During the Qing Dynasty, Yuelu Academy came with a new mountain chief (equivalent to the dean), Yuan Mingyao, a native of Ningxiang, Hunan. After Yuan Mingyao took over the head of the academy, the doorman asked him to write the head of the academy. Yuan Mingyao said, I am out of a shanglian, you are out of the gate union.
"Only Chu has the material!" He said.
The students were silent for a long time,
At this time, Hunan Gongsheng Zhang Zhongjie came in,
Response to the sound:
"Yu Si Wei Sheng!"
Yuelu Academy. Source: Figureworm Creative
Yuan Mingyao's Shanglian classic is from zuo chuan, and Zhang Zhongjie's lower link is from the Analects, which has both a profound cultural background and a fierce exaggeration of the Chuxiang land of the brilliant spirit.
"Only Chu has material, Yu Si is prosperous",
This world-famous door association has since become the façade of Yuelu Academy.
The name of Yue Lu,
Carrying the spirit of Jingchu Xiaoxiang for three thousand years,
All of this originated from Yuelu Mountain.
1. Yue Lu, the foot of Nan Yue
Located in Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, yuelu mountain is only nearly 300 meters above sea level, but the ancients listed it as the last of the seventy-two peaks of Nanyue Heng mountain. The meaning of Yuelu is the foot of The South Yue Heng Mountain.
There is a cloud in the Southern Yue Chronicle of the Xu Ling Period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties: "Eight hundred miles around Nanyue, the Huiyan is the head, and the Yuelu is the foot." "Yuelu Mountain got its name from this.
Basemap source: Map of Hunan, review number: GS (2019) 3333
However, Yuelu Mountain is listed as the Seventy-two Peaks of Nanyue, which is more related to its geographical location. From the perspective of geological formation, the formation age of Yuelu Mountain should be earlier than that of Hengshan Mountain. Geological experts have researched that Yuelu Mountain was formed about 300 million years ago, and was formed by the gradual uplift of the coastal shoal with the movement of the earth's crust. At the top of Yuelu Mountain, there are still remnants of the formation of the seaside shoal.
Yuelu Mountain is bordered by Nanyue to the north and the Xiang River to the east. The center is towering high, and the north and south are gradually lowering. From the air, Yuelu Mountain is like a giant bonsai, and the xiangjiang river like a jade belt separates the city from the mountains and rivers on both sides. Orange Island head lies quietly in the heart of the river, quiet and natural.
Changsha Orange Island head at night, behind the Yuelu Mountain. Source: Figureworm Creative
In spring, ancient trees towering in the sky, birds singing and flowers.
In summer, deep ravines and shallow ravines, and flowing springs.
After the autumn, the mountains are red and the forests are dyed.
In the event of a cold winter, after heavy snowfall, Yuelu Mountain will return to tranquility.
2. Yuelu culture
With an altitude of only nearly 300 meters, Yuelu Mountain may not be able to win among China's famous mountains and rivers. But as Liu Yuxi said, "The mountain is not high, and the immortal is named." ”
The brilliance of a mountain is closely related to all its cultural heritage. Compared with other famous mountains and rivers, Yuelu Mountain is the "cultural backbone" on the land of Huxiang, where Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism coexist, including Yuelu Academy, one of the four major academies in ancient China, the Lushan Ancient Temple, the earliest cultural witness of Buddhism entering Xiangxiang, and the "Yunlu Palace" of the Twenty-three Caves of Taoism.
Confucianism
At the foot of today's Yuelu Mountain, there is a Hunan University that enjoys the reputation of "a thousand-year-old university and a century-old famous school". This is one of the four major academies in ancient China, where Yuelu Academy is located.
Today, the ancient building of Yuelu Academy is still located at the foot of Yuelu Mountain, becoming part of Hunan University.
The name of the academy began in the Tang Dynasty. The earliest academy in China was built by Zhang Jiuzong, a Sichuanese during the reign of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and at the beginning of its establishment, the academy was only for private reading and study. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the two monks of Zhi and Xuán set up a school in Yuelu Mountain, "cutting up the land and building houses, with the class of laymen", which paved the way for the construction of Yuelu Academy in the future.
To the ninth year of the Northern Song Dynasty (976),
Taishou Zhudong in Tanzhou (present-day Changsha) renovated and expanded the school.
Yuelu Academy was completed.
"Yuelu Academy" plaque. Source: Figureworm Creative
After that, Song Zhenzong personally inscribed the plaque of "Yuelu Academy", gave it to the royal collection, rewarded Yuelu Academy, and incorporated Yuelu Academy into the "Tanzhou Three Studies" system.
