【Outline】
In March, The Migration County's State Haojie was in Maoling.
【Purpose】
The Lord's Father Said: "The people of the world who are haojie and the people who are in chaos can all migrate to Maoling: the inner real master, the export of adultery, this so-called harm without condemnation." "From above. Guo Xie, the Great Hero of Kanto, is also in the middle of the migration. Wei Qingwei said: "Guo Xie's family is poor and not a disciple. Shang yue: "Xie, cloth, power to make the general a word, this family is not poor." "The pawns are dissolving the house." Xie Pingsheng killed many people, heard about it, and the lower officials arrested and ruled, and all the killings were before pardon. There are Confucian attendants sitting, and guo xie is praised. Sheng Yue: "Solve the problem of committing adultery against public law, what is a virtuous!" "Solve the guest's smell, kill this life, break his tongue." The official blamed himself in this way, but the truth of the explanation was unknown. Gongsun Hong, who was acquitted, said: "Xie, Cloth, for Renxia to exercise power, kill people with a blind eye; although Xie does not know, this crime is worse than the killing, when the great rebellion is no way." "Sui Clan Guo Xie."
Give Sang Hong yang lord Zuo Shu chief.
First of all, Sang Hong sheep led the farmers and did their best to deal with the salt and iron of the world. Let the distant ones be endowed with their things like those who are reselled by merchants at different times, and instilled in each other. If you are equal to the Capital Division, you are all entrusted by the world to lose, and if you are expensive, you will sell it, and if you buy it cheaply, you will make the rich merchants and merchants have nothing to gain, and all things must not be open. In the end, the patrol hunting, the reward is more than a million horses, and the money is in the tens of thousands, all of which are enough for the farmers. Hongyang also asked the officials to be made into the su to make up for the officials and the sinners to atone for their sins, and the people were not good to be endowed and the world was spared. Therefore, he gave Hongyang the lord zuo shuchang. It was a time of a small drought, and the upper order officer begged for rain. Bu Shiyan said: "The county officials should only pay taxes on food and clothing, and now Hongyang orders officials to sit in the city and sell goods for profit." Cooking sheep, the sky is rain. ”
- "Gangjian Yizhilu"
△ Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered the Xiongnu. Image source: Chinese Communist Party News Network
Guo Xie's luck was that he originated in the era of Wenjingzhizhi, but his misfortune was that he encountered Emperor Wu of Han, who had strong willpower, in the later period. Gongsun Hong, the Imperial Master of the Imperial History, believed that Guo Xieyi could manipulate his authority and let people die for him, and although he did not know it, it was even more serious than killing people with his own hands, and he should be sentenced to the crime of great rebellion. These words reached the heart of Emperor Wu of Han.
The rule of Wenjing, the rest and recuperation of the world, has made a great contribution to the restoration of social productivity, changing the ten taxes of the early Han Dynasty to thirty taxes and one, and even not collecting land for several years. During this period, there was no commercial tax, which gave the landlords and powerful people the opportunity for rapid development. In particular, salt merchants and miners, one boiling water for salt, the product is related to the national economy and people's livelihood, a fugitive stealing money, controlling the national financial system, and then began to annex land and collude with the government.
Once land annexation is formed, the heroes who represent the armed forces, the official officials who represent the power, the rich merchants who represent the financial resources, and the intellectuals who are nurtured by money will eventually form a whole, and if the state does not have enough control over the grass-roots level, the powerful and powerful center will run rampant in the local lawlessness, posing a great threat to the centralization of power. If this wind is not suppressed, the central government will be like the son of heaven in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, with a small country and a small wealth, and the name will exist.
In the Han Dynasty, how much influence did Haoqiang have? During the rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms of Wu and Chu, Zhou Yafubing went to Henan and found that the rebels had not contacted the Luoyang hero Ju Meng, and was overjoyed, saying: "Wu Chu did not ask Meng for a big thing, and I knew that his incompetence was over. ”
From Zhou Yafu's view of Haoqiang, we can know that when Emperor Wu of Han ascended the throne, if he did not attack Haoqiang, the authority of the central government would already face a severe challenge!
Without solving these problems, Emperor Wudi of Han would not be able to complete his mission.
Emperor Wu of Han said: "The Han family has created everything in the beginning, and the four Yi invaded China. If the system is not changed, future generations will not be able to. Without going out of the division to conquer, the world is uneasy. For this reason, they have to work hard. If the future generations do as they did, it is a sign of the invasion of Qin. "Suppressing the Xiongnu is the historical mission of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but if the enemy is thousands of miles away, where does the money come from?"
In China's ancient dynasties, there were never two modes of replenishing the treasury.
One is the traditional model represented by Chongzhen, ancient China was an agricultural empire, to get money, it is natural to let the peasants pay more taxes, so they add liao salaries and increase training salaries. Daming's tax revenue is only thirty taxes and one, plus Liao's salary, the tax is not high, but the decaying system has been transformed, the gentry, bureaucrats, princes and nobles do not need to bear the responsibility of the state, the good thirty taxes once to the implementation level of deformation, has become ten taxes seven eight, so increased, civil change, and then increased salary, and then the people change, and finally the emperor can only die in the society.
