teleost fish, Cyprinids, Cyprinidae, and the yarosidae. Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Cuvier et Valenciennes), a large economic fish in the cyprinid family, is one of the four largest fish (grass carp) farmed in freshwater in China.
Grass carp have a blunt head, a slightly flattened forehead, an curved mouth, and a longer upper jaw. The body is long, cylindrical, with larger scales, rounded, and a rounded abdomen without ventral ridges. There are 2 rows of pharyngeal teeth, the tooth comb-shaped, the tooth surface is serrated, and the pharyngeal teeth on both sides are staggered and arranged. Lateral line scales 38 to 44, the lateral line is curved at the front, and the posterior part is straight, extending to the base of the caudal fin.
(Throat teeth of grass carp: Grass carp in order to facilitate grazing, throat teeth are grate-like, cutting grass leaves is more convenient)
Grass carp grows quickly and is one of the fastest growing species in inland waters. Grass carp, as the name suggests, takes grass as the main food, and in the natural state, adult fish are mainly draught grass, which is a typical herbivorous fish. Grass carp are meso-pelagic fish that grow rapidly and have a wide range of feed sources. Generally, 500-1000 tails are placed per acre.
4, bluefish
Bluefish is the only species in the genus Carp in the cyprinid family, also commonly known as black carp, snail blue, green carp, black green, green mix. Bluefish is one of the four famous fish in China. The bluefish look like grass carp, but the scales and fins of the whole body are mainly gray-black.
The body of the bluefish resembles that of grass carp, the front of the body is cylindrical, the posterior side is flattened, the mouth is curved, the jaw is slightly shorter, and the head is different from the grass carp: the head of the grass carp looks flat, while the head of the bluefish seems to be round and slightly pointed. The bluefish is round-scaled, black or bluish-gray on the back, white in the abdomen, and is overall dark in adulthood, with lateral scales 39-42.
Bluefish is a middle and lower class fish, fast growth, large size, rapid nature, carnivorous and omnivorous fish, often snails, river mussels, crustaceans and other benthic animals and shelled animals as food, so far no phenomenon of eating fish has been found.
(Throat teeth of bluefish: bluefish are fond of snails, and their throat teeth are molar-shaped, which are used to crush the shell of snails more powerfully)
The teeth of the bluefish are not in the front of the mouth but in the pharynx, and the teeth are not sharp canine teeth, but similar to molars, specifically used to crush snail shells and mussel shells. Generally, 500-1000 snails are placed per mu, and 30-50 snails are put on the mu in polyculture.
5. Silver carp
Silver carp, ancient name for carp, alias white silver carp, silver carp, jumping carp. It belongs to the order Teleostidae, Cyprinidae, Cyprinidae, and the subfamily Silver Carp. The scientific name Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Cuvier et Valenciennes) is one of the four major Chinese fish, a pelagic fish. Silver carp is similar to bighead carp, but bighead carp have large heads and affinity, and silver carp are impatient and good at jumping, often jumping out of the water and walking in groups.
Silver carp has a flattened body and a narrow and bulging abdomen like a knife blade, from the chest to the anus, called the ventral ridge. The body color is silvery white, and the back is slightly grayish. The scales are small. The fins are greyish white. The end of the pectoral fin extends to the base of the ventral fin. The mouth is wide, the gills are specialized, and they are combined with each other to form porous membranous sheets, and the posterior upper part of the mouth has a spiral gill supramater. The mouth is broad, the end is positioned, and the lower jaw is slightly inclined. Small eyes, low position. The lateral scales are 78-88.
Silver carp is a pelagic fish, feeding on phytoplankton and algae in the water plankton, is a typical filter feeding fish species, so the gill raker is thin and dense, and the gill rakers on the same side are connected to each other in a spongy membrane, which is conducive to filtering fine food. Silver carp because of its special feeding habits--- filter eat aquatic algae, can purify water quality, there are "water scavenger" elegant name of special fish species, polyculture of the appropriate proportion (such as 100-300 fish per acre), has the effect of regulating water quality, has a special effect on inhibiting cyanobacterial outbreaks. Therefore, modern pond fish farming requires polyculture of silver carp, which can keep the water quality worry-free! Generally, 500-800 tails are placed per mu, and 100-300 tails are placed per mu.