The so-called "three studies",
That is, tanzhou prefecture school, Xiangxi academy, Yuelu academy trinity,
With Yuelu Academy as the highest institution, students are arranged to pass the examination results and gradually advance to higher education. Therefore, in the education system of the Song Dynasty, Yuelu Academy was the highest institution similar to today's Peking University and Tsinghua University.
Southern song dynasty
Fan Chengda published the "Ranking of the Four Great Colleges" in the "Record of the LuanLuan".
In the following thousand years, Weiyuelu Academy, which was destroyed and built seven times in the past, was still recognized by the literati of all generations, and has always been at the top of the list and has never been surpassed. The Yang Lian in front of Yuelu Academy, "Only Chu has material, Yu Si Yusheng", is the most true portrayal of the grand scene of the academy that year.
Autumn tour students in Yuelu Academy in Changsha. Source: Figureworm Creative
From Song to Qing,
Yuelu Academy adheres to the creed of "preaching and the people of Jisi", rather than the examination-oriented education for the purpose of the imperial examination. Under the influence of this educational atmosphere, a group of spiritual leaders such as You Jiuyan, Peng Guinian, Hu Dashi and other great Confucian and Huxiang cultures have been cultivated.
In order to enable the students to gain a deeper knowledge cultivation, Yuelu Academy spared no expense to hire the famous Da Ru as the mountain chief to give lectures. Influential masters such as Zhu Xi, Zhang Yu, and Wang Yangming all left footprints in Yuelu Mountain.
In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, the lecture on the meaning of "Zhongyong" between the master of science Zhu Xi and zhang Yu, the mountain chief of Yuelu Academy, took place here.
History calls it "Zhu Zhang can speak."
Aerial photo of Yuelu Academy. Source: Figureworm Creative
At the end of the Song Dynasty, the Mongol army marched south and besieged Tanzhou, and Yuelu students rose up to serve the country. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Yuelu Academy, on behalf of the student Wang Fuzhi, left a legacy as a "widow". In modern times, Wei Yuan, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang, Tan Si and other Yuelu colleagues have successively worked hard to strengthen their ambitions, restore the new and safe, and run on the land of China. The Xinmin Society established by Mao Zedong, Cai Hesen and others relying on the academy laid the seeds of national hope.
so
As the theorist Wu Cheng said:
"Since then, YueLu has been Yuelu, not the former Yuelu!"
Yuelu Academy, inferiority pavilion. Source: Figureworm Creative
Outside the walls of the academy, the wind of Yuelu is endless. Only 200 meters away from Yuelu Academy, outside the front door, a pavilion corner is slightly upturned, and a square pavilion covered with green tiles is hidden among the green trees, just like the "inferiority" written on the plaque on the pavilion.
But this inferiority is by no means inferiority,
Instead, it's from The Mean:
"The way of a gentleman, as far as a journey, will be self-defeating;
If you ascend to a high place, you will be inferior. ”
Inferiority is by no means an excuse for today's people to stand still, but should start from the low with a humble and humble attitude, be down-to-earth, do practical things, pick up the ranks, and gradually reach the peak.
Yuelu Academy, Love Evening Pavilion. Source: Photo Network
The opposite of inferiority is Love Evening, and from the back door of Yuelu Academy, you can go straight to the Love Evening Pavilion. The Aiwan Pavilion was originally a red leaf pavilion built by Luo Dian, the chief of Yuelu Academy during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.
The name of Ai Wan, from Luo Dian's friend Bi Yuan, a famous scholar of the Qing Dynasty, borrowed Du Mu's "Mountain Walk" on the grounds that the maple leaves on the edge of the pavilion were red like fire, borrowing Du Mu's "Parking and Sitting love maple forest night, frost leaves red in February flowers." The word "love, night" in the middle is named Love Evening Pavilion.
Yuelu Academy, Love Evening Pavilion Plaque. Source: Figureworm Creative
Nowadays, the plaque of the Aiwan Pavilion is personally inscribed by Chairman Mao, and the pen walks the dragon and snake, and the cang is powerful.
"Inferiority" and "Love Late" are set up here, not arbitrarily, "Love Late", preaching the Chinese thousand-year tradition of respecting the old and loving the young, combined with inferiority, pushing oneself and others, and composing the unity of the world.
Yuelu Academy, love the snow scenery of the evening pavilion. Source: Figureworm Creative
According to legend, Luo Dian, the head of the Yuelu Academy in the Qing Dynasty, was arrogant and arrogant, quite old-fashioned.
