Ornamental fish disease prevention and control Ornamental fish live in a superior environment for a long time, the unit breeding area is small, the water quality management is strict and meticulous, the seed elimination rate is high, the contact with the outside world is small, and the opportunity for cross-infection of diseases is very small. Many ornamental fish, especially tropical fish, are mostly small and exquisite, pampered, living in a moderate environment, the amount of foraging and activity is small, and there is less interference from changes in the external climate and feeding conditions, so the disease resistance is poor. At present, the prevention and treatment of ornamental fish diseases, in line with the principle of "prevention first, prevention is more important than treatment, and prevention and control are combined", so as to prevent diseases without disease and treat diseases early, so as to control the occurrence and epidemic of fish diseases.
<h1>First, an overview of ornamental fish disease species</h1>
Fish diseases are generally divided into two broad categories: one is caused primarily by living animals or plants. Diseases caused by the invasion of microorganisms such as viruses, fungi, bacteria and single-celled algae, also known as microbial fish diseases. Because most of the microbial fish diseases have an acute onset, rapid spread, high morbidity and mortality, strong infectivity, and are not easy to prevent, so they are called infectious fish diseases. Fish diseases caused by animal parasites are called parasitic fish diseases, which are generally characterized by slower onset and transmission, lower morbidity and mortality, and easier control. Another type of fish disease is mainly caused by the mechanical, physical, chemical and other non-biological factors of the water environment or the metabolic disorders or functional disorders of the body caused by the physiological dysfunction of the fish body, which is called abiotic fish disease. There are many types of such fish diseases, the harm is greater, and the coverage is also wider. As long as management is strengthened and prevention is done, such fish diseases can be avoided.
<h1>2. Diseases caused by viruses </h1>
1. Hemorrhagic disease
[Pathogen] is the herpes virus.
[Symptoms] The body surface of the diseased fish is black and dull, and the mouth, muscles, and the base of various fins are congested; sometimes the gill cover, head, and abdominal wall are also hyperemic; the gills are bright red dot-like or plaque-like congestion; the serious diseased fish, due to a large amount of congestion in other organ tissues, make the gills bleed and pale, showing "white gills". In addition, the eyeballs are protruding, and the intestines and various internal organs show hyperemia. Sick fish have a weak appetite, slow movement, often swim alone or in a slow swir, lose weight, muscle atrophy, and die. The onset season is mostly from June to September, and the water temperature is most prevalent at 25 to 30 °C, and the mortality rate is quite high.
[Treatment]
(1) Fully expose the sun, and reduce the water temperature to below 25 ° C, for about 10 days to see the curative effect.
(2) Bathe with 1% salt water for 1 week.
(3) Use rhubarb and maple leaves 0.25 to 0.5 kg to grind into powder-end, after decoction or boiling water soaking, with bait made into medicinal bait to feed sick fish, for 5 consecutive days, while traveling in the aquarium for 2 consecutive days with dinomycoxim 0.6 parts per million (0.6ppm).
(4) Water bath treatment with dinofloxam three to five million (3 to 5ppm), or copper acetate, copper chloride, copper sulfate solution per million (0.7ppm), or rhubarb leaching solution for water bath treatment.
2. Acne disease - also known as lymphocytic cyst virus.
[Pathogen] Caused by virion infection of the herpes virus.
[Symptoms] At the beginning of the disease, many small white spots appear on the surface of the skin of the diseased fish, covered with two layers of white mucus, and as the disease progresses, the number of these white spots gradually increases, the area expands, and the epidermis of the diseased part gradually thickens, sometimes up to 1 to 5 mm thickens, forming a paraffin-like "hyperplasia", and the surface tissue changes from soft to cartilaginous connective knots. After these "augmentations" grow to a certain extent, they will automatically fall off, and then new "augmentations" will reappear in the original position. If these "augmentation organisms" account for most of the surface area of the fish body, they will seriously affect the normal growth of the fish, making the fish body emaciated, slow to swim, and even die. If there are not many "hyperplasias", the impact on fish is not large; generally in the spring, when the water temperature is about 15 ° C, cases appear. Because the epidemic of this disease is not widespread, rarely occurs, and the harm is not great, it has not attracted attention.
[Prevention and control method] This disease can be treated with levosome chloramphenicol; small fish can be soaked with a concentration of 0.225 (0.225ppm) of the liquid, and individual large fish can be injected with this drug, all of which can obtain certain efficacy.
Other methods:
1. Strengthen the autumn breeding work, so that goldfish, red carp and koi have a certain degree of fertilizer fullness before wintering, and enhance low temperature resistance and disease resistance.
2. Frequent feeding of animal fresh food such as water fleas, water earthworms, and mosquito larvae (blood worms) to strengthen nutrition and enhance the resistance to acne disease.
3. Soak with erythromycin 10ppm concentration for 50-60 minutes, which has a certain effect on prevention and early treatment.
4, with erythromycin 0. 4ppm～1． The 0ppm concentration is sprinkled throughout the pool, and then administered again after 10 days, which has a certain effect.
5. After soaking with erythromycin 10ppm concentration, then sprinkle the whole pool with furacillin 0.5ppm-1.0ppm concentration, and then sprinkle the whole pool with the same concentration after 10 days, which has a certain effect.
<h1>3. Diseases caused by bacteria</h1>
Common diseases caused by bacteria are as follows:
1. Bacterial gill disease
[Etiology] One is caused by protozoa, monozoan flukes, crustaceans, etc.; the second is caused by aquatic algae-like bacteria, such as gill mold; the third is caused by bacteria.
[Pathogen] Fish pest myxococci.
[Symptoms] The gills of the diseased fish are often filled with mucus, and the gills and the inner epidermis of the gill cap are bleeding, and the gills turn from red to white, gradually decaying with sludge, and finally developing to the whole gills, causing them to lose respiratory function and die.
[Treatment] Sick fish can be soaked in a solution such as two parts per million (2ppm) of furacillin, or 12.5 parts per million (12.5 ppm) of chlortetracycline, or 25 parts per million (25 ppm) of oxytetracycline, 25 parts per million (25 ppm) of solution such as diarrhea for 30 minutes; or soak the fish in 10 kg of water with 11.5% concentration of chloramidine 0.02 g; or use one millionth (1ppm) of furacillin, or one part of a million ( 1 ppm) of bleaching powder, or two to four parts per million (2 to 4 ppm) of the pentagram sprinkled over the disinfection treatment; fish farming containers and all utensils, disinfected and sterilized with eight parts per million (8 ppm) of bleach powder solution.
2. Bacterial enteritis
[Etiology] is mainly eating unclean food or overeating, intestinal distention, excretion obstruction, and finally caused by bacterial infection of the intestine caused by enteritis.
[Pathogen] is Aeromonas pneumaticis.
