Document the major events in the development of life on Earth.
In the process of biological evolution, the formation of new species and the diversity of the biological world. After billions of years of evolution and speciation, species are now interconnected by a common ancestor.
Note: The years in the following content are calculated from now unless they are written in the Common Era, such as 10 million years ago, which means that it has been 10 million years since now.
The book continues with the above-
75 million years ago
The last common ancestor of humans and rats appeared
This issue begins with new content
Cenozoic
The Cenozoic is the latest geological epoch in Earth's history, beginning 66 million years ago and continuing to this day. With the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event, the Mesozoic ended and the Cenozoic began. In the Cenozoic Era, mammals were already the dominant fauna that occupied various ecological circles. Birds, angiosperms, and fish also developed greatly, and angiosperms quickly became dominant species, causing plants such as gymnosperms to gradually decline.
A Paleogene
Paleogene (Symbol Pg), formerly known as the Early Tertiary, is a geological epoch that began at isotopic ages 65.5±0.3 million years (Ma) and ended at 23.03 ±0.05 Ma. The word "ancient" in the name "Paleogene" is a paraphrase of paleo-, and "near" is a transliteration of -gene, taking into account the literal meaning. The Paleocene includes the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene.
The Gondwana archaic continent further splits, Australia is separated from the Antarctic continent and gradually moves northward; the Indian massif is connected to the Asian hinterland during the Eocene, forming the South Asian subcontinent; and North Africa is gradually approaching the easterly equator. South and North America are sometimes connected in the Isthmus of Panama, causing some animal migration. Early Eurasia was connected to North America; the Bering Land Bridge was formed; and in the late period, terrestrial animal migration routes were formed. Greenland and Scandinavia have moved closer to their current positions. The Arabian Peninsula separated from Africa and began to connect with Asia, and the Red Sea appeared.
During the Himalayan Movement, the Tibetan Plateau began to rise, creating large pre-mountain depressions in western China and forming eastern sedimentary centers. Volcanic activity is mostly basal eruptions. However, there is a medium acidic volcanic material in the Gandhis Mountains and Lhasa in Tibet.
66 million years ago
The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event wiped out almost half of the animal species as an asteroid impact raised iridium dust that covered the entire planet, causing the climate to cool. The Chicxulub Crater appeared in Mexico. Without non-avian dinosaurs, mammals grew in diversity and size.
Pictured: Tertiary extinction event - meteorite cause imagination, meteorite size is exaggerated.
The Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, commonly known as the dinosaur mass extinction, was the fifth and final mass extinction event in Earth's history, and the most famous extinction event, which occurred 65 million years ago, between the Mesozoic Cretaceous and Cenozoic Paleogene, and caused most of the animals and plants on Earth to disappear at that time, including all non-avian dinosaurs, the Plesiosaur family, the plesiosaurs, the pterosaurs, and a variety of plants and invertebrates, also became extinct in this event. Birds, the immediate descendants of mammals and dinosaurs, survived and radiated to evolve, becoming the dominant animals of the Cenozoic era.
This event is famous for causing the extinction of most of the dinosaurs and the rise of mammals, but looking at the history of the earth, the Permian-Triassic extinction event exterminated about 90% of the earth's biological species at that time, and was the most serious collective extinction event in the geological age.
Pictured: The exposed location of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, near the town of Drumheller, Alberta, Canada
Pictured: The boundary of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, located near Interstate 25 in Colorado, USA. The red arrow is the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (famous for its abundance of iridium)
Between the Cretaceous and Paleogene strata, there is a layer of iridium-rich clay called the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Fossils of dinosaurs (excluding birds) are found only in the lower layers of the Cretaceous-Paleogene line, indicating that they quickly became extinct at the time of (or before) this extinction event. A small number of dinosaur fossils have been found above the Cretaceous-Paleogene line, but these fossils are thought to have been taken away from their original sites and deposited in younger sedimentary layers due to erosion and other effects.
Pictured: An imaginary image of an asteroid hitting the Earth
Most scientists speculate that the extinction event was caused by one or more causes, such as an impact event caused by an asteroid or comet, or a prolonged volcanic eruption. Craters such as Chicxulub Crater and volcanic eruptions in Deccan Dark Rock, which coincide with the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, are thought to be the most likely main cause of this extinction event. Impact events or volcanic eruptions send large amounts of dust into the atmosphere, obscuring sunlight and reducing the photosynthesis of plants, which in turn affects ecosystems around the globe. But a few scientists believe that the extinction event occurred slowly, and that the reason for the extinction was gradually changing sea levels and climate.
Chixulub Crater, also known as Chixulhule Crater or Chixulbe Crater, is an impact crater located on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, buried beneath the surface. The name of the crater is taken from the city of Chixulub near the center of the crater, which means "devil's tail" in Mayan.
