Author: Rong Bin
With the development of society and the progress of the times, the Jinan dialect is also quietly changing. Especially with the popularization of Putonghua, the titles of certain objects and the expression of certain behaviors in the daily life of Jinan people have successively "integrated" with Putonghua. Correspondingly, many words in the Jinan dialect have also ended their mission and have been "retired". The reason why these dialect words have been eliminated is roughly two reasons: First, with the development of society, some items that were common in Jinan in the past have now been eliminated in life, because they are no longer commonly used by Jinan people, so their language symbols are naturally forgotten. Second, in the process of social development and change, the titles of some items in dialects have gradually been replaced by some more scientific, more accurate and more widely applicable titles (some items, even several different titles), which is related to the promotion and popularization of Mandarin, which is conducive to the standardization of language and is a kind of social progress.
Due to the above two reasons, most of the words "retired" in the Jinan dialect are nouns, and there are also a few verbs that represent actions and actions, and there are very few adjectives and quantitative words.
It is very normal for some words in dialects to be "retired" one after another, and it is also very normal for people to continue to absorb, accept and even create some new words. Just imagine how many "new words" have appeared in the language of Jinan people in the past 20 years alone! "Hit", "Mobile Phone", "Bundy", "Software", "Hard Disk", "DVD", "Internet", "Pageant", "Plastic Steel Doors and Windows", "Caller ID"... The list goes on. Our language is still so colorful! Therefore, we do not have to regret the phenomenon of some of the old words "decommissioning". Although it is common for people to cherish our brooms and cherish ourselves, it is the trend of the times to adapt to the trend after all. However, it is necessary to record the "retired" words in those dialects as historical symbols, just as we never want future generations to cook and then "pull the bottom of the cauldron", but at the same time have the obligation to tell the future generations what the "cauldron bottom" is.
Big rubber: When mentioning "big rubber", we must start with "ground rows". Dipaizi (pronounced dìpǎizi in Jinan dialect), also known as dipai cart and rickshaw, is a two-wheeled, double-handle, flat plate transport tool. In some places, there are fixed guard plates on both sides of the ground row car, which can both block things and sit people, and most of the ground row cars in Jinan do not have fixed guard plates, but they are equipped with left and right, front and rear baffles, which can be temporarily inserted when loading bulk goods. Jinan people call it ground row, generally refers to the thin wheel small ground row, for the thick wheel large ground row car is called "big rubber". The wheels of "big rubber" are as thick as car tires (some are used car tires), the disc is large and strong, and the number and weight of the load are far beyond the reach of the small row, which can be called the "heavy truck" at that time. Under normal circumstances, the small ground row car is pulled by one person, and when it goes uphill or weighs heavily, another "pulling sleeve" is added, and at most two people will do it. Pulling "big rubber" is different, in addition to the "driver" (that is, the person who masters the handlebar in it), as many as three or five people or even a dozen people can pull the condom, and sometimes the person pulling the car also hums the trumpet while marching. Jinan's "big rubber", after the implementation of "public-private partnership" in the 1950s, was once the main equipment of various "transportation companies", and later gradually eliminated by automobiles.
Cauldron bottom: The cauldron bottom is a kind of stove. In the past, Jinan citizens lived in bungalows, there was no special kitchen, and only a stove was built with broken bricks and mud outside the door. The hearth is very large, sitting on top of a large iron pot, on one side there is an air duct that can be used to supply air with a bellows, and the fuel is mostly coal. The matching "bellows" (pronounced "fěnxian" by Jinan people, "box" is pronounced here with "first", softly), rectangular, pulling the bellows rod can send air to the stove to help ignite. In the past, the people of Jinan called pulling the bellows also known as "pulling the bottom of the cauldron" and "pulling the fire". The scene is often: the child sits on a futon or small board to pull the bellows, and the housewife operates on the edge of the pot (such as steamed dry food, paste, stir-fry, etc.). Sometimes the housewife is two times, and the fire pulling and operation are all undertaken by one person, which can be described as "busy and busy". In the old days, especially in the courtyard, when cooking, there was a bellows sound of "clicking" in front of the house, plus the sound of the spatula turning over the vegetables, etc., and the "symphony of pots and pans in the courtyard" was also a scenery.