[Symptoms] Sick fish often have an enlarged abdomen, appear erythema, protruding anus, sluggish body, stopping in the corner of the aquarium and not moving, body muscles twitch for a short time, do not eat, and feces are white. Cut open the abdomen of the fish, you can see the hydrops in the abdominal cavity, the intestinal wall is congested and inflamed, only part of the intestine appears red in the light case, the whole intestine is purple-red in severe cases, there is no food in the intestine, and it is filled with yellowish mucus and blood pus.
[Treatment] There are many ways to treat enteritis. There are also more drugs sold in the market, such as internal drugs such as Nakella, Fish Service Kang, Sulfonamide, etc., external drugs such as bath fungus cleaning, furacillin, gentamicin, oxytetracycline, dysentery and other drugs after dilution or dip, can achieve better efficacy.
3. Leukoderma - also known as white tail disease
[Causes] Due to the unclean water quality, especially the feces in the aquarium are not removed in time, or due to the careless operation of fishing transportation, stocking, and moving the box, the fish body is injured, resulting in pathogenic bacteria infection.
[Pathogen] is a gram-negative bacillus called P. albicans.
[Symptoms] At the beginning of the disease, only a small white dot appears at the base of the dorsal fin or at the tail stalk, and then rapidly expands, spreading backwards from the dorsal fin of the fish body, so that the surface of the body between the dorsal fin and the fin to the caudal fin are all white. As the disease intensified, the swimming ability of the sick fish was significantly weakened, the balance of the body was out of control, the head was facing upwards, the tail fin was facing upwards, and the upward and downward movements and struggles were perpendicular to the water surface, and soon died. Between May and August of each year, the epidemic season of the disease, fish die 2-3 days after the onset of the disease, and the mortality rate is extremely high.
[Treatment] It can be soaked in an aqueous solution of oxytetracycline at 12.5 parts per million (12.5 ppm), or 25 parts per million (25 ppm) of aqueous oxytetracycline solution for 30 minutes, or it can be disinfected by bleaching powder of one part million (1 ppm) or a five-fold seed of two to four parts per million (2 to 4 ppm) sprinkled in the aquarium.
4. White-headed white-mouthed disease
[Pathogen] is a type of slimeococcal bacteria, which is very similar to the morphology of the pathogen Cocci of gill disease mentioned above. This bacterium is a good gas to grow, the most suitable temperature is 25 °C, the most suitable pH is about 7.2, and the pH can grow between 6.0 and 8.5.
[Symptoms] At the onset of the disease, the cells around the forehead and mouth of the diseased fish are necrotic, the pigment disappears and appears white, and the lesion site ulcerates, sometimes with grayish-white villi, thus showing the symptoms of "white head and white mouth". Sick fish swimming on the surface of the water are particularly pronounced. When the sick fish is out of the water, the symptoms are not significant. In severely diseased fish, ulceration occurs at the lesion site, and the head of some sick fish appears hyperemia, and sometimes it also shows lesion reactions such as white skin, white tail, rotten tail, rotten gills or mucus all over the body. Sick fish are generally thin, black, breathing faster, loss of appetite, slow swimming, constantly surfaced, and soon died. The disease is an fulminant disease that occurs so quickly that it spreads rapidly and can kill all of them in a day. The epidemic season is more obvious, generally from late May to early July, and the peak of the disease is in June.
[Prevention and control method] During the prevention and treatment, one part per million (1ppm) bleaching powder can be sprinkled into the fish box for disinfection treatment, or sprinkled with 0.5 to 0.7 parts per million (0.5 to 0.7ppm) Xilisheng (containing 2.5% ethyl chloride), and the effect is very good.
5. Hemorrhagic rot disease - also known as red skin disease, red skin plague.
[Pathogen] is Fluorescens polaris, a gram-negative bacterium.
[Symptoms] Local or most of the bleeding on the body surface is inflamed, the scales fall off, especially the sides of the fish body and the abdomen are the most obvious, the base of the dorsal fin or all of the fins is hypertrophied, the end of the fin is rotten, often rotting for a while, the tissue between the fins is also destroyed, showing a broken paper fan (also known as a borer fin); sometimes the upper and lower jaws and gill caps of the sick fish are partially hyperglycrated, now lumpy erythema, and sometimes hyperemia and inflammation. Water mold tends to grow where the scales fall off and where the fins rot. The disease is endemic in a wide area and can be seen all year round, often complicated with gills and hemorrhage. When the fish body is injured, the pathogenic bacteria take the opportunity to invade the fish body, which is prone to this disease. When the water temperature is extremely low in winter, the skin of the fish can also be frostbitten.
[Treatment] Baths can be obtained with 1% salt water, or five parts per million (5 ppm) of furazolidone, or two parts per million (2 ppm) of potassium permanganate, or 2 parts per million (2 ppm) of bleach powder.
6. Vertical scale disease - also known as vertical scale disease, pine scale disease, pine skin disease, etc.
[Pathogen] is a bacterium similar to the water-type P. elegans.
[Symptoms] The symptoms of diseased fish are characterized by a rough body surface, most of which are scales that open outward like pine balls in the tail part, while the squamous systac edema at the base of the scales accumulates translucent or blood-containing exudates inside, so that the scales stand up. A slight pressure is applied to the scales, containing liquid ejected from the scale sac, and the scales also fall off, sometimes accompanied by symptoms such as hyperemia of the fin base and skin surface, protrusion of the eyeball, and swelling of the abdomen. The sick fish swims slowly, has difficulty breathing, turns the body sideways, the abdomen is up, and dies after 2 to 3 days. It is susceptible to this disease when the water quality is not clean, the light is insufficient, the water is lacking in oxygen, the feeding water temperature is too high, and when the scales of the fish body are scratched. Goldfish and koi often suffer from this disease, which is more prevalent every spring, and in tropical ornamental fish, foamy oviparous fish such as climbing perch, fighting fish and medaka family often suffer from this disease. This disease is difficult to cure, even after the cure, the color, luster, and posture are not as good as before.
[Treatment method] The diseased fish can be immersed in a tetracycline solution with a concentration of 50,000 units for 1 hour; it can also be bathed with 2% sodium chloride solution mixed with 3% sodium bicarbonate solution for 10 minutes; or chloramphenicol solution, or furacillin powder plus dysenteryr solution, or gentamicin solution, and can also be diluted with 1% of the above solution into a low dose, and the effect can be seen for several days.
7. Furuncles
[Pathogen] is furunculous punctate gas-producing monosporum, which is a gram-negative bacterium. The body is short rod-shaped, rounded at both ends, measuring (0.5 to 0.6) microns × (1.0 to 1.4) microns, single or two connected, extreme single flagella, no pod membrane, no spore. Agar colonies are round, 2 to 3 mm in diameter, off-white, translucent, and the optimal incubation temperature is 25 to 30 °C.