One day, Luo Dian was holding a deer feast in the academy (a banquet held after the trial release of Keju Township), and an old Taoist priest dressed like a beggar came uninvited. The crowd tried to tease him and told him to write a few words to see. The old Daoist grabbed the broom in front of the hall, dipped some yellow mud, and stared at a white wall on the Hexi platform, brushing! brush! It was a few strokes, wrote down a "shou" word that was more than a high zhang, and went away.
Hexitai, Fu character and Shou character. Source: Figureworm Creative
Everyone was stunned, only to learn that this was a high-ranking person in the world, Luo Dian regretted it endlessly, and entrusted people to look around for the whereabouts of the old Daoist, but there was no result. In order to make up for his mistake, Luo Dian personally wrote a "Fu" character on the white wall opposite.
Today, the word Fushou is still engraved on the white wall of Yuelu Academy's HexiTai.
release
Leaving the range of Yuelu Academy's literary style, gradually moving upwards, on the mountainside of Yuelu Mountain, the thousand-year-old Baosha Lushan Ancient Temple inherits a different philosophy of life. This temple is the earliest Buddhist temple in Hunan and bears witness to the history of Buddhism's entry into Hunan Province.
When lushan temple was built, it was in the early Western Jin Dynasty, only 200 years after the Han Ming Emperor ordered the construction of the White Horse Temple in Luoyang. Therefore, on both sides of the mountain gate of Lushan Temple, there is a couplet of "The First Famous Scenic Spot of Han Wei and the First Dojo in Hunan".
Lushan Temple Mountain Gate. Source: Photo Network
Following the founding ancestor Zhu Fachong, the ancient temple of Lushan was blessed by senior monks such as Fa Dao and Fa Shu, and gradually became famous all over the world.
In the Sui and Tang dynasties, with the unprecedented prosperity of Buddhism, Lushan Temple also ushered in its own heyday. First, the founder of the Tendai Sect, Zhi Yan (yǐ), preached the scriptures here, promoting the tendai Sect's teachings and Zen methods. Later, Mahayana, who went to Tibet to teach the Fa and caused the "controversy of the temporals", preached here.
As the Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu described in the "Yuelu Mountain Daolin Second Temple Trip":
The southern foothills of the Jade Spring are special, and the Daolin forest is in contention.
The temple gate is high open in the cave field, and the foot of the temple is inserted into the red sand lake.
Cold wind and cold Buddha in May, six o'clock heavenly music towards the incense burner.
The spirit of the earth steps by step snow mountain grass, monk treasure everyone can be in the sea pearl.
Lushan Temple Stele. Source: Figureworm Creative
During this period, in addition to the above two senior monks, there were also ten senior monks who promoted Buddhism at Lushan Temple, including Tan Jie and Quan Wu. The names of these monks were engraved on the Lushan Temple Stele by the great Tang Dynasty calligrapher Li Yong.
The Lushan Temple stele is 272 cm high, 133 cm wide, and the inscription is 28 lines, a total of more than 1400 words, which records the history and missionary grandeur of Lushan Temple since the establishment of the temple, which can be called "three absolute monuments".
Lushan Temple in the Song Dynasty is one of the famous temples of Zen Buddhism. Senior monks from Yue and Zhihai successively abbot Lushan Temple.
A corner of Lushan Temple. Source: Figureworm Creative
According to the "Chronicle of Yuelu in Changsha Province", when Zhihai lived in Lushan Temple, "the fire was burned overnight, and the Taoist customs were astonished." ”
Zhi Hai said calmly, "Dreams are all dramas; however, I am willing to do so, and the palace will be destroyed." ”
Not long after, Lushan Temple was rebuilt as before.
Zhi Hai's cultivation behavior is the best example of the couplet of the Kannon Pavilion in the temple:
"Everything is man-made, and everything is fate;
The realm is born from the heart, and the step back is naturally wide."
now
Lushan Temple has gone through several ups and downs, becoming the first Buddhist college in Hunan Province, and continuing to nourish all sentient beings in the Three Xiangs with Buddhism.
road
As described in the "Song of Smoke and Waves",
"Yin and yang are against the mysterious and difficult to be poor, and the second to the hometown of the ninth palace."
If you can reach the yin and yang principle, the heavens and the earth will come in one hand. ”
The ideal world of Taoism is different from the Buddhist world of bliss.
The Tao is about eternal life, transcendence from nature.
And the Buddha is talking about the afterlife, reincarnation is ordinary.