After reading the details of history, you will find that any adjustment of the ancient dynasty to agriculture, let alone the tax increase, was exploited by the government layer by layer, even Wang Anshi's Green Shoots Law, at the level of implementation, it became a tool for the rich to collude with the government to exploit the bottom.
The demise of the ancient Chinese dynasty, like Daming, was daming without money? The global silver is flowing in, but the imperial court is empty, the so-called rich in the people, which people are hidden?
The other path, which is destined to be lonely, bumpy, and eventually reviled by thousands of people, is to wage war against capital.
Emperor Wu of han, choosing to declare war on capital, the first move, salt and iron taxes.
At the suggestion of Sang Hongyang, Emperor Wu ordered merchants not to produce salt and iron privately, and that the state would produce and sell it later.
This move completely cut off the road of the Han Dynasty to collect wealth, and the group rebelled, and Emperor Wu of Han took decisive measures to kill a group of speculative merchants who violated the ban in the downtown area of Chang'an, and strengthened the continuous advancement of the policy.
Salt and iron, as a necessity for ordinary people's homes, soon filled the national treasury.
The system of salt and iron monopoly was a great feat, and in later generations, successive dynasties and dynasties followed the example of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and firmly held the production and operation rights of salt and iron in their hands.
The salt and iron monopoly is supported by the national logistics, the implementation of the equalization method throughout the country, ordering all counties to set up salt and iron officials, transporting tribute goods to areas that lack such goods for sale, and then purchasing materials needed in Chang'an in appropriate areas.
This method can solve the problem of high freight costs and adjust prices. Sang Hongyang once praised this: "Shandong was stricken, Qi Zhao was starved, Lai Jun lost the reserve, the warehouse was accumulated, the warriors were served, and the hungry people were given relief." ”
Emperor Wudi's salt and iron monopoly has always been widely criticized and is considered to be competing with the people for profit, but who did Emperor Wudi of Han compete for profit with? Which people? Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used the profits generated by the salt and iron monopoly to expedition the Xiongnu, to relieve the people of the border areas from hanging upside down, it was bound to incur costs, in ancient times to train a cavalry like today to train a pilot, where did the money come from?
In the past, salt and iron merchants were rich enough to rival the country, were they doing public welfare for free to the people? Isn't it a huge profit sold to the people, who have earned money and will organize cavalry to suppress the Huns?
Britain's capital went to sea because it could go to Africa and the Americas to rob, and could it earn money fighting the Huns? The Huns themselves were robbers, what could they grab? Can Chinese capital do it?
It is precisely because of the centralized management of salt and iron in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that metal smelting has a fundamental technological leap forward, developing in the direction of large scale, large number of personnel and complete equipment, and by the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, it has been able to use repeated forging methods to make it an early hundred steelmaking.
The improvement of technology in the military industry was eventually fully promoted for civilian use, and by the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, gray mouth iron was generally suitable for agricultural tools, with low hardness, small brittleness, wear resistance and other characteristics, due to the scale of enlargement, the price was also cheaper than that of the early Han Dynasty.
The second trick, in addition to the salt and iron tax, Emperor Wu of han created a precedent for asset taxation.
No one dares to collect asset tax, otherwise it will offend everyone around them.
However, Emperor Wu stipulated that the rich nobles, merchants, and usurers should each count their own possessions and make their own quotations. At the time, it was called arithmetic. Silk means silk, the rope that wears money. A coin is 1,000 copper coins. The imperial court demanded a 6% asset tax, i.e. 60 yuan.
Emperor Wudi's innovative measures caused an uproar and were attacked by the imperial court from top to bottom, but this could not shake Emperor Wudi's reform heart, nor could it shake Emperor Wudi's mission to fight against the Xiongnu, and strictly demand implementation.
There were policies at the top and countermeasures at the bottom, and the merchants buried the money one after another, but the firmness of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made them all miscalculate, and promoted the system of denunciation, that is, to encourage the commoners to expose tax evasion to each other, with half of the tax evasion as the reward amount.
Of course, because of the lack of statistical means and the backwardness of the ability to govern, in the Han Dynasty, how many assets the family had, could only be a vague algorithm, which was no way to do things.
How much is the house of a rich family worth, it may be worth 100,000 yuan, and it may be worth 80,000 yuan, so at that time, there must have been some unjust, false and wrong cases, and because of this, the asset tax of Emperor Wu of han was widely criticized.
The third move of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was to unify the national financial policy.
Emperor Wu carried out six currency reforms, basically solving the currency problem that had not been solved since the beginning of the Han Dynasty. On the one hand, it stabilized finance, and on the other hand, it reunified the local mint power with the central government.
After the six reforms, the issuance of five baht coins solved the problem of private minting and pirate minting that had plagued the finance of the Western Han Dynasty for many years, and the currency reform of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty has achieved great success so far.
The fourth trick of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was to buy and sell the title as a financial instrument.
The title of the Han Dynasty was not an official with administrative effect, but more of an honor.
Through the above series of policies, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty finally sealed the wolf juxu, created a great cause in the world, and even started from the Silk Road, so that Chinese civilization has since ranked at the top of the world.
Excerpt from | Leadership Digest September 2021
Source of the manuscript | "Reading a Good Book"
This article is written by | Wu Chengquan
Responsible Editor | Zhang Feng
WeChat Editor | Young