Water sign: One is a small blackboard hung in the old store for temporary bookkeeping. Before the 1950s, most of the small private shops could sell items on credit, and when regular customers didn't have money, they could sell things on credit. The store is afraid of forgetting, so it is written on the "water sign", and the customer will return the money in the future, and the store will immediately erase it to show that the account is written off. For long-term exchanges and trusting old customers, the store often does not even remember, but it seems that they cannot trust others. Of course, customers only pay for some daily necessities, and there are not many valuable large items sold on credit.
The other is specially used to buy water. In the old days, in the place where the tap water was not reached, there were people who pulled water wheels to sell water. Residents often buy several water plates at a time, and when the car arrives, they hand over the license to buy water. Water buyers do not have to pay times, and water sellers do not have to find change from time to time. In the old days, there were many small shops (tea stoves) selling boiling water on the streets of Jinan. In addition to boiling water when cooking and lighting the fire, the general residents rarely light another fire to boil water, and when they need to use boiling water, they go to the tea stove to buy a pot. For convenience, the shopkeeper also sells water signs. These two kinds of water cards are mostly made of bamboo skewers, which are branded with simple marks and can be used repeatedly for a long time. Some institutions, schools and other units also use water signs (or water tickets) to open the water, and later some water signs are even iron or plastic.
Croak: wooden slippers, scientific name clogs. Before the advent of plastic slippers, Jinan people often wore wooden slippers in the summer. Its structure is very simple, the wooden board is sawn into the shape of a shoe sole, and the front end is nailed to the sides of the appropriate position with a small cloth belt to hang the foot. Because the wooden sole is hard, it will make a "clicking" sound when walking, so it is called "clicking board". In the old days, wooden slippers were also used in various bathhouses in Jinan, and bathers wore them in and out of the bathroom, and the sound of "clicking and clicking" was particularly loud. Since the 1960s, plastic products have gradually become popular, and light and soft plastic slippers have replaced wooden slippers. Nowadays, the board is a rare object.
Clam oil, horse oil: "clam oil" (gálāyóu) is a popular skin care and beauty product, oily, in the shell of the mussel. The people of Jinan call clams clams, so they call clam oil after them. As a container, the clam skin (the Jinan dialect refers to the mussel shell), the two pieces are connected, can be opened and closed, the surface is smooth, and the feel is very good. The "oil" contained in it is not a liquid, but a paste-like solid, with an aroma, which can be applied to the face and hands to prevent wrinkles and cracks. Clam oil is cheap and economical, and in the old days it was a must-have for ordinary people in Jinan in winter and spring, and it has now been eliminated.
There is also a popular skin care product called "horse oil", which is more oily than clam oil, pure white, and packed in a small pink cylindrical iron cylinder. The bottom of the cylinder is mobile, and the oil inside can be ejected from the bottom of the cylinder forward for a period of time after the oil inside is used less. Because the trademark of this skin care product is "Pegasus Brand", Jinan people refer to it as "horse oil". Horse oil, like clam oil, is economical and practical, and is a home-grown item. Nowadays, horse oil is rarely used, especially young people, most of whom think that its grade is too low, and there is only a little market for the elderly and low-income groups.
Curium: is a tool of curium ceramics, made of iron and copper, and the shape is similar to today's staples.
In the past, for ordinary people, ceramic tableware utensils are long-term consumer goods, once cracked or broken, as long as it is not broken very badly, the owner must put away the fragments, please curium curium re-use. The curium smith first uses a "hand drill" to drill two small holes on both sides of the crack or seam, and then inserts the two legs of the "hammer", gently beats it with a small hammer, and hammers a curium at some distance, thus fixing the two parts together. Iron hammers are cheaper, but easy to rust, copper hammers are more expensive, curium to porcelain is very beautiful, and the more polished the brighter. It is said that some people deliberately fill the purple sand pot with soybeans, pour water into the pot lid tightly, and the soybeans will crack the pot after they grow, and then ask the curium smith to put copper hammers along the natural cracks and polish them brightly, so as to be beautiful. Before the 1960s, it was common for ordinary residents in Jinan to use teapots and rice bowls with curiums at home. Later, people's living standards improved, and after breaking the porcelain, they simply bought new ones and no longer bothered to curium. Therefore, the curium smith business is gradually declining, and the hammer is gradually forgotten by people.
Twill (child), huada, thread: twill (child) is a kind of cotton cloth, it is relative to the "flat cloth", because the cloth surface has a slashing line, so it is named. Twill cloth is stronger than the general flat cloth, and the clothes are also more positive than the flat cloth; of course, the price is also more expensive than the general flat cloth.
HuaDa is a kind of cloth that is stronger than twill, wool textiles, its density is small, thicker, and it is very easy to wear into clothes, which is the best raw material for making Zhongshan clothes and suits. Similar to "Huada" are Zhigong and Guoni. The tribute and the country are thicker than the huada. Zhigong is suitable for making pants, coats, etc., and Guonai is suitable for making uppers. In Jinan before the 1960s, people who could wear Huada's Zhongshan suits, Zhigong pants, and Guonai cowhide soles were very "arrogant".
"Thread 绨" (pronounced xiantí) appeared later in the Jinan dialect and withdrew quickly. Thread is a cotton and linen blend, the surface is as bright and gorgeous as silk, but it is slightly thicker than silk, and the shrinkage is larger, and it is mostly used to make quilts. In the 1960s, when the average family in Jinan got married, it was a very good thing; when the new marriage was like sending a quilt, it was a more expensive gift. After the 1980s, with the improvement of people's living standards, the thread was gradually replaced by silk, and the "body value" of the thread was dropped sharply, becoming something that people "could not take out" when giving gifts. By the end of the 1990s, wire tassels were rarely seen on the market.
Shavings water, comb oil: In the old days, a hair care product used by women in Jinan was made of shavings from trees such as water fir. Women comb their hair with a comb dipped in shavings water to make it shiny and smooth. Later, combing oil (chemical products) arose, both bottled and zero-dozen. Comb oil contains aroma and can make hair more glamorous, so it is deeply loved by women. Shavings water is now long extinct, comb oil has also been "upgraded", has long been transformed into "×× shampoo", "××" and the like.
Pigar, Mida ruler, drama box, magnet stone, guan salary, etc.:
There are many words in the Jinan dialect that are "retired" not because "the skin does not exist, and the hair will be attached" (as in the nine examples mentioned above), but because its objects still exist and their names are mutated, "Piga" and so on.
Pígár [pígár]: Now called leather shoes, leather boots, such as: "You look at people, wearing Pigar more spirits!" ”
Mida ruler [mǐdachǐ]: that is, a ruler in metric "meters", now known as steel tape measures, tape measures, rulers, etc.
Drama box [xìxiázi]: Now known as radio, because the main entertainment function of the radio in the past was to listen to the play, and the shape is mostly box-type, so it is commonly known as "drama box".
Iron absorbing stone [xītiěshí]: the scientific name magnet, iron absorbing stone is a folk name in Jinan, and now the scientific name has been popularized, and the common name is rarely used.
Guan Hui [guǎnxiǎng]: i.e. salary. According to expert research, Guan Hui originally belonged to the Manchu vocabulary, which was widely used by Jinan people before the 1950s, and gradually changed its name to "paying wages" in the 1960s and 1970s.
Tap water (child) pen [zìláishuǐrběi]: that is, a fountain pen, which was also referred to as "water pen" by the people of Jinan in the old days. "Pen" is pronounced the same as "stele".
Atomic pen [yuánzǐběi]: that is, ballpoint pen, is the name of ballpoint pen in jinan in the 1950s, and later quickly standardized as ballpoint pen.
Electric rod [diànbàngzi]: i.e. flashlight.
Theater Garden [xìyuánzi]: Now collectively known as theater, theater, also classified as opera house, drama theater, theater and so on.
Gǔyǐdiàn: Refers to the shop that deals in used clothes, which sometimes sells new clothes, but mostly of poor quality. Shops specializing in used clothes are rare today, but old clothes stalls are common.
Free market [zìyóushìchǎng]: The name appeared in the early 1960s. At that time, a strictly planned economy was implemented, and agricultural and sideline products were completely rationed, and free trade was not allowed. In order to meet social needs and help people survive the disaster year, the government has set up "free markets" in several neighborhoods in the urban area, and allowed trade in agricultural and sideline products in the "free market". The "free market" was abolished after the start of the Cultural Revolution in 1966, but Jinan residents are still accustomed to calling the undisclosed market for agricultural and sideline products "free market." Since the end of the 1970s, the urban free trade market has gradually recovered, and with the reform and opening up and the development of the socialist market economy, the name of "free market" has also changed, and it has gradually been replaced by the more accurate and scientific term of "farmers' market".
Private enterprise [sǐyíngqíyè]: Now known as "private enterprise". This change is nationally unified and is a standardization of political terminology. Correspondingly, "state-owned enterprises" were changed to "state-owned enterprises".