[Prevalence and harm] Because the lesion is on both sides of the base of the dorsal fin of the fish body, and the furuncle is only hyperemic and red in a small area of the skin, and the lesion protrudes outward to form furuncles, it is not easy to form an epidemic. Therefore, there is no obvious epidemic season, which occurs all year round. It mainly harms carp, grass, green and other fish.
[Symptoms] This disease, also known as neoplasmosis, the lesion site is uncertain, usually on both sides of the base of the dorsal fin of the fish body, subcutaneous muscle tissue appears 1 or several red and swollen bulges, shaped like abscesses, touched with the hand, there is a soft and puffy feeling. With the development of the disease, muscle tissue shows blood, body fluid oozing, followed by necrosis and ulceration. Because the affected part is on both sides of the base of the dorsal fin, it causes the base of the sick fish fin to be congested, the fins are scattered, and when the disease is severe, the intestines also have symptoms of congestion and inflammation.
Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms. When the furuncle site has not yet ulcerated, the furuncle is cut open, and muscle ulcers are obviously visible, with pus and bloody fluid. On smear examination, a large number of bacteria and white blood cells can be seen under the microscope.
[Prevention and control methods]
(1) Prevention
(1) In the process of fishing, transportation, stocking and other operations, do not injure the fish body.
(2) Drug disinfection, with 2 grams / cubic meter of water body furazolidone medicinal bath fish body for 30 minutes, can disinfect the injured part, to prevent bacterial infection.
(2) Treatment (internal and external use)
(1) Internal administration of sulfonamides, mixed feeding, continuous use for 5 days;
(2) Take furazole solution internally, once a day, mixed feeding, for 20 days.
(3) Internal antibiotics for 10 days, chloramphenicol for 5 to 10 days, tetracycline for 10 days.
(4) Take haloperid acid internally, mix it into the feed and feed it, once a day, and use it for 3 days for 1 course.
(1) To prevent this disease, the water quality should be kept clean to prevent fish trauma.
(2) After the abscess is mature, the pus is drained by surgery, and then rinsed with furacillin water, and the application of furacillin dry powder or antibiotic powder can receive better results. Severe cases are immediately eliminated, and those who are found to have bulging blisters are fished out for separate treatment.
(3) Large fish can inject 40,000 to 80,000 units of penicillin intramuscularly or rinse the sore surface with medicinal solution.
8. Printing disease - also known as rot disease.
[Pathogen] is a punctate subspecies of Punctate Aeromonas, which belongs to the Gram-negative bacterium.
[Symptoms] The sick fish usually begins to become inflamed on both sides of the anus or at the tail stalk (rarely in the front of the body), skin, muscles, erythema, sometimes pustular. As the disease progresses, the scales in this area fall off, the muscles gradually decay, forming a red, round or oval lesion with a bloody edge, as if it were marked with a red mark, so it is called a printing disease. Sick fish are thin and sluggish in swimming; when the disease is severe, death can occur. The disease is often contracted when the water quality is not clean or the fish body is damaged. There is no obvious epidemic season.
[Treatment] Other treatments for fish diseases caused by Gram-negative bacilli can be referred to.
9. Explosive hemorrhagic disease (bacterial sepsis)
[Pathogens]: At present, after preliminary identification, there are three types of pathogens, (1) Yersinia lucella. (2) Aeromonas. (3) Vibrio. Yersinia luxe is a pathogen suitable for growth below 20°C. The most appropriate time for this bacterium to appear is from March to April of each year. The pathogens of the outbreak epidemics that occurred during this period were mainly this bacterium. Aeromonas and Vibrio are warm water bacteria. The suitable growth temperature is between 20-30 °C. Therefore, from the end of May to the entire high temperature season). When examining sick fish, such bacteria can be found. Due to the production of toxins by pathogens of the disease, it causes hemolysis, bleeding and serious tissue damage in the sick fish. Liver dysfunction, renal dysfunction, pancreatic dysfunction, dying sick fish develop uremia and liver coma and die. Pathogenic bacteria multiply rapidly when the water temperature is high. The disease is a sepsis caused by a variety of bacterial infections, so it is also called freshwater fish bacterial sepsis, referred to as bacterial sepsis.
[Symptoms and diagnosis]: In the early stage of the disease, from the appearance of the observation, the mouth, abdomen, gill cap, orbit, fins and sides of the fish body show mild congestion symptoms. The abdominal cavity is cut open, and a small amount of food is still seen in the intestine. With the development of the disease, the above-mentioned hyperemia on the surface of the body is aggravated, the muscles show blood symptoms, the peri-orbital congestion, the eyeball is protruding, and the abdomen is swollen and red. Open abdominal cavity is obviously visible, due to damage to internal organs (liver, spleen, kidneys, etc.), resulting in the accumulation of yellow or red ascites in the abdominal cavity, liver, spleen, kidney enlargement, intestinal wall congestion, inflated and no food. Gills are grayish white and anemic, sometimes purple and swollen, and in severe cases, the gill filaments are decayed at the ends. From March to April, the symptoms of inflammation and congestion on the surface of the body in diseased fish are: head, mouth, gill cover, orbit and other parts of the body surface, as well as on both sides of the body surface, under the abdominal fin and at the tail stalk, some diseased fish can see protruding eye, gill anemia, internal organs with different degrees of inflammation, and sometimes can also see intestinal inflation and swelling. After 5 months, the symptoms of sick fish are that the body surface is mostly covered with gills, fins and internal organs congestion and inflammation, and sometimes the mouth and muscles are also engorged and inflamed. Because the clinical symptoms of sick fish at this stage are more complex, sometimes the appearance of physical symptoms is not obvious, the fish is dead, and the symptoms of each sick fish are not exactly the same, so it is difficult to have an absolute boundary.
1. Clean the fish tank thoroughly.
2. Medication:
Dakella (for freshwater fish)
Treatment: Killing fish ectoparasites on the first day
Disinfection: Choose one of the following fish medicines
Quicklime, euchlorine, trichloroisocyanuric acid, chlorine dioxide preparations (100 poisons, poison king, fish and shrimp an, etc.) are applied according to the instructions for use, polyester bacteria net.
<h1>4. Diseases caused by fungi</h1>
1. Skin mold disease - also known as water mold disease, white disease, for one of the most common diseases of ornamental fish.
[Pathogens] are water zero genus, cotton mold genus, heteromyld genus, filamentous mold genus, putrex genus and other species.
[Symptoms] When fishing and transporting ornamental fish, a little careless, so that the skin of the fish body is injured, or the parasite invasion destroys the skin, the spores of mold invade the wound, suck nutrients, germinate rapidly, and the hyphae go inward into the muscle at one end and grow outward at the other end, forming cotton flocculent hyphae. When the mold is first parasitic, it is not easy to detect with the naked eye; when it is seen by the naked eye, the hyphae have invaded from the wound of the fish body and grow from the outside to the inside. The hyphae entangle with the cellular tissue of the wound and adhere to it, causing the tissue to necrosis. Due to the increasing number of cotton-like hyphae, the fish body is overburdened, making swimming disorders, decreasing appetite, and becoming thinner and weaker, resulting in death.
