Despite the chaos, the luxurious life of the wei and Jin dynasty scholars was enough to make future generations stunned. Shi Chong, Wang Kaidoufu, Taifu He Zeng, who spent tens of thousands of dollars a day lamenting that there was no vegetable under the basket, Wang Ji's family's sky-high roast suckling pig, and Xun Xun's work of looking at dishes and identifying firewood, these representative figures of the powerful group of scholars in the historical environment at that time all confirmed that luxury was a common feature of this class. However, from the extravagance of the warriors, we can also see the level of scientific and technological development at that time. The reason why the food steamed cakes in He Zeng's family are regarded as rare things for the sake of luxury is that their fermentation technology is only mastered by a few people; when it came to the Northern Wei Dynasty, Cui Hao's "Food Classic" detailed the method of making cake leaven, the fermentation technology was very mature, and the steamed cake was no longer a perverted display of the nobles of the warriors. Changes in the content of diet often mean changes in cultural practices.
During the Wei and Jin dynasties, people's understanding, exploitation and utilization of coal, oil and natural gas have made great progress. Coal is being mined in larger quantities than ever before and used in the iron smelting industry; oil has been used as a lubricant and fuel in production and the military; and natural gas is widely used in daily life and in the salt industry. The development of a certain technology often drives the development of related industries, such as coal mining to drive the production and application of graphite. "Lu Shilong Anthology" volume VIII of the Western Jin Dynasty literary scholar Lu Yun's "Book of the Prince of Pingyuan with Brother" Yun: "Three times a day, Cao Gong collected hundreds of thousands of pieces of graphite, the cloud burned this, the recovery is available, but (burning) smoke in the people do not know, brother quite seen? Send two snails today. This "graphite" is coal, the Eastern Jin Dynasty Lu Qi 's "Book of Yizhong" explains, "The northern ice well platform, there are one hundred and forty rooms, there are ice chambers, the room has several wells, the well depth is fifteen zhang, and the ice and graphite are hidden." Graphite can be booked, and hot, although exhausted, it is also called charcoal. "Graphite can be written, which is a major change in the raw materials for writing, directly affecting the evolution of the art of calligraphy and painting." At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Tao Zongyi's "Record of Quitting Cultivation" volume 29 found, "There is no ink in the ancients, and the bamboo is dotted with lacquer and books." The Middle Ages are stone-ground juice, or clouds are Yan'an stone liquid. By the time of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were ink pills. It is lacquered with soot pine coal, clamped and for it. Therefore, the Jin people mostly use concave hearts and want to grind ink to store Shen's ears. According to Wang Yuyang's "Chibei Occasional Talk", "Sun Chengze once hid Xie's Daoyun Yiyan, and there is an inscription 'Silk Red Qingshi, Ink Guanghong Bi, Zi I Wenhan, Jade Stone Jian'. "The three volumes of the "History of Ink" written by Lu You in the Yuan Dynasty introduce the past generations of ink-making technicians, from the birth of Cao Wei, Zhang Jin in the Jin Dynasty, Zhang Yong in the Liu Song Dynasty, and Zhou Bozhi in the Zhao Song Dynasty, a total of one hundred and ninety people, allusions to ink, extensive search and eclecticism, quite broad-minded, Gai Zhi Eastern Jin Dynasty Brick making technology has been higher, the use is more and more common.