Therefore, Taoism needs to find a place closer to the sky, pure nature, in order to pursue the unity of heaven and man in cultivation.
This is also one of the reasons why the Yunlu Palace on Yuelu Mountain is located on the top of the mountain.
Yunlu Palace. Source: Photo Network
Yunlu Palace, located on the top of Yunlu Peak of Yuelu Mountain, is named after the peak. Taoists have the saying of "thirty-six caves of heaven and seventy-two blessed lands", and Yunlu Peak belongs to the Taoist twenty-three caves of true and false blessings.
According to legend, during the Southern Dynasty, the Daoist priest Deng Yuzhi once practiced Dan Cultivation here, and on the day of Dancheng, Deng Yuzhi's feathering was dengxian and ranked in the immortal class.
Autumn colors of the Lushan Yunlu Palace. Source: Figureworm Creative
According to the "Records of History", as early as the Warring States period, the Qi fangshi Han finally refined Dan and collected medicine here, and on the occasion of the unification of the Six Kingdoms of Qin, he led his troops to cross the Haideng Peninsula to establish the Three Koreas, which is said to be the ancestor of the Koreans.
By the Ming Dynasty, Changsha became a fiefdom of Zhu Jianjun, the younger brother of Emperor Xianzong of Jijian. This studious and talented prince ordered people to build the Yunlu Palace on yunlu peaks in imitation of the Taoist temple of Wudang Mountain, which was originally named Dongzhenguan, so that he could cultivate the Dao and ask Xuan for himself.
Aerial photography of the autumn scenery of Yuelu Mountain in Changsha. Source: Figureworm Creative
Climb the Wangxiang Tower of the Yunlu Palace, overlooking the orange island head, the river gushing, and the prosperous scene of Changsha City. It can really be said that "straight up to the foothills of the clouds, come to see a million homes in Changsha." ”
Historically, there are many famous couplets in The Yunlu Palace, and the couplet hanging in the Sanqing Hall is the most well-known of them:
"The Tao gives birth to one, one to two, two to three, and three to all things;
Man Law Earth, Earth Law Heaven, Heaven Law Dao, Dao Law Nature. ”
This declares the taoists' quiet and inaction.
3. Aoyama has the honor of burying the soul of the hero
If it is said that the three families of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism coexist peacefully on Mount Yuelu,
Interpreting the harmony of Yuelu Mountain and even the whole Changsha City of "the unity of heaven and man",
So in contrast,
It is the lonely mounds that are lined up on both sides of the mountain path.
Yuelu Mountain overlooks Changsha. Source: Figureworm Creative
In modern times, wars and chaos have occurred frequently in the land of Shenzhou, great powers have invaded China one after another, and countless capable people and heroes have struggled for the rise of China. Among them were Huang Xing, Cai Yi, Chen Tianhua, Yu Zhimo and others who were born on the land of Huxiang.
As one of the leaders of the Xinhai Revolution that overthrew the feudal system, Huang Xing once called Sun Yat-sen "Sun Huang". At the time of the vicissitudes at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Changsha Uprising, known as the "pioneer of the Chinese mainland Revolution", was conspired to launch, setting off a wave of anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution in hunan.
Wuchang Uprising Memorial Hall. Source: Figureworm Creative
In 1905, Huang Xing and Sun Yat-sen jointly established the Chinese League association in Japan to organize a large-scale anti-feudal movement. During the Wuchang Uprising, Huang Xing personally went to Wuhan to serve as the commander-in-chief in wartime and command the battle. After the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, Huang Xing continued to serve as the chief of the army and the chief of the general staff.
Unfortunately, in the North-South peace talks,
Yuan Shikai usurped the fruits of the victory of the revolution. Huang Xing was forced to raise an army against Yuan,
Because of a long period of running and working for the revolutionary cause, Huang Xing became ill and died in Shanghai.
Next year
Sun Yat-sen personally presided over the state funeral, burying this revolutionary pioneer and his loyal partner under the Yunlu Peak.
A generation of Guoxue master Zhang Taiyan left a link next to his tomb:
"If there is no justice, there will be no Republic of China, and if there is history, there will be Sri Lankans."
Tomb of Huang Xing. Image source: Wikipedia, protocol CC BY-SA 3.0
Today, Huang Xing's tomb sits west to east, the terrain is open, and the hundred stone steps lead directly to the tomb, and the pines and cypresses are hidden in between. Huang Xing's unfinished business,
It was done by Cai Yi, the owner of another tomb under Yunlu Peak.