Pictured: Radar detection presents the boundary of Chixulub Crater with a diameter of 180 km. Image source: NASA/JPL-Caltech
It is speculated that the crater as a whole is slightly elliptical, with an average diameter of about 180 kilometers, making it the largest impact terrain on the Earth's surface. The Chixulub meteorite is the largest of all known explosions in the world, causing the crater to hit the object, which is estimated to be at least 10 kilometers in diameter, and completely evaporated after the impact, releasing up to 4.2 ×1023 joules of energy, equivalent to 100 megatons of yellow explosives (1014 tons TNT equivalent). The strongest man-made explosive in human history was the Tsarist hydrogen bomb, which exploded with only 50 million tons of yellow explosives, while the Chicxulub impact event was 2 million times more powerful than the Tsarist hydrogen bomb. Scientists estimate that the La Garita Crater eruption in Colorado was the largest eruption in geological history, releasing 1.0 ×1021 joules (about 2.4×1011 tons of TNT equivalent) and much less than the Hicksulub impact event.
Pictured: An animation of the impact process
The Chixulub impact event triggered a massive tsunami and sent large amounts of hot dust into the atmosphere, while the impact site would be covered within seconds by ejecta that fell again after the impact. Debris from the impactor and ejecta falling again can create a global firestorm. Extreme impact waves can trigger earthquakes and volcanic eruptions everywhere. The impact event will cause a large amount of dust to enter the atmosphere, block the sunlight for a long time, hinder the photosynthesis of plants, and the herbivores and carnivores in the upper layers of the food chain will also perish, causing the disintegration of the ecosystem. Impact events may also cause large amounts of carbon dioxide to enter the atmosphere, creating a pronounced greenhouse effect.
The impact most likely caused changes in the Earth's rotation and rotational characteristics, such as changes in the distance between the Sun and the Earth, resulting in a decrease in the intensity of sunlight and also caused prolonged active eruptions of volcanoes in India. In short, a variety of factors, resulting in the climate become more cold, dry and the temperature difference increases, etc., plant photosynthesis declines, which is not conducive to the survival of organisms. In February 2008, Sean Gulick and others at the University of Texas used seismological data to suggest that the meteorite hit deeper waters than usually thought. They propose that this will cause more sulfuric acid aerosols, severely affecting the climate and causing more acid rain.
60 million years ago
Paleocarnivores (probably ancestors of parodonts) emerged in the Northern Hemisphere and became extinct 5.2 million years ago. The largest known snake Titan Python lives in the rainforests of South America.
Pictured: Restoration of the genus Miacis ,also known as the slender-toothed beast, is an extinct genus of fine-toothed mammals that lived in the late Paleocene 65-42 million years ago.
Pictured: Reconstruction of schizophrenic beasts and skulls under the order Paleocarnivorous
Paleocivores, also known as carnithopods, were one-order extinct mammals that lived from the Paleocene to the Miocene. The order Carnithorsa was an important carnivorous mammal in the ecology of Africa, Eurasia and North America 55-35 million years ago. In Oligocene Africa, they were the main predators.
The mesoptera is a ungulate that lived from the Paleocene to the Oligocene, and unlike living ungulates, they are carnivores, close to the order Even-hoofed and Cetaceans, and are distributed in Asia, Europe and North America.
Pictured: Restoration of the megalodons. The giant pig family, an extinct group of omnivorous even-hoofed mammals, is a distant relative of today's hippos and cetaceans. They were distributed in the forests of Asia, Europe, and North America from the middle Eocene to the early Miocene (37.2-15.97 million years ago).
In the early Oligocene and the middle Miocene, they competed and won against the Mesopodae and the Giant Pig family, respectively, but ultimately lost to the carnivorous order. The last genus, Carnithodontidae, became extinct 8 million years ago and was replaced by carnivores.
The Titan Python is a giant non-venomous, carnivorous snake that lived in the Paleocene. Comparing its petrified vertebrae to that of a modern snake, the researchers estimated its maximum total length of 14 meters, weighing more than 1,100 kilograms, and its thickest body was up to 1 meter thick. It may have fed on crocodiles.
55 million years ago
Angiosperms evolved succulent fruits and nutrient-rich nuts and seeds.
Some mammals returned to the ocean, and others began to evolve to be able to fly, such as bats. A small group of primates that live at night and eat insects on trees is divided into primates and tree shrews. Primates have binocular vision and grasping fingers that can help jump from one tree to another.
Australia split from Antarctica. The earliest true primates first appeared in North America , Asia , and Europe , such as the Simpsons monkey in Wyoming , the United States , and the Asian Tardiss monkey in Yunnan , China. The barramundi shark may be the ancestor of the great white shark.