Oil and natural gas were also further exploited during this period, and the warriors and powerful were victorious in battle, based on the fact that they had scarce resources. Book 102 of the Book of Wei, "The Tale of the Western Regions, Guizi", contains clouds: "In the mountains of the northwest of his country, there is like an ointment flowing out of a river, and the rows are miles into the ground, like Daigo, very smelly." "The Northern History, volume 97, "The Tale of the Western Regions, Guizi", contains exactly the same. Zhang Hua's "Naturalist Chronicle" said: "Jiuquan Yanshou County Nanshan out of the spring water, as big as a basket, the ground is a ditch, the water is fat as gravy, take the vessel, the beginning of the yellow and then black, such as gel paste, but extremely bright, no different from the ointment." The plaster car and the water mortar cylinder are very good, and the other side calls it stone paint. It can be seen that at that time, the stone paint was used as a lubricant to be applied to the bearings of the car and the water pillar, and it was more common to use it as lighting; Li Daoyuan's "Water Economic Notes" Volume III said after talking about the phenomenon that "water fertilizer is combustible" in Gaonu County and Yanshou County, "Water fertilizer is also there, not to stop Gaonu County To shuishui also", by the Northern Wei Dynasty, oil was already a well-known thing. There are also many descriptions of natural gas in the Wei and Jin dynasties, and people often marvel at its strange characteristics. Western Jin Dynasty Zuo Si "Shu Du Fu" Yun: "The golden horse is shining brightly and the scenery is stunning, the green rooster is suddenly obscured; the fire well is sunk in the fountain, and the high flame is inciting in the sky." Guo Pu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty said in the "Salt Pond Endowment": "Rao Rong saw Zhen in the west neighbor, the fire well was good at Qi Hu Ba Pu, the product of the Pond of Ruozi, with the name of the god Yue, sucking the spirit to run in Hefen, and the total anointing liquid was Hu Huan." This is a stunning depiction of the magnificent landscape when natural gas is burned by Wei and Jin naturalists and lexicographers, which shows that the development of science and technology has updated the expressive elements of Wei and Jin literature.
Although the overall development of metallurgical technology in this period is slow, there is still a certain development of steelmaking technology, and the steelmaking process mainly includes the steel filling method, the steel frying method and the hundred steelmaking method. Wait for Liu Kun's "Re-gift Of Lu Chen" has a poem cloud "He Means Hundred Steelmaking, Turning into Soft Finger", leaving aside the interpretation of literary implications and from a scientific and technological point of view, iron was originally very brittle, and after forging with Hundred Refining Technology, it can be soft enough to wrap around the fingers, indicating that the softening technology of steel at that time was already pure. Fu Xuan's "Zheng du Fu" Yun: "The collar of Miao Mountain, cast as a sword, a hundred tattoos, and a beautiful inscription." Pei Jingsheng's "Tattoo Knife Inscription" Yun: "Good gold and hundreds of chains, famous workers show skill, the sword is complete, exhaustive reasoning; the text is repetitive, and the flow of light is illuminated." "These wonderful descriptive words are an artistic portrayal of the steelmaking technology at that time." From the casting point of view, in addition to the general production tools, weapons, daily utensils, there are many large Buddha statues, portraits, bronze mirrors, copper coins, iron coins, large iron woks, etc., are the testimony of smelting technology at this time; the wind of casting Buddha statues is very popular, it conforms to the historical process of Buddhism's eastern transmission to Middle-earth, "four hundred and eighty temples in the southern dynasty, how many buildings are in the smoke and rain", the prosperity of Buddhism, without the promotion of casting technology. Book of Wei vol. 114 Shi Laozhi Yun, "In the first year of Xingguang (454 AD), Yousi cast a statue of Shakya in the Five Great Temples for the five emperors of Taizu, each with a length of one foot and six feet, all with 25,000 pounds of red gold"; in the second year of Tian'an (467 AD), "he also built a statue of Shakya at the Tiangong Temple, 43 feet high, with 100,000 pounds of red gold and 600 pounds of gold." "In this period of bronze mirrors, the grandson Wu bronze mirror produced by Echeng is the most exquisite, such as the triangular edge bird and beast mirror, the painting belt god beast realm, the four-leaf eight phoenix Buddha statue mirror, etc., and the Cao Wei bronze mirror was transmitted to Japan in the east and occupies an important position in the history of Sino-Japanese cultural exchanges.