In 1904, Cai Yi returned to China after completing his studies in Japan, and successively trained new armies in Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan and other places, and secretly organized anti-Qing causes. After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, Cai Yi launched the "Chongjiu Uprising" in Yunnan and established the Yunnan Military Government. During the reign of Cai Yi, he vigorously promoted the New Deal, developed the economy, improved people's livelihood, and made democracy and republicanism deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
In 1915, Cai Yi took the lead in raising the banner of "anti-Yuan" and organized a national defense army campaign in Yunnan to fight against Yuan Shikai, which shocked the whole country. After the failure of Yuan Shikai's restoration, Cai Yi relied on this great merit and was praised as "the first person to rebuild the Communist Party".
The tomb of Cai Yi is located on the mountainside behind the White Crane Spring in Yuelu Mountain. Image source: Wikipedia, protocol CC BY-SA 3.0
however
Like the revolutionary pioneer Huang Xing, He was jealous of talent.
Shortly after the republic was re-established, Cai Died of Illness in Japan at the age of 34.
Cai Yi wrote in his will: "I commanded the first army of the Yunnan Protectorate Army to die in the Battle of Sichuan and the personnel who contributed, and implored Luo Peijin and others to verify the petition for the award, in order to show fairness; ”
In 1917, Cai Yi's soul returned to his hometown. The government held a state funeral for him and let him rest in the beautiful Yuelu Mountains,
For the world to see. Although a hundred years have passed, the six characters of "Tomb of Cai Gong Songpo" are still enduring.
Before Huang and Cai Ergong, in fact, Chen Tianhua, Yu Zhimo and other patriots were already deeply buried in the Yuelu Mountains. Although Chen Tianhua did not have time to participate in the Xinhai Revolution, he awakened the patriotic hearts of a group of modern Huxiang disciples with his blood-weeping works such as "Turning Back" and "Alarm Clock".
Yuelu Mountain under the clouds. Source: Figureworm Creative
In 1905, Chen Tianhua protested Japanese aggression in Tokyo, Japan, in an attempt to awaken more compatriots. The following year, after his coffin was transported back to Changsha, all the students in Changsha went out, everyone was vegetarian, and the number of funerals was tens of miles.
Yu Zhimo, then president of the Hunan branch of the League, personally presided over the burial of the martyrs at Yuelu Mountain to show their righteousness. However, this move was suppressed by the Qing government, and Yu Zhimo was arrested in August of that year and immediately executed.
According to records, Yu Zhimo shouted before his execution: "Yu Zhimo died to save China, to save 40,000 people!" ”
After the Xinhai Revolution, Huang Xing moved his loyal bones and buried a cave with Chen Tianhua and others to sympathize with him. At this point, Yuelu Mountain has become a mountain of heroes full of heroes.
Following the footsteps of the pioneers of the revolution, in the struggle of modern and modern China to save the country and dedicate itself to revolution, countless heroes have been buried in Yuelu Mountain.
Yuelu MountainTop. Source: Figureworm Creative
Today, the Five Wheel Tower, hidden among the green trees and bluestones, and the Cemetery of the Seventy-third Army on the south side of Heshipo, still silently tell the stories of the heroes.
A Yuelu Mountain, from Yuelu Academy to Hunan University, from the essence of Buddhism to the nature of the Tao, all manifest Yuelu Mountain
The "unity of heaven and man" that integrates phenology, environment and humanities can be described as the spirit of the earth.
The dialogue on Confucianism among the ancient Confucians, and even the heroic martyrs of the modern revolution to strive for the strength of the country, all interpret the warm-blooded feelings and courage of the yuelu Mountain center, which is really a masterpiece.
Such a mountain of great people,
In China, is there a second one?
Resources:
Huang Linshi: The Ancient City of Changsha, Hunan Fine Arts Publishing House, 1996
Luo Junqiang: The History of the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in Yuelu Mountain, Hainan Publishing House, 2007
Zheng Jian: The Tomb of the Heroic Martyrs of Yuelu Mountain: One of the Tombs of Famous People of Yuelu Mountain, Hunan University Press, 2011
Zhu Hanmin: Yuelu Academy, Hunan University Press, 2004
Liu Lizhen: "Exploring the Ancients of Yuelu Mountain", Hunan University Press, 2015
Gao Shan: "100 Views of Changsha", China Federation of Literary and Art Publishing House, 2018
Zhao Ning: "Yuelu Zhi of Changsha Province", National Library Microfilm Document Reproduction Center, 1992
Tan Shibao: Exploring the History of Buddhism in the Han and Tang Dynasties, Sun Yat-sen University Press, 1991