When ornamental fish are infected with mold, they are also affected by the length of light time. Prolonged rain or insufficient indoor lighting, daylight and other light sources can contribute to the breeding of mold. The body of the fish infected with mold is usually covered with a layer of white hair, especially the black and red fish, which loses the luster that the fish body should have. Then the activity is sluggish, often sluggish, floating on the surface of the water, if not treated in time, the fish body mold spreads, the affected area muscles rot, appetite loss, and eventually lead to death.
[Treatment] Skin mold disease can occur all year round, most common in early spring and late winter. In order to prevent the occurrence of water mold disease, attention should be paid to prevent damage to fish bodies and parasite bites as much as possible during operation, and a small amount of table salt can be put into the water to inhibit the occurrence of water mold. When fish are found to be infected with water mold, it can be soaked in 3% salt water once a day for 5 to 10 minutes each time, or soaked in two parts per million (2 ppm) potassium per manganate solution plus l% table salt for 20 to 30 minutes, or soaked with one to two parts per million (1 to 2 ppm) malachite green solution for 20 to 30 minutes, or soaked with one millionth to two (1 to 2ppm) of submethyl blue solution for 20-30 minutes, or with five parts per million (5ppm) of furacillin solution. Or use parts per million (0.02ppm) malachite green solution and 0.3 parts per million (0.3ppm) formaldehyde solution directly into the aquarium to inhibit the breeding of mold. It can also be used to increase the water temperature to inhibit the growth of water mold. Installing a 15-watt ultraviolet lamp on the top of the aquarium and irradiating it for several hours a day can effectively inhibit or eliminate the breeding of water mold.
2. Gill mold disease
[Pathogen] is gill mold genus.
[Symptoms] When the spores are scattered in the water, they encounter the gills of the fish, they adhere to the gills, invade their tissues to grow, develop into hyphae, continue to branch, and wear them like earthworms in the gill pieces, destroying the tissue, turning the normal bright red gills into pink, showing a serious anemia. As the disease progresses, the ventilatorship is severely obstructed, causing the death of the sick fish. The course of the disease is often acute. When the disease begins, a small number of fish are found to be dead, but by the 2nd to 3rd day, a large number of deaths will suddenly occur. When the water quality is not clean, too much organic matter and the water body deteriorates, it is most suitable for the large number of gill mold.
[Treatment method] There is no good treatment for gill mold disease, mainly relying on the usual attention to do a good job in prevention, keeping the water quality clean and pre-disinfecting the water. Treatment can be based on the treatment of skin mold.
5. Diseases caused by protozoa
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1. Trypanosomiasis
The pathogen belongs to the family Tripanaceae, Trypanosoma, and is a flagella that lives specifically in the bloodstream. In the blood of freshwater fish, it is quite common and there are many species, but except for individual fish, a large number of parasitic cases can occasionally be found, and generally there are not many. Even in the case of relatively large numbers, the symptoms are not obvious from the appearance and blood of the fish. Since most of these flagellars are not seriously harmful to fish, this pathogen is invisible to the naked eye, and their pathology is also poorly studied. Diagnosis is by microscopy.
2. Myxosporidiosis
Myxosporidium is the most diverse and common type of sporangia among marine and freshwater fish parasites. Myxosporidium is a relatively small type of parasite. During their development, they produce spores of various shapes and sizes without exception.
Mature spores fall into the water from the diseased fish, are swallowed by other fish or adhere to the body surface or gills due to contact, are stimulated by certain substances in the fish body, release polar filaments, drill into the cells of the host tissue "settled", begin to grow and develop, this time is called the vegetative body period, the vegetative body continues to develop and grow parasitic tissues around it, degradation and change due to stimulation, resulting in a membrane wall to envelop the vegetative body, forming a myxosporid sac, the shape and size of the sac are different, visible to the naked eye.
Myxosporidium is common in parts of the skin, gills, and intestines of tropical ornamental fish. Parasitic myxosporidium on the skin and gills, its sacs are finally squeezed by a large number of mature spores, so that the spores are directly scattered in the water, re-invading other fish bodies, and beginning to repeat its life history. Myxosporidium, which parasitizes in the intestine, can be exported through the excretory and secretory ducts of various organs.
Most of the species of myxosporidium, due to the small number of existing, the harm to fish is not large, only a few species cause serious epidemics, affecting the growth and development of fish. Fish suffering from this disease, due to the body's imbalance, loss of appetite, increasingly emaciated physique, the skin of the fish body or gill tissue is damaged, infected by bacteria and decay, resulting in gill tissue ventilatory function is hindered, the diseased fish eventually die. Sick fish, whose appearance is less severe, often rotate in waves, showing extreme fatigue and weakness. Seriously ill fish, swimming alone in the water, often jumping out of the water, and then drilling into the water, so many times, and finally death, this disease is called madness.
Myxosporidium is endemic at home and abroad, and although fairly common and severe, there are still no effective control methods. The prevention and control methods mostly use quicklime and lime nitrogen as utensils for disinfection. For diseased fish, potassium per manganate or 2% salt water, or 8% copper sulfate solution is used for 15 to 20 minutes, and 1% dimethods can also be soaked for 3 to 9 minutes, which has a certain effect on killing myxosporids on the fish.
3. Small melon worm disease - also known as white spot disease.
[Pathogens] are notchaceae, small melon worm genus, multi-child melon worm. This is a relatively large class of ciliates. Its morphology varies greatly between the larval and adult stages. The larvae of the small melon worm invade the skin and gills of fish, especially the skin. When the larvae are infected with the host, they burrow into the epithelial tissue of the skin or gills, wrap the body in the small sac secreted by the host, and grow and develop inside the cell, becoming an adult. Adult worms break through the sacs and fall into the water, swim freely for a period of time and then land at the bottom of the water body, resting down, secreting a layer of colloidal sacs. The sacs of worms are propagated by splitting, producing hundreds or even thousands of ciliated larvae. The larvae come out and swim freely in the water, looking for a host, which is the infection period of the small melon worm. The larvae infect the new host and begin its life history again.
[Symptoms] Cases of disease in ornamental fish due to parasitism of small melon worms are more common. At the beginning of the infection of the fish body, the chest, back, tail fin and body surface skin have white dot-like distribution, at this time the diseased fish as usual foraging activities, a few days later the white spots are all over the body, the fish body loses the ability to move, often sluggish, floating on the surface, swimming sluggish, loss of appetite, emaciation, skin with bleeding points, sometimes swinging left and right, and in the aquarium wall, aquatic grass, sand and gravel side of the body quickly swim itchy, swimming gradually out of balance. The course of the disease is usually 5 to 10 days. The rate of infection is extremely fast, and if the treatment is not timely, it can cause a large number of deaths in a short period of time.