In addition, ceramic technology has been further developed in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, celadon porcelain, black porcelain, white porcelain can be fired, in the selection and preparation of tire materials, glazes, forming, glazing, kiln construction and firing technology, have made great progress, widely spread in the Yangtze River Basin and southeast coastal areas. As porcelain becomes more and more exquisite, drinking tea has become one of the lifestyle fashions of the giants, and the highlight of fashion lies in the grade of porcelain tea sets. Jingzhou Thorn Shi Chongtuo's relationship was purchased at that time,000 ,999", and with this, he won the royal family's huge wealth Wang Kai's landless self-esteem. However, in view of the extravagance of the scholar clan, people of insight advocate that the official field uses tea instead of wine to raise incorruptibility, such as Wang Meng's "tea soup respect", Lu Na's "tea and fruit hospitality", Huan Wen's "tea and fruit banquet guest", it can be said that Chinese tea drinking exquisite taste began in Wei Jin, or Wei Jin began to have a tea drinking culture. The function of porcelain is not only in drinking tea, but also in that period there were porcelain pen holders, brick tables, and water cups. Literati and scholars have a full set of porcelain stationery, which is an important way to prove their identity; exquisite porcelain is the fashion pursuit of the scholar class, and it is an important prop to mark their elegant taste. Before his death, Wang Xizhi told his children that they must resign from the imperial court's "Golden Purple Guanglu Doctor", but did not forget to use a set of precious porcelain stationery to accompany the funeral. The emergence of these cultural phenomena, and the export of porcelain as a growth point of economic foreign trade, are inseparable from the exquisite ceramic skills of the time.
In terms of textile technology, the Wei and Jin Dynasties also made important progress in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Yang Quan's "Loom Endowment" and other documents also reflect this situation to a certain extent, Fu Yun: "Take the other chair, prune the branches, the famous craftsmen hire workers, and the beautiful hands and sharp tools." The mind is smooth, the skin is reasonable, the rules are perfect", "the foot is idle, the hand is practiced; the rhythm is corresponding, and the five voices are excited". The image vividly describes the division of labor and cooperation between the weavers and the flower pullers. The text is a meticulous description of the loom material, installation specifications, and jacquard operations, and the lyricist writes so meticulously and vividly that it is conceivable that the popularity of textile technology at that time was widespread. Textile technology is closely related to the invention of spinning wheel transformation, and the three-spindle spinning wheel is an important achievement of spinning wheel technology in this period. Pedal spinning wheel about appeared in Han, but from the Han portrait stones produced in various places, are all single bloom operation, now there is a famous painter gu Kaizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty for the Han Dynasty Liu Xiang "Lienu Biography Lu Oligo Tao Baby" made a spinning map, although the original picture has been lost, but there are "Lienu Biography" reprints in all generations, song carved book with pictures depicting the image of the three-spindle pedal spinning wheel, indicating that this spinning wheel has been widely used in the Jin Dynasty, and the spinning ability has been greatly improved, which provides technical support for the luxurious life of the medieval nobility.
The most influential scientific and technological development in this period was the improvement and promotion of papermaking. The convenient access and large-scale use of paper have enhanced the possibility of literature and art becoming independent; once paper becomes the main literary and artistic communication medium, it will inevitably greatly enrich the literary and artistic creation team and the receiving group. The Canadian scholar McLuhan's book "Understanding the Medium" pointed out that all media are extensions of people: clothes are an extension of the skin; transportation is an extension of the feet; numbers are an extension of the sense of touch; words are an extension of vision; computers are not only an extension of the eye, but also an extension of the human central nervous system, and so on. In the same way, the medium of paper is also an extension of literature and art, that is, the ability to reproduce, express and disseminate literature and art has been extended as never before. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Englishman Stein stole more than 10,000 volumes of ancient writings, engravings, silk fabrics, Buddha statues, miscellaneous books, etc. from the Dunhuang Grottoes; the Frenchman Bo Xihe, the Japanese Tachibana Ruichao, Otani Guangrui, etc. stole more than 200 volumes; the Qing government transported more than 6,000 volumes to Beijing. The formative years of this batch of scriptures are about concentrated between the Sixteen Kingdoms period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty; in addition to buddhist scriptures, there are rare scriptures, histories, sub-texts, collections, public and private documents, contracts, etc.; in addition to a large number of Chinese materials, there are also many written materials of ethnic minorities and South Asian and European nationalities.