Pictured: Art Forms in Nature (1904), plate 67: Chiroptera
Bats, a generic term for pterodactyls, are the second largest group of mammals after rodents, and are found throughout the world except for some islands in the polar regions and oceans. Pterodactyls with thin, tough wing membranes covered between limbs and tails can fly like birds. They have some features that other taxa do not have, including specialized elongated phalanges and cortical wing membranes linked to them, claws on each toe of the forelimb thumb and hind limb, and a sternum with a bird-like keel process to facilitate the birth of pectoral muscles and well-developed hearing.
Primates ( Scientific name : Euarchontoglires ) is a general order of placental mammals , based on molecular gene sequence analysis and reverse site presence/disappearance , consisting of rodents ( rodents and rabbits ) and euphrandal orders ( tree shrews , primates , and dermatophylla ) .
The Simpsons fruit monkey, also known as the Simpsons, was one of the extinct, more monkey-like suborders and was one of the earliest primate-like mammals. According to their fossil records, they date back to the late Paleocene. The Simpson monkey has toes that can grasp things, but the eyes are not forward-looking.
Barramundi sharks, also known as grey mackerel sharks, are found in temperate and tropical offshore waters. They are ocean-going species that inhabit the sea to a depth of 150 meters. It feeds mainly on bony fish, including mackerel, tuna, bonito and swordfish, but also eats other sharks , porpoises and turtles.
50 million years ago
Horses begin to evolve from Archaeopteryx. Whales and dolphin ancestors may have walked on land like sea lions and swam in the sea like otters, with webbing feet and hearing sounds with their ears. Pezosiren portelli is the ancestor of today's manatees, walking on land like hippos and swimming in the sea like otters. The genus Slender-toothed mammals, including the little ancient cat genus, are the ancestors of all dogs, cats, bears, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, foxes and musk cats, are carnivorous and can climb trees like weasels. Modern ginkgo appeared.
Archaeopteryx (scientific name Hyracotherium), also known as Shixinma or Shima, is the size of a dog, averaging only 60 cm long and 20 cm shoulder height. It has four toes on its forelimbs and three toes on its hind limbs. It is found in the Northern Hemisphere and is found in Asia, Europe, and North America in the early to mid-Eocene.
The first fossil specimen of Archaeopteryx was discovered in England in 1841 by paleontologist Richard Owen, who suspected it to be a hoofed rabbit based on his teeth. He did not find a complete skeleton, so he named it "Hyracotherium", the scientific name of archaeopteryx. In 1876, Ossenel Challis Marsh discovered a complete skeleton in the United States and named it Eohippus. Later, when it was found that the two discoveries were very close, Archaeopteryx was the first to be published, so Akebono became a synonym.
Walking whales (scientific name: Ambulocetus natans), also known as chocobo whales, wandering whales, a genus of cetaceans in the family Chocopodaceae, is an early whale that can walk and swim at the same time. Walking whales are transitional fossils that show how whales evolved from mammals on land. The walking whale looks like a crocodile and is about 3 meters long. Its hind limbs are more suitable for swimming, and may swing their backs like otters and whales to swim. Walking whales have no outer ears. It will hold its head close to the ground to feel the vibrations, thereby tracking its prey.
Walking whale fossils are found in Pakistan. In the time of the whale walker, Pakistan was a coastal area of the near-ancient Mediterranean.
Ginkgo biloba (scientific name: Ginkgo biloba), a deciduous tree that can live for more than 3,000 years, has its bare seeds called white fruit. The gymnosperm Ginkgo phylum is the only extant species, and all other species in the same phylum are extinct, so it is called the "living fossil" of the plant kingdom.
Fossil Eocene leaves of Ginkgo biloba, British Columbia, Canada
The ginkgo biloba plants that are related to it were formed in the Permian period 270 million years ago and belong to the Ginkgo phylum. During the Late Triassic Period, ginkgo biloba plants developed rapidly, followed by the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous periods reached their peak, and the five families of ginkgo biloba coexisted, which were widely distributed on all continents of the world except the equator. But when angiosperms rose rapidly in the late Cretaceous period, ginkgo biloba declined dramatically, like other gymnosperms. After the Late Cretaceous Period, except for a few discoveries, ginkgo biloba plants other than the Ginkgo family have basically disappeared. In the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene periods, ginkgo biloba (mainly ginkgo and ginkgo biloba) was distributed around the Arctic at the high latitudes of Eurasia and North America, migrating southward due to the cold climate during the Oligocene, and continued to decline after that. Ginkgo biloba disappeared in North America at the end of the Miocene and in Europe in the late Pliocene. The Quaternary Ice Age, which occurred more than 2.5 million years ago, has caused the number of ginkgo biloba to continue to decline and is facing a crisis of extinction, while southern China has become the last habitat of ginkgo biloba due to its geographical location and mild climate.
46.5 million years ago
The Rodeo whale, the descendant of the whale, is the ancestor of the whale and began to stop drinking fresh water.
Rhodes (scientific name Rodhocetus) is an extinct genus