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Commonly used antiviral drugs
1. Morpholine
【Properties】 Morpholine guanidine is a white crystalline powder, odorless, slightly bitter taste, easily soluble in water.
【Function and Use】 This product has inhibitory effect on a variety of RNA viruses and DNA viruses.
In the prevention and control of aquatic diseases, it can be used to control grass carp hemorrhagic disease, carp virus disease, spotted forktail virus disease, true seabream rainbow virus disease and so on.
【Usage and dosage】 Use 10 to 30 mg of this product per day per kilogram of water, mix it into the feed and feed it.
【Precautions】 When using this product to prevent and control diseases of aquatic organisms, antibiotics can be used at the same time to prevent and control secondary infections of pathogenic bacteria.
Ii. Ribavirin
Ribavirin is also known as viral azole.
【Properties】 Ribavirin is a white crystalline powder, odorless, odorless, soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, chloroform and ether.
【Effects and Uses】 Ribavirin is a new broad-spectrum antiviral drug, which has inhibitory effects on herpes virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, etc.
Aquaculture can be used to control grass carp hemorrhage, carp acne disease, carp spring virus disease, carp maw inflammation, spotted forktail virus disease and other viral diseases.
【Usage and dosage】 Oral, farmed organisms with 10 to 20 mg / kg body weight per day, fed in 2 times, continuous use for 5 to 7 days.
【Precautions】 This product has carcinogenic and mutagenic effects, and pregnant broodstock are prohibited.
Commonly used antifungal drugs
1. Nystatin
【Properties】 Nystatin is a yellow or light brown crystalline powder, hygroscopic, slightly soluble in water, and the aqueous solution is neutral;
Long-term exposure to sunlight, heat and air affects its activity and stabilizes in a dry state.
【Function and use】 Nystatin has a broad-spectrum antifungal effect, which is not easy to absorb after oral administration, and the blood concentration is extremely low, almost all drugs are excreted from the feces, and there is no therapeutic effect on systemic fungal infections.
It is mainly used for the treatment of fungal infections of the digestive tract, oral cavity and mucous membranes of the skin.
【Usage and dosage】 Treat water mold with 0.5~1.0 g/m³ immersion bath.
【Precautions】 Due to low solubility and gastrointestinal malabsorption, it is not used to treat systemic fungal infections.
2. Griseofulvin
【Properties】 Licofloroxin is a white or white-like fine powder, odorless, slightly bitter taste; easily soluble in metformamide, slightly soluble in anhydrous ethanol, and very slightly soluble in water.
【Function and use】 This product is an anti-superficial fungal drug, which has a therapeutic effect on various skin fungus, water mold, gill mold, aquaculture is mainly used to prevent and control water mold and gill mold.
【Usage and Dosage】
(1) Oral fish with 15 to 30 mg / kg body weight per day, fed in 2 times, continuous use for 3 to 6 days.
(2) Soak the fish and roe with griseofulvin and 1% table salt and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) mixture (1:1) into a solution of 8 g/m3 for about 1 minute.
【Precautions】 More than 90% of this product is inactivated in the liver, which can lead to abnormal liver function, elevated aminotransferase, etc.; a few can cause leukopenia; liver disease, low normal value of white blood cells should be used orally with caution.
3. Clotrimazole
【Properties】 Clotrimazole is a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder, odorless, odorless; this product is easily soluble in methanol or chloroform, and almost insoluble in water.
【Effect and use】 This product has a bacteriostatic effect at a low dose and a bactericidal effect at a high dose. It is used to treat deep and shallow mycosis caused by sensitive fungi, such as skin mold, gill mold, etc.
【Usage and dosage】 (1) Take internally Add 50 grams of clotrimazole to 100 kg of feed to make medicinal bait, and feed for 4 to 7 days. (2) Soak with 0.5 ~ 1.0 g / m 3 soak for 1 ~ 2 hours.
【Precautions】 Shade and store in a cool place.
Insecticidal repellents are commonly used
1. Copper sulfate
【Properties】 Copper sulfate is a dark blue triclinary crystal or blue transparent crystalline particles, or crystalline powder, odorless, metallic, easy to weather in the air, soluble in water.
【Function and Use】 It has a killing effect on flagellar, ciliate, intracertrae, ringworm and three generations of insects that parasitize on fish bodies, and can also inhibit the multiplication of excessive cyanobacteria and filamentous green algae in ponds, kill fungi and some bacteria and add them as trace elements to feed.
(1) Immersion For aquatic organisms such as fish, when the temperature is 15 °C, the copper sulfate in the water body reaches 8 g/m³, and the bath is 20 to 30 minutes, which can prevent filariasis and wheel worm disease of the fish species.
(2) The whole pond is sprinkled to prevent and control protozoal diseases of fish, and the combination of copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate is commonly used, so that the content in the water body is 0.5 g/m3 and 0.2 g/m³, or only copper sulfate is used, so that the content in the water body reaches 0.7 g/m³.
【Precautions】
1) Its toxicity is proportional to the water temperature, so it should be used in the early morning when the weather is sunny and the fish does not appear "floating head".
2) Scaleless fish are sensitive to it and should be controlled below 0.4 g/m³.