6. Bighead carp
Bighead carp, also known as silver carp, is commonly known as bighead fish, fat head fish, black carp, and silver carp. Bighead carp is one of the four major fish in China. It is similar in size to a silver carp, but has a wide and upturned mouth, a gentle temperament, and does not like to jump. It feeds mainly on plankton, and is also a typical filter-feeding species, which is a pelagic fish species.
Bighead carp have large and wide heads and wide mouths that are slightly upturned. The head grows taller than the body. The snout is short and rounded. The mouth is large, the end is located, the cleft is tilted upwards, the lower jaw is slightly protruding, the corners of the mouth can reach below the vertical line of the anterior margin, and the middle part of the upper lip is thick. The eye position is relatively low. Gill rakers are numerous, leaf-like, and extremely tightly arranged, but not conjoined. The abdomen is rounded in front of the base of the ventral fin and has a narrow ventral ridge from the posterior part to the anus. Lateral scales 99-115.
The back and upper part of the body side of the bighead carp are slightly black , with many irregular black spots ; the abdomen is off-white. Each fin is gray with many small black spots, hence the name "flower" silver carp. With special bighead carp culture technology, 400-600 fish can be placed per mu, and polyculture can be put 50-100 per mu.
Attached: Gill rakers of fish
Silver carp are filter-feeding fish, filter-feeding plankton rely on the gills to play filtration, so gill raker organs are particularly important for silver carp.
Gill rakers are filter feeding organs and also have the effect of protecting gill filaments. The gill arch has gill rakers on one side facing the oropharyngeal cavity, and each gill arch has two columns of gill rakes, of which the outer gill raker of the first gill arch is the longest (the number of gill rakers is counted).
(Gill raker difference of silver carp)
The number and shape of gill rakers also vary according to their diet: fish that eat large foods, gill rakers are thick and short; fish that eat fine foods are slender and closely arranged; fish that feed on plankton and organic detritus at the bottom layer are specialized into nets, such as 680 bighead carp and 1700 silver carp.
7. Bream (Wuchang fish, Tuantou bream)
Folk colloquial bream generally refers to Wuchang fish. The scientific name of Wuchang fish is Megalobrama amblycephala, also known as bream, bream. Its feeding habit is grass carp, which is an omnivorous fish that mainly feeds on grass and algae, and belongs to small and medium-sized fish.
(Tuantou bream, Wuchang fish)
Tuantou bream body high side flat, "flat", "bream" homophony, so the name "bream" fish, the whole body is called diamond-shaped, the body is blue-gray, the sides are silver gray, fin gray, abdomen silver white. The head is small and small, the back of the head is sharply raised, and the mouth is widely curved.
At present, the folk call Wuchang fish (scientific name Tuantou bream) "bream", in fact, "bream" should be a collective name for three kinds of fish, namely Changchun bream, triangular bream, tuantou bream. These three species of fish are similar in appearance and are not easy to distinguish between non-insiders. Among them, tuantou bream, also known as Wuchang fish, because Mao Zedong wrote the words "only drink Changsha water, and eat Wuchang fish", after hand-picking Wuchang fish, the fish became the most famous.
The tuantou bream has a flat body, a small head and a high back, and looks like it is shrunken neck, so the ancients called the bream "shrunken neck". Lateral line scales of the tuantou bream 50-60. Generally, 1000-1500 tails are placed per acre.
(Pachycephalus)
In addition, the real bream should be a fish species called the pachycephalus. Megalobrama pellegrini (Tchang) belongs to the family Cyprinidae, subfamily Breame, and bream. The fishing proverb "one bream, two rocks and three green waves" refers to the three most delicious kinds of Scaled fish in the Yangtze River, of which "bream" refers to the thick-jawed bream. Thick-jawed bream, commonly known as "black bream", has a small head, a tall body, fat flesh and delicious taste. It is currently one of the high-grade fish.
There are also many fish species, which we will present to you in stages!
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