The suitable water temperature of small melon worms is 15 to 25 °C. The disease occurs mostly in early winter, late spring and rainy seasons, especially in the absence of light, low temperatures, and lack of live bait. When the water temperature rises to 28 ° C, the small melon worms will begin to die.
[Prevention and control methods] Mostly use the weakness of small melon insects that are not tolerant to high temperatures, increase the water temperature, and then equipped with drug treatment, usually the cure rate can reach more than 90%. If treated promptly, the cure rate can reach 100%.
It is better to mix malachite green with 25 parts per million (0.05 ppm) of malachite green and 25 parts per million (25 ppm) of formaldehyde solution, which is more effective; it can also be soaked in 1% brine for several days, or with 2 parts per million (2 ppm) of methyl blue solution for 6 hours per day; or with 28 to 30 parts per million (2 ppm) of quinine hydrochloride solution for 3 to 5 days, or with 2 parts per million (2 ppm) of mercury nitrite solution for 30 minutes; or with 50 to 70 parts per million (50 to 70 million) ( Good results can be achieved by soaking in a red mercury solution at a concentration of 50 to 70 ppm for 5 to 15 minutes, or by splashing it with a mercury nitrate solution of 0.1 to 0.2 ppm per million.
4. Oblique tubeworm disease
[Pathogen] belongs to the genus Orioleidae. It is mainly parasitic on the skin and gills. The choice of host is not strict and is not limited to juvenile or adult fish, but juvenile fish are most sensitive to this insect and often cause serious deaths. Small fish raised in small water bodies such as aquariums are easily invaded, and even in the process of long-distance transportation, it has been found that the insects cause a large number of deaths.
[Symptoms] The body of the intracula is much smaller than that of the small melon worm, invisible to the naked eye, and there are no symptoms such as white spots. The infected part of the fish body secretes a large amount of mucus, and in severe cases, the skin of the lesion part of the fish body forms a pale and blue-gray mucous membrane layer. Due to damage to the skin and gills, it is easy to infect bacteria. The sick fish are emaciated and blackened, their breathing function is blocked, their appetite is lost, and eventually they die. The suitable water temperature for the propagation of oblique tubeworms is 12 to 18 °C, which is easy to spread in winter and spring.
[Treatment] It can be soaked in a solution of eight parts per million (8ppm) of copper sulfate, or a mixture of copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate (5:2) of parts per million (0.7ppm) can be sprinkled in the aquarium, and the effect can be seen.
5. Wheelworm disease
[Pathogen] is more than ten species of two genera, including the genus Of the genus Podidae and the genus of small whivativa. There are many types and wide distributions, and they can appear all year round.
[Symptoms] can parasitize marine and freshwater fish on the surface, gills and nostrils. Species that invade the skin are larger, while those that attack gill flaps are smaller. This insect is most harmful to juveniles. It is generally most likely to occur in small areas, shallow water, dense and dirty water bodies, often causing a large number of fry to die.
When a large number of wheelworms invade the fish body, the diseased fish secrete a large amount of mucus, forming a white spot. Sick fish have decreased appetite, body color is faded, physique is emaciated, swimming slowly, swimming alone, floating head water, seriously affecting the growth and development of fish. In particular, the insect body that invades the gill apparatus destroys the gill tissue, causes bacterial infection, makes the gill silk rot, and causes suffocation and death.
The propagation temperature of rotifers is 20 to 28 °C, which is consistent with the suitable water temperature of tropical fish. Under the conditions of small and shallow water, insufficient food and over-stocking, if there is a rotifer pathogen, the rearing fish are easily sick.
[Prevention and control method] The diseased fish can be soaked in 2% salt water for 15 to 20 minutes, or soaked in 8% copper sulfate solution for 15 minutes, or sprinkled with copper sulfate at 0.7 parts per million (0.7ppm), or sprinkled with a combination of 0.7 parts per million (0.7ppm) of copper sulfate and ferrous sulfate (5:2), which can achieve certain efficacy.
<h1>6. Diseases caused by monospecific trematodes</h1>
1. Ringworm disease
[Pathogens] are many species of the genus Ringworms and the genus Ringworms. Ringworms are hermaphrodites, and the incubation time of eggs depends on the temperature. At a water temperature of 28 to 30 °C, it can hatch into ciliary larvae in 1 to 3 days, and attach to the gills of the fish to develop into adult worms. The insect body has an eye point that can feel the light and darkness, and if the shadow of the fish appears, the insect will chase to the surface of the body attached to the fish, first in the epidermis, and can climb to the gills in l~ 2 days.
[Symptoms] Ringworms are widely distributed, and in summer and autumn, diseased fish can often have more than 60 insect bodies on a gill piece. Ringworm disease is more common at the fingerling stage and is quite lethal to juveniles, but not harmful to healthy adults. The symptoms of the diseased fish are not obvious at the beginning of the disease, with the increase of parasite bodies, the gill filament tissue is destroyed, the mucus on the gill cover is increasing, the gill part is obviously puffy, the gill cover is slightly open and difficult to close, the gill blood loss, the gill filament turns dark gray or pale, mental sluggishness, swimming slowly; stop feeding in severe cases, breathing difficulties, gradually emaciated and weak, and eventually suffocate due to breathing obstruction and suffocation.
[Treatment] May be one million to two (1 to 2ppm) of dimethoate solution soaked in diseased fish for 5 to 10 minutes, or soaked with three parts per million (3ppm) of potassium permanganate solution, or with a millionth of a million (o.1ppm) of dimethocephalus solution, or with a million ' twenty-five to forty (25 to 40ppm) of formaldehyde solution soaked for 2 to 3 days, or with one millionths of a million (180ppm) of formaldehyde solution soaked l one 1.5 hours, or with one hundred hundred A 250 to 300/100,000 to 300(250 to 300 m) formaldehyde solution can be soaked for 30 minutes, repeated once after 2 days, or soaked in a millionth (1 ppm) of triclosone solution for 3 days, or soaked with a millionth (100 ppm) triclosone solution for 1 hour, can obtain a better effect.
2. Three generations of insect disease
[Pathogen] Three generations of insects do not have eye spots, according to this feature, easy to distinguish from ringworms. In the middle of each adult worm's body, an oval fetus (second generation) can be seen, and in the fetus, it begins to give birth to the next generation (third generation) embryo, so it is called "three generations of worms".
The most suitable water temperature for the propagation of three generations of insects is about 20 ° C, so April to May is the most prosperous season for its breeding, and it is also the most popular season for this disease.