3) The drug is not selected for the treatment of small melon worms. It is suggested that after the application of copper sulfate, attention should be paid to oxygenation; with ammonia, alkaline solution will form a precipitate.
2. Enemy insects
【Properties】 Dichlorvos is a white crystal, has an aromatic fragrance, is easily soluble in water and organic solvents, and is difficult to dissolve in ether, ethane, etc.; hydrolysis occurs in neutral or alkaline solutions, and the formation of dichlorvos is highly toxic, so use with caution;
Hydrolysis continues further and eventually breaks down into substances without insecticidal activity.
【Function and Use】 It is a low-toxicity, short-residual insecticide, which is not only effective for gastrointestinal parasites, but also can be used to control in vitro parasites.
It is widely used to control fish diseases caused by parasitic trematodes (such as ringworms and trinity worms) on the surface of fish bodies and gills), intestinal parasitic worms (such as tapeworms, echinococcus) and crustaceans (such as anchorhead loach, Chinese gill, fish bream), and can also kill sword water fleas and water centipedes that are harmful to fish fry and fish eggs.
(1) Kill third-generation insects, ringworms with this product sprinkled in the whole pool, 2.5% of the powder dosage of 1 ~ 4 g / m³ or 90% of the crystal dosage of 0.2 ~ 0.5 g / m³, 90% of the crystal and surface alkali compound (1:0.6) use of 0.1 ~ 0.2 g / m³.
(2) Exorcise parasitic tapeworms in the intestine 40 grams of this product are mixed with 100 grams of flour to make medicinal noodles, and fed according to the fish ration for 3 days can drive away the tapeworms in Jiujiangtou.
(3) Treatment of sand city spinosaurus can be mixed with 100 grams of crystals of this product into 30 kg of bran, fed according to the fish for 4 days; and then sprinkled with 90% of the crystals in the whole pool, so that the water content reaches 0.7 g / m³.
(4) Exorcism of capillaries Can be fed crystalline enemy insects 0.2 to 0.5 g / kg body weight, once a day, for 3 days.
(5) Exorcism of spiny-like insects Feeding crystal enemy insects 0.3 to 1.0 g/ kg body weight, once a day, for 4 to 6 days.
1) The toxicity of the enemy hundred insects varies according to different fish species, the safety range of carp and white carp is 1.8 to 5.7 g/ m³, the rainbow trout is 0.18 to 0.54 g / m³, mandarin, California sea bass, freshwater white pomfret is extremely sensitive to it, and should be paid attention to when using.
2) Because this product is acidic and has a corrosive effect on metals, do not use metal containers when preparing and spilling this product.
3) This product shall not be combined with other alkaline drugs except for combination with face alkali.
4) This product should be stored in a sealed, dark and dry place. Suggest that the enemy worm will weaken the fish's response to feeding, so that the fish will appear anorexic and should not be used for a long time.
Poisoning requires detoxification with atropine, iodine-resolved phosphoridine and other detoxification.
3. Chlorobenzine hydrochloride
【Properties】 Chlorobenzine hydrochloride is a white or yellow crystalline powder, with an unpleasant special odor, and the color becomes darker after light; it is slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in water and ether.
【Function and use】 In aquaculture, it is mainly used for the prevention and control of spore worm disease.
【Usage and dosage】 Mixing bait feeding, fish per kilogram of body weight with this product 40 mg (according to 5% of the amount of bait, 0.8 grams per kilogram of feed), continuous use for 3 to 5 days, the seed dose is halved.
1) Stir well and use strictly according to the recommended dose.
2) Spotted fork tail with caution.
4. Levamisole
【Properties】 Levamisole is a white, white or slightly yellow needle-like crystalline or crystalline powder, odorless, bitter taste; the solubility in water is 1:2, methanol is 1:5, insoluble in ether; it is easy to decompose and deteriorate in alkaline solution.
【Effects and Uses】 This product is a broad-spectrum anthelmintic drug, which is the levosome of tetraimidazole hydrochloride. It can be used for the treatment of ectoparasitic diseases such as ringworm disease, wheelworm disease, three-generation insect disease, etc., and can also be used to exorcise musporidium parasitic in the intestine of aquatic organisms (such as cake-shaped iodine bulbophyllum, Gitaounipolaria, etc.).
【Usage and dosage】 Sprinkle the whole pool to make the content of the water body reach 1 to 2 grams/m³, and change the water once every 24 hours. Oral, 4 to 8 mg/kg body weight each time, mixed with bait, 1 to 2 times a day, for 3 days.
1) This product should not be used in combination with alkaline drugs.
2) This product should be kept airtight.
5. Tobendazole
【Properties】 Tobendazole is a white, white or slightly yellowish powder, odorless, insoluble in water and most organic solvents (such as acetone, chloroform, etc.), slightly soluble in glacial acetic acid, easily soluble in formic acid, acetic acid; should be protected from light sealed preservation.
【Effects and Uses】 This product is a highly efficient, broad-spectrum, low-toxicity deworming drug, commonly used to kill eels that parasitize The Body and Outside the European Eel, Ringworm, Three-Generation Worm and Fish Eel.