From the middle tube, it can be seen that the papermaking technology during the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties was quite developed, the papermaking industry was booming, and the official and folk daily paper was more common and the amount was huge. In the Tang Dynasty, Xu Jian's "Records of Beginners" volume 21 quoted the Jin dynasty Yu Qian's "Please Secret House Paper Table" as saying: "There are more than 30,000 pieces of cloth paper in the secret house, and I do not give it to me, but I am foolish to ask for four hundred pieces, pay the history of the work, and write a living note." This "cloth paper" should refer to paper made of linen cloth, or paper with cloth patterns. The amount of paper in the secret house is more than 30,000 pieces, the number is not small, and the use of silk cloth and linen to make paper was a major invention of the Wei and Jin dynasties. Volume 605 of the Taiping Imperial Records quotes the Yulin as saying: "Wang Youjun (Wang Xizhi) begged for paper for the Huijian Xie Gong, and there were only more than 90,000 in the library, and they were all with it." "The amount of paper in the library has reached more than 90,000 pieces, which fully illustrates the development of the paper industry." Wei Jin paper has a wide range of categories, large output, quality is better than before, tussling paper, mulberry paper, rattan paper, soil paper, side paper, coated paper, etc. have appeared in large quantities, production efficiency is higher, the cost is greatly reduced, so gradually replace bamboo Jane. During the Western Jin Dynasty, Zhang Hua recorded in the "Natural history": "There are many ancient vines in The Creek, which can make paper, so it is called paper, which is the name of the vine." It is for rattan leather paper; Mrs. Wei's "Pen Array" has: "The paper takes the eggs of Dongyang fish, and the one who is soft and smooth is pure." "It was for fish egg paper, the best paper of the time. In the Tang Dynasty's Li Kang's "Du Yi Zhi", it is said: "Wang Youjun Yonghe Nine Years QuShuihui used a rat whisker pen to cocoon paper for the "Orchid Pavilion Chronicle". Liu Yiqing's "New Sayings of the World" of the Southern Dynasty Song Dynasty said: "Wang Xizhi's "Orchid Pavilion Preface" uses silkworm cocoon paper, and the paper resembles a cocoon and Zeye. It can be seen that the cocoon paper is named after its paper characteristics like a cocoon, and the characteristics of "like a cocoon and Zeze" are similar to the fish egg paper, so according to the relationship between Mrs. Wei and Wang Xizhi and Wang Xizhi's understanding of various paper and pen characteristics, it is generally believed that the cocoon paper used in "Orchid Pavilion Preface" is fish egg paper. Regardless of whether the two belong to the same thing or not, their qualities such as silkiness and purity are close to the rice paper of later generations. From the Western Jin Dynasty to the early Eastern Jin Dynasty, official documents were still used in combination with paper, and after the end of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, bamboo jane was greatly reduced, and some rulers even made a rule that paper should be used instead of simple. Volume 605 of the Taiping Imperial Records quotes the "Huan Xuan Pseudo-Affairs" as saying: After the Eastern Jin Dynasty Hao clan Huan Xuan (369-404 AD) deposed Emperor An of Jin and established himself as emperor, he issued an edict saying: "There is no paper in ancient times, so it is simple, not the lord yu Jingye." Nowadays, all those who use simplicity are replaced by yellow paper. "In archaeological excavations, Jian Mu after the Eastern Jin Dynasty has rarely been seen. The invention of paper was greatly blessed by society, and "those who could really shake the medieval culture, then the invention of paper is also the same as that of Buddhism in India."
As for the achievements in architecture, throughout the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, its architecture did not pursue the grandeur and magnificence of the Qin Afang Palace and the Tang Daming Palace, and there were no major changes in the architectural system; but its extensive and diverse architectural activities still made unique contributions to the development of ancient Chinese architectural art. Of course, "as a highly practical and extremely heavy-duty material and craftsmanship of ordinary plastic arts, architecture has to accept the challenge of new culture, new religion and new concept of life, and accept the revaluation of practicality and the re-pursuit of spirit created by frequent regime changes, the back-and-forth of nationalities and the ups and downs of life." "In order to adapt to the needs of reality, that is, to cope with the turmoil of the times, the result is that the single buildings are mostly high-rise pavilions, highlighting their defensive functions, and the internal space structure is exquisite and complex and flexible; the building complex is shaped according to the situation, paying attention to each other, and appearing tall and beautiful and staggered." The addition of religious atmosphere has preserved some rustic and magnificent fashions in the glitz and glamour.