[Symptoms] Three generations of insects can parasitize in adult fish, fingerlings and fry bodies, and are the most harmful to fry and fingerlings. Although there are three generations of parasites on the body of larger fish, the symptoms are often not obvious and the harm is small.
Juvenile fish suffering from three generations of insect disease, the fish body begins to fade and become pale and dull, the mucus on the surface of the body increases; the fins droop, the end curls and gradually cracks; the extremely restless state, sometimes swimming wildly in the water or swimming on the side of the water, trying to get rid of the harassment of parasites, and then loss of appetite, slow swimming, gradual emaciation, and in severe cases, causing the death of the sick fish. Three generations of parasites on the gills of fish cause breathing difficulties and soon suffocate to death.
[Treatment] Is the same as for ringworm disease. By far, the most commonly used and effective drug for the treatment of this type of trematodiasis is formaldehyde (formalin fluid). When using formalin liquid to kill trematozoa, its dose must be sufficient, otherwise it will lead to the development of trematode resistance, the formation of resistant mutants, and make the drug difficult to kill. There are two methods of general medication: one is a low dose for a long time, such as using a medicinal bath of 20 to 40 parts per million (20 to 40ppm) for 24 hours, more than one-half of the water is changed; the other is a high dose for a short time, such as using a two hundredth to two hundredth to two hundredth to two hundredth (250 millionth) medicinal bath for 1 hour, more than 90% of the water is changed. Since the oxygen demand of the diseased fish is large when it is parasitized by the trematodes, it is necessary to continuously inflate the dissolved oxygen during treatment.
3. Two-body worm disease
[Pathogens] are many species of diptychal insects. Adult worms have two worm bodies, like two bayonets or daggers in the handle of the knife crossed and merged with each other, forming a special shape in the shape of an "X", so it is called "double-body worm".
[Symptoms] The larvae hatch from the egg, have cilia all over the body, swim in the water for a short time, and then attach to the fish body and grow into adults. Diplodocus usually parasitizes on the gill septum of large fish, sucks fish blood, destroys gill tissue, and has a certain harm to fish, but the general parasitic number is not large, and the harm is not serious.
[Treatment] is the same as ringworm disease and third-generation insect disease.
<h1>7. Diseases caused by tapeworms</h1>
1. Taeniasis in Jiujiangtou - Guangdong is called dry mouth disease.
[Pathogen] is the Jiujiangtou taenia. Adults are flattened and consist of many segments.
[Symptoms] Tapeworm cephalus uses its cephalosa to adsorb on the intestinal wall of the fish, sucking nutrients from the host, and when serious infection, the foregut forms a gastric sac-like expansion, causing mechanical obstruction. Sick fish have reduced food intake, thin body, increased melanin on the surface of the body, and swim alone in isolation, often open mouth, which can lead to a large number of deaths in severe cases.
[Treatment] In recent years, infections with tropical fish such as colorful angelfish have become quite common, but they are difficult to treat. 1.5% to 2.0% kamala can be used as medicinal bait to be fed, and live bait can be stopped to control the disease.
2. Diplodocusis
[Pathogen] is the schizophrenia of the diplodocus. The body of the insect is flattened, the flesh is thick and white, and it is called "noodle worm". The first intermediate host of dipterocarpus is copepods (e.g., various sword fleas).
Hook bulbophyllum enters its body cavity and develops over 9-10 days to become a mature protococcygeal. The second intermediate host is fish. Fish swallow copepods infected with protocopods, which develop in the fish's body cavity and usually do not reach the invasion period until the second year. Ultimately, the host is a fish-eating bird. Protococcyges develop in the intestines of the final host and soon become adults.
[Symptoms] The larvae of the diplodocus parasitize the body cavity of the fish, causing the host's abdomen to swell. Sick fish often swim slowly on the surface of the water, even sideways or on the abdomen. Cut open the belly of the fish and see that the body cavity is filled with white banded schizophrenia. Due to its parasitism, the host's internal organs are gradually atrophied under pressure, normal functions are destroyed, growth stagnation, and the body is thin; reproductive organs will be completely destroyed, resulting in infertility. Sometimes the schizocephalic liceps also damage the abdominal wall of the fish and burrow out of the body, causing the fish to die.
[Treatment] Diplodosis is widely distributed. In recent years, infections have been widespread in ornamental fish fed live bait, such as colorful angelfish, and there is no specific treatment. The principles and methods of treatment are the same as those of Taeniasis in Jiujiangtou.
<h1>8. Diseases caused by nematodes</h1>
1. Capillary nematode disease
[Pathogen] is a capillary worm. The male is 1.93 to 4.15 mm long and the female is 4.99–10.13 mm long.
[Symptoms] Parasitize in the digestive tract of fish, drill into the mucosal layer of the intestinal wall with the head, destroy the tissue, and cause other pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine to invade the intestinal wall and cause inflammation, which can cause the death of the fish in severe cases. Simple suffering from capillary nematode disease, due to the absorption of nutrients by the insect body, makes the fish body thin, and the growth and development are affected to a certain extent.
The eggs of the capillary worm begin to divide after the feces are excreted. When the water temperature is 28 to 32 ° C, it develops into larvae after 6 to 7 days. The larvae usually become infective embryonic eggs in the egg without burrowing out of the egg shell, and other fish swallow the embryonic egg and then become infected.
[Treatment] General prevention and treatment is not easy.
2. Hysterosomiasis
The pathogens are some species of the genus Uterine nematode. Because the insect body is generally red, it is commonly known as "red worm disease". The more common pathogens are carp uterine nematodes, crucian carp uterine nematodes, and vine uterine nematodes.
Females of carp uterine nematodes, female worms parasitize under the skin of carps and other fish, making the scales erect, causing inflammation and congestion of the skin and muscles. In places where the skin is inflamed, it often causes water mold disease to occur concurrently, and in severe cases, it causes the death of sick fish. The disease mainly affects fish over 2 years of age. The male parasitizes in the bladder and abdominal cavity, is as small as a strand of hair, and is transparent and colorless. This nematode is fetal. The larvae are swallowed by large sword fleas, which develop in the body cavity of sword fleas, and fish are infected by swallowing sword fleas.
Females of crucian carp uterine nematodes parasitize the caudal fins of crucian carp and can sometimes parasitize on the dorsal and anal fins. In addition to the growth and development of diseased fish is affected to a certain extent, it generally does not cause death. The male parasitizes in the bladder and abdominal cavity, is as small as a strand of hair, and is transparent and colorless. The life history is similar to that of the carp uterine nematode. The larvae survive up to 13 days in water, with intermediate reservoirs being sword fleas, which fish infect by swallowing copepods with this nematode larvae.