1) Oral administration, each time with 50 mg / kg body weight or with a content of 125 g / m³ of the medicinal solution mixed feeding, once a day, for 2 days, can treat eel trematodiasis.
2) Long-term immersion in the liquid content of this product is 2 g/m³, which can treat the pseudo-ringworm disease, three-generation insect disease and fish anchovy disease of European eels. When high temperatures are suggested, do not use high doses to prevent poisoning.
6. Albendazole
【Properties】 Albendazole is a white or yellow powder, odorless, astringent, insoluble in water and ethanol, slightly soluble in acetone and chloroform, easy to dissolve in glacial acetic acid; melting point is 206 ~ 212 °C, decomposition at the same time when melting; should be stored in a sealed and sealed against light.
【Function and use】 It can repel tapeworms parasitic in the intestines of fish, not only has a good deworming effect (the deworming rate can reach more than 95.5%), but also safe and reliable.
【Usage and dosage】 Oral administration, each time with 40 mg / kg body weight, 2 times a day, for 3 days, can drive away the parasitic Carp in the Body of Jiujiangtou Trough Tapeworm and Yellow Eel capillary worms, echinococcus and so on.
7. Avermectin
【Properties】 Avermectin is a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder, odorless, easily soluble in ethyl acetate, acetone, trichloromethane, slightly soluble in methanol, ethanol, almost insoluble in water.
【Function and use】 It can be used for insecticide of fish, shrimp and crab polyculture ponds, and can drive away fish echinococcus, ringworms, three generations of worms and other worms.
【Usage and dosage】 Sprinkle the whole pond with 1.8% avermectin solution, in the freshwater fish breeding pond, so that the content in the water body reaches 0.08 ml / m³, in the shrimp pond, so that the content in the water body reaches 0.04 ml / m³.
1) The repellent effect of this product on nematodes, especially arthropods, is slow, and some insect species can take days or even weeks to have obvious medicinal effects.
2) The nature of this product is not very stable, especially sensitive to light, easy to be rapidly oxidized and inactivated, its various dosage forms, should pay attention to storage conditions.
VIII. Ivermectin
【Properties】 Ivermectin is a white crystalline powder, odorless, easily soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, almost insoluble in water.
【Function and Use】 This product is a derivative of avermectin, which is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug of oral semi-synthesis. It is useful for most (but not all) nematodes at all stages of life history;
It can be used for fish, shrimp and crab polyculture ponds to kill insects, and can repel parasites such as fish echinococcus, nematodes, ringworms, and three generations of insects.
【Usage and dosage】 Sprinkle the whole pond with 0.2% ivermectin solution, in the freshwater fish breeding pond, so that the content of the water body reaches 0.08 ml / m³, in the shrimp pond, so that the content of the water body reaches 0.04 ml / m³.
Oral, 0.3 mg/kg bw, once a day for 3 days.
【Precautions】 This product should not be used for injection, and the used bottles and residual liquid must be safely handled, and attention should be paid to sealing and protecting from light. Turtles are sensitive to it and should not be used.
IX. Cypermethrin
【Properties】 Cypermethrin is a white crystalline powder, insoluble in water, easily soluble in acetone, benzene, xylene and other organic solvents, stable in sunlight, acid, neutral solution, rapid decomposition in case of alkali.
【Function and Use】 Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide, which is mainly used to prevent and treat parasitic diseases such as Chinese loach, anchorhead loach and fish flounder in fish.
【Usage and Dosage】 After fully diluting this product, the whole pool is evenly sprinkled. With 2.5% cypermethrin emulsion, the content in the water body reached 0.010 ~ 0.015 ml / m³.
1) This product has a strong irritation to human skin, mucous membranes, eyes, and respiratory tract, especially for large-scale skin diseases or tissue damage, the impact is more serious, pay attention to protection when using.
2) There is no special antidote to acute poisoning of this product.
3) This product can not be mixed with alkaline substances, so as not to decompose and fail; but in order to improve the efficacy, reduce the amount of use, and delay the production of resistance, it can be mixed with non-alkaline substances such as malathion and Leguo, and mixed with as needed.
4) This product stimulates the fish body greatly, and if it is slightly excessive when used, the fish has a jumping phenomenon. Shrimp and crab are extremely sensitive to this product, and this product is prohibited in the water body of single or polyculture shrimp and crab.
10. Octyl thiophos
【Properties】 Octyl thion is a light yellow oily liquid, its industrial products are light red oily substances at room temperature, stable in neutral and acidic media, easy to decompose in alkaline media, easy to decompose at high temperature, and fast photolysis.
【Function and use】 It can be used to control parasitic diseases such as fish anchorhead loach, Chinese loach, fish mackerel, ringworm and so on.
【Usage and dosage】 After full dilution, sprinkle the whole pool evenly. With 50% octylthion emulsion, the content of the water body reaches 0.033~ 0.040 ml/m³.
【Precautions】 This product is easy to decompose under light, and should be stored in a cool and dark place; when sprinkled in the pool, the well-equipped medicinal solution is also best protected from light; avoid contact with alkaline substances and lose insecticidal activity due to decomposition.