The "New Language of the World" records that the toilet of Shi Chongjia's family, "there are often more than ten servants, all dressed in algae." The genus of pan-fried powder and agarwood juice is all prepared"; and "the big bed of the yarn tent, yin qili", so that the guest Liu Yu went to the toilet and thought that he had mistakenly entered Shi Chong's bedroom. The ornate decoration of the bureaucrats' mansions is amazing, and the extravagance of the palace room is naturally beyond that, such as the Book of Jin, volume 2, "Later Zhao Lu", which describes the Shihu Palace room as "lacquered with golden bells, silver and gold pillars, beaded curtains and jade bi, and extremely clever." "The Jin Dynasty Lu Yi's "Record of Yizhong" is more detailed, and Shi Hu is recorded in the Taiwu Hall of Wei Wu's former taitai, and the windows are like paintings of cloud qi, imitating Qin's Afang, Lu Zhi's spiritual light. The fringes dye the birds and plumes, for which they are decorated with the color of the king, and the Puxin recommends the seat"; its Taiwu Hall "hangs on the beams and pillars, and embellishes the jade bi in the silk", "there is the Kunhua Hall in the west, and the large windows on the pavilion are opened, and all are covered with silk"; its Jinhua Hall "wanders through the three doors, and the anti-YuQi is hidden." Tongcai carved skeletonized, carved and beautiful". The rest of the decoration, "When the water in the ditch in front of the Taiwu Hall is bathed, the ditch is first installed in the copper cage, followed by kudzu, followed by yarn, and six or seven steps away from the water." And an yu pan, subject to ten axes. And the copper turtle, after drinking the dirty water, but into the princesses. The ditch is also built in the east of Chunmen. And the queen's bath behind the Xianyang Hall was used as a stone chamber, and the water in the outer ditch was injected, and the room was adjacent to the pool, and there was a stone bed. Shi Hu coated the wall with pepper and pepper, known as the pepper room. "An important innovation in building materials is the widespread use of glass, its crystalline and shiny color and pearlescent characteristics," in the overall decoration changed the dull effect of the large roof due to the material, creating a golden and brilliant feeling world, so that the Chinese architectural community characterized by the largest and most powerful has produced a prescient and shocking view" ("History of Chinese Art: Wei jin southern and northern dynasties"), so it was popular in the Wei and Jin dynasties, which should be in line with the aesthetic needs of the time. Roughly speaking, just as the literature of this period is in an era of affection and ingenuity, the architecture of art is also in a dynasty that pays attention to cleverness and exaggeration, and is gorgeous and rich.
With the rise of Taoism and its penetration into all aspects of social life, the traditional Chinese medicine of the Wei and Jin dynasties further developed in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and the greater achievements were Wang Shuhe, Huang Fumian, Ge Hong, and Tao Hongjing. Wang Shuhe was a Gaoping man of the Wei and Jin dynasties, born in a family of large families, and the clan had many powerful and prominent people for several generations, as well as many literary celebrities; Wang Shuhe gained good cultural influence from this, and he was already familiar with the Jingshi Hundred Schools in his youth. Later, in the turbulent situation, he defected to Liu Biao, the assassin of Jingzhou, and was infected by Zhang Zhongjing's disciple Wei Xun and aspired to study the Tao of Medicine. Finally, the "Treatise on Typhoid Fever" was compiled, and it was also written into the "Pulse Sutra". For the first time, the clinical pulses are summarized as floating, qian, hong, slippery, number, promotion, string, tight, heavy, volt, leather, solid, micro, astringent, fine, soft, weak, astringent, thin, soft, weak, virtual, loose, slow, delayed, knotted, generational, dynamic and other twenty-four kinds, specifically describing the characteristics of each pulse, distinguishing into eight basic types, the first pulse image identification precedent, according to which the corresponding relationship between pulses and patients' physical conditions and disease symptoms is analyzed, which is quite in line with modern medicine's understanding of human blood circulation characteristics It also collects and preserves many important literature materials such as the methods of diagnosing pulses before Wei and Jin, the pathological changes reflected in pulse images, and the clinical significance of pulse diagnosis. Uncle Wang and the type of pulse name determined by Wang have become the basic criteria for the classification of pulse names in the vein books of the past dynasties; doctors are reminded to pay attention to the difference and comparison of pulses, which has a great enlightening effect on the identification of pulses by later generations of