Females of vine-loving uterine nematodes parasitize the dorsal and anal fins of carps, and sometimes also parasitize in the caudal fins. The pathogenic profile for the host is about the same as that of crucian uterine nematodes. The male parasitizes in the abdominal cavity, is as small as a hair, and is transparent and colorless.
<h1>9. Diseases caused by crustaceans</h1>
1. Anchor head loach disease - also known as needle worm disease, iron anchor worm disease.
[Pathogen] is anchorhead bream. The parasitism of anchorhead loach on the fish body can be divided into three stages: "child worm", "strong worm" and "old worm". Child worms generally develop into strong worms after 2 to 3 days. The body of the worm is thick, the hand can be erected, the naked eye can see the intestinal tube constantly peristalsis, and there is a pair of green egg sacs hanging behind the body. The old insect body color is cloudy, soft, inelastic when the hand is moved, no egg sac, and the insect body is often attached. There are many protozoa such as mycoccidates, at which point the insect body is close to death. Anchorhead bream can only live for about 20 days at water temperatures of 25 to 37 °C; in spring and autumn, it can live for a month or a little longer. A few of the anchorheads infected in late autumn can overwinter on fish bodies, and most die in winter.
[Symptoms] The occurrence of anchorhead loach disease has two different types, acute and chronic. In acute infection, it can cause a large number of fish to die in a short period of time. Because a large number of fifth copepod larvae infect the fish body, destroy the fish body tissue, and at the same time absorb a large amount of host nutrients, the fish appear impatient, and even swim slowly on the surface of the water, do not feed, resulting in a large number of deaths. Chronic infections are often due to inflammation, redness or necrosis of the surrounding tissues at the site of the parasite, and the invasion of water mold and bacteria into the wound, causing complications of other inflammations. The insect body exposes the outer part of the skin of the fish body, and there are often protozoans and algae epiphytes, resembling a bunch of gray cotton wool, so it is called "coat disease". In this case, the ability to move the diseased fish is affected, and the parasite absorbs the nutrition of the host, making the fish extremely thin, causing the diseased fish to slowly die.
Anchorhead bream has a wide range of temperature suitability, 12 to 33 °C. Therefore, ornamental fish may be infected with this disease.
[Control method] Can be used to kill anchor loach larvae with a solution of 0.3 to 0.5 ppm per million (0.3 to o.5 ppm), and once every half a month, the diseased fish can also be soaked with potassium per manganate solution of 5 to 8 parts per million (5 to 8 ppm).
2. Fish lice disease - also known as fish lice disease.
[Pathogen] is a parasitic crustacean. The living body is transparent and very similar to the body color of the host. It resembles a bed bug, and is also known as fish lice disease and fish turtle disease. The crisis can be firmly attached to the fish body, and can swim freely in the water for a short time, so it can be transferred from one fish to another fish, and can also spread with the current to other water bodies.
[Symptoms] Fish gills parasitize on the surface and gills of the fish, sucking the blood of the fish, so that the fish body is gradually emaciated. When eating, the skin of the fish is stabbed or torn with mouth spines and large jaws, causing many wounds, prompting infection with microorganisms in the water, which causes the death of the diseased fish. In addition, the venom secreted by the moths when sucking blood with the mouth stings has a stimulating effect on the fish. As a result, sick fish are extremely restless in the water, swimming and jumping sharply, and each fish can cause death as long as there are a few fish parasitism. The prevalence of hawthorn disease is widespread and can occur all year round, especially in June and August.
[Treatment] Diseased fish can be washed with a solution of 0.25 to 5 parts per million (0.25 to 5 ppm), or it can be removed with forceps, or it can be soaked with a solution of 1 part per million (1 ppm), or the fish can be placed in 1.o% to 1.5% salt water, and the parasite can be expelled after 2 to 3 days.
3. Pentachyd disease
[Pathogen] is the coelenterate pentapod. The worm has strong vitality, and any small part of the body can regenerate into a complete individual. It is extremely fertile, can be budded by all parts of the body, adhered to the glass surface of the aquarium, and can be spread throughout the entire aquarium after a week.
[Symptoms] The fish body adheres to the pentachum, and the skin is bitten and inflamed. As pentachum sucks the blood of the fish, the fish gradually loses weight and dies.
[Treatment] When pentachum is found, if it is a minority, it can be removed with forceps; when a large number occurs, it is difficult to remove, only the fish and aquatic weeds can be removed and carefully washed and disinfected. The entire aquarium is fully disinfected, the buds on the glass surface are eradicated with a blade, and then killed with five parts per million (5ppm) of potassium permanganate, and pearl mascarpies or kissing fish can also be stocked in the aquarium to prey on pentagus.
<h1>10. Diseases caused by non-living organisms</h1>
1． Head perforation disease
These nutrients are absorbed by the parasite when there is a partial or complete lack of nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus or vitamin D in the bait, or when food runs into the intestines due to a flagella-like infection of the fish. At the same time, due to the infection of a large number of flagellars, the absorption capacity of the mucous membrane in the host intestine is weakened, resulting in nutritional deficiency - perforation disease.
When fish lack any of the essential nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D, their subcutaneous tissue begins to break down in a lumpy manner, especially in the cartilage tissue of the head. At first, these lesions are not easy to detect, because the epidermis at the site of the disease is still intact, until the various disease blocks are torn apart and the material formed by the decomposition of the white cartilage tissue begins to leak out. After a period of time, these secretions penetrate the surrounding tissues and eventually flow to the outside of the wound. From the appearance of the fish, 1-3 mm moth holes can be found around the head and eyes, which look like small white insects drilled out of the skin. As for the large-point hole, like a stopper with a diameter of a few millimeters wide being pushed out, the hole expands over time.
In addition to drug control, pay attention to regularly adding sufficient amounts of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D to food, and perforation can heal. At the same time, calcium carbonate and magnesium sulfide are added to the water to speed up the process of rehabilitation and prevent perforation disease.
2． Urgency
When the change in water temperature, pH, hardness, etc. of the water body is too large, the fish will shrink into a clump, and if it is not handled properly, it will often cause this disease due to mixed infection of other pathogens.
Treatment methods should focus on prevention, paying attention to the change in water quality and water temperature should not be too large. When new water is added, pay attention to slowly mixing with the old water, so that the fish gradually adapt to the new water. When fish diseases occur, pay attention to maintaining stable water quality. If the water quality is poor, it is necessary to replace it in large quantities with suitable water, and if necessary, use drugs to control pathogen infection.
3． Alkaline diseases
When water quality is extremely alkaline, fish are susceptible to the disease. The symptoms are that the fins are weak and weak, and the only control method is to change the water frequently to keep the water clean and the pH is appropriate.
4． Hot tail disease
When the water for fish farming is too old and there is too much green moss, goldfish often suffer from this disease.
The main cause is that under sufficient sunlight, hungry fish have no food to eat and are forced to ingest foods such as green moss. Some of the moss is ingested and digested by the fish, and the other part of the moss fragments are transferred to the gills of the fish and transported to the microvessels of the tail fin of the fish with blood circulation; under sunlight, these moss fragments grow many cells and form a large bubble in the tail fin. In severe cases, the caudal fin blood vessels rupture, or part of the tail tip is cut off; in the light case, many bubble spots grow on the tail fin leaves, and the fish's head is down, and the tail fin is facing the sky, floating on the surface of the water. Once this diseased fish is found, it should be immediately moved into clean water and returned to normal the next day.
Usually pay attention to the water for fish farming can not be changed for a long time, especially in the summer temperature is very high, green moss grows quickly, to change the water frequently. The feeding time of the bait should be appropriately early, before 9 a.m., and the amount should be appropriate so that the fish do not eat other food.
5. Skin congestion
It is usually caused by insufficient light, poor water quality and multiple new water irritations for ornamental fish, especially during the rainy season and the season of variable temperatures. Dark red patches of varying sizes appear on the skin on the surface of the sick fish, covering both sides of the body, and the spirit is abnormally sluggish, the appetite is obviously reduced, the light affects the viewing, and the heavy causes death. The golden-headed angelfish and the red-eyed fairyfish are particularly prominent in tropical fish.
Prevention and control method: 0.2 grams of furacillin powder plus 250 millionths (250ppm) of table salt dissolved in 10 kg of water, soaked the diseased fish for 10 to 20 minutes, or with this concentration formula, sprinkled in the aquarium, after several doses of medication can see the skin blood spots faded, restore its original color; or with a low concentration of potassium permanganate solution soaked fish body for 10 hours; or sprinkled with table salt. At the same time, the time of sunlight and light in the fish tank is extended.
6． Rotten fin disease
When the water quality is poor, it is in a turbid state for a long time, it is stimulated by too much new water, the pH value is not suitable, and the fish body is not full. Mutual bites lead to bacterial infections that cause the fins to rot.
Prevention and control methods: can be washed and disinfected with two parts per million (2ppm) of furacillin solution; or with 100 kg of water added to 3 to 5 pieces of dysentery, soaked and disinfected; or added 5-8 pieces of oxytetracycline in 100 kg of water for impregnation; or with low concentration potassium permanganate solution for 10 hours; or with gentamicin solution. In addition, care must be taken to adjust the pH of the water quality.
7． Wilt disease
When the stocking is too dense and the bait is insufficient, the fish body is in a state of semi-starvation for a long time, making the fish body dry and emaciated, with a large head and a small tail, a back as thin as a blade, and a black body color. Eventually, he withered and died.
Pay attention to giving enough bait to increase nutrients, and the fish body can soon return to normal growth.
8． anoxia
Due to some reasons, the oxygen content in the water body is low, resulting in a large number of fish due to lack of oxygen and cause mass death. When the oxygenator in the aquarium is turned off at night, the fish will float to the surface of the water to breathe in the early morning of the next day, which is commonly known as "floating head". If the shutdown time is too long, the oxygen content in the water is lower than the oxygen consumption of the fish, and the jaw skin of the fish is extended, and there are hyperemic microvessels on it. If the oxygen content continues to decrease, the fish's breathing is more difficult, and the fish is violent and jumping around, so that it is dying and finally dies.
For hypoxia, it should be mainly prevention, equipped with an oxygenator (pump), and pay attention to timely water replacement. Otherwise, because the carbon dioxide exhaust gas released by the fish body in the normal metabolic process can be dissolved in water, when the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the water is too high, it will lead to fish disease.
9． Colds
Fish are thermotropes, and their body temperature changes with changes in ambient temperature. In general, the temperature difference between the fish body and the water body is only o. 1C or so. If the water temperature changes suddenly, the temperature difference exceeds 5 ° C, the fish will have a feeling of discomfort, and even suffer from colds, decreased appetite, slow movement, abnormal swimming, and even float on the surface of the water, gradually losing vitality and dying.
The prevention method is to pay attention to the new water and the old water to maintain a certain proportion when changing the water, unless the special water quality deteriorates, the water can be replaced completely. However, when all the water is changed, it is necessary to pay attention to controlling the temperature difference between the new and old water not exceeding 5 ° C, so that it will not get sick.
10． trauma
There is a mucous membrane on the surface of the fish body, which protects the surface of the body from bacteria. When fish are traumatized, they are susceptible to bacteria or mold, causing secondary diseases. Therefore, when the fish is traumatized, it should be treated in time to avoid infection.
For treatment, the red potion can be applied directly to the trauma (which should be avoided on the eye area), or the sick fish can be soaked in a dilute solution of one to two parts per million of antibiotics (such as tetracycline, oxytetracycline, penicillin, furacillin, etc.). Anti-inflammatory ointments (e.g., erythromycin ointment, tetracycline ointment) can also be applied to the injured area and then soaked in a tetracycline solution of one to two parts per million (1 to 2 ppm).
11. Blindfold
Blindfold is mostly caused by poor water quality, dirty water in a variety of harmful bacteria breed seriously, in such a water growth, even the strong ornamental fish species will be invaded by harmful bacteria to suffer from blindfolds, rotten fins, rotten flesh, water mold and other diseases, and dirty water quality is not suitable for ornamental tropical fish.
So it is better to change the water. Keep the water clean later.
Blindfolds can be treated in this way;
A. Soak the fish in 1% salt water.
B. Commercially available therapeutic drugs include Eslachi eye disease special drugs and ace special drugs.
1, add salt, the next day change the water 1/2.
2. Add antibiotics.
3. Add yellow powder.
4. Add sterilizing water.
12. Hemorrhagic diseases caused by nutrition and stress
1. Deficiency of vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin K and vitamin B2
After testing, it has been proved that the lack of the above vitamins in the feed will cause fish bleeding. Vitamin C deficiency will increase the permeability of blood vessels, and the end of the blood vessels will be slightly under stress, and there will be non-breakable skin bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency prolongs the clotting time of the blood. In general, there will be no vitamin deficiency in regular large factories, and small factories will fail due to poor additive management or other reasons, and finally bleeding due to vitamin deficiency.
2. Addition of quinoethanol and flavin
As an antibacterial growth promoter, quinoethanol has obvious growth promotion effect and can play a hormone-like role. If used in large quantities or for a long time, it will produce strong side effects, such as poor anti-stress ability, fish body is vulnerable to injury and bleeding, high transport mortality, and decreased disease resistance. Moreover, quinoethanol has cumulative toxicity, and when feeding juvenile fish fed feed containing quinolenol, its side effects cannot be seen until the adult stage. The state has banned the addition of quinolyceros to aquatic feed. Flavin also has a significant growth-promoting effect, but it also has a decreased ability to resist stress, especially when combined with quinoethanol, and its toxicity will be strengthened