physicians; and the establishment of the three-part pulse method and the positioning of internal organs. Wang Shuhe's practical research has led to an independent branch of pulse science in TCM diagnostics. Emperor Fu of Anding Commandery called himself Mr. Xuan Yan , a physician , historian , and writer of the Wei and Jin dynasties. Emperor Fumian was engaged in writing, and Emperor Wu of Jin was tired of conquest. His "Acupuncture and Moxibustion A and B Classic" is the first monograph on acupuncture in China, and later generations called him the "originator of acupuncture". The Acupuncture A and B Sutra describes 348 acupuncture points in the human body and proposes more than 800 kinds of diseases and symptoms suitable for acupuncture treatment. For example, the fever, headache, malaria, yellow bile, cold fever, spleen and stomach disease, epilepsy, madness, cholera, laryngeal paralysis, ear and mouth disease, women's disease, etc. described in the book are analyzed in detail, the content is relatively rich, so that the things are subordinate, delete their floating words, remove their repetition, and discuss their essence; the establishment of the branch line acupuncture method, draw 35 acupuncture point lines, in order to determine the location of acupuncture points, detail the depth of acupuncture, the time of needle retention, and the time of moxibustion, etc., the clinical guidance is of great significance. Huang Fumian also has literary and historical works such as "Imperial Century", "Annual Calendar", "Gao Shi Biography", "Lienu Biography", "Yi Shi Biography", "Xuan Yan Chunqiu", etc., the doormen Zhi Yu, Zhang Rail, Niu Zong, Xi Chun, all of whom are famous ministers of the Jin Dynasty, and the "Jin Shu Huang Fu Mi" commented that they were "elegant in meaning and elegant, forgetting the rank of honor" and "indeed not pulling out, Si Zhi Jin's high-ranking people", which should be said to be very appropriate.
The Danyang Taoist figure Ge Hong spent his life studying the art of immortal guidance and founded the Danding Sect Dao Professor. Due to the needs of the teachings, Ge Hong studied alchemy and medicine and practiced medicine in the folk. "Baopuzi" is his masterpiece, the inner part discusses the immortal prescription medicine, health maintenance and longevity, and the method of dispelling evil and evil, summarizes the pre-Jin immortal formula, advocates the cultivation methods of keeping one, practicing qi, and guiding, and accumulates valuable materials for medicine; the outer part discusses the gains and losses in the world, the world's affairs are not, expounds its social and political views, and integrates the philosophical ideas of Confucianism and Taoism. He also wrote medical works such as "Jin Kui Medicine Prescription" and "Yu Han Fang", which were selected as "Saving the Elbow Soldier". "Behind the Elbow" collects emergency rescue prescriptions, and the earliest records in the book are some infectious diseases such as smallpox, scrub syndrome and preventive diagnosis and treatment, so Ge Hong is known as a guide to preventive medicine. In terms of literary creation, he is the author of 100 volumes of "Epitaphs and Poems", 30 volumes of "Notes on the Moving Chapters of the Military Book", 10 volumes of "Biography of the Immortals", and 10 volumes of "Hidden Tales", which can be described as extraordinary achievements. Danyang Tao Hongjing was also the spiritual leader of Taoism, who lived in seclusion in the mountains for three generations of the Song, Qi, and Liang dynasties, and was known as the "Prime Minister of the Mountains". Tao Hongjing mainly systematically summarized the achievements of his predecessors in pharmacology, and wrote the "Shennong Materia Medica Collection", which recorded 730 kinds of drugs, which was twice as much as the Shennong Materia Medica. Its collection of notes changes the original book according to the upper, middle and lower three product classification method, but according to the natural properties of the drug is divided into jade, grass, insects, rice food, fruits, vegetables, famous unused and other seven categories, more in line with the pharmacological characteristics, to the future generations of drug classification method to determine the basic ideas and standards; and the first drug classification method according to the therapeutic performance, such as windproof, Qin Gang, self-defense, solo living, etc., classified in the category of anti-wind drugs, this method is convenient for treatment reference, promote the development of medicine; and create "general medicine for all diseases", such as windproof, anti-wind, Qin, QianLao, etc., the general medicine for the treatment of jaundice has Yin Chen. Cabinets, comfrey, etc. This is of great help to the clinical selection of drugs; in addition, the relationship between the origin of the drug, the collection time, the preparation, the dosage, the method of administration, the authenticity of the drug, etc. and the efficacy are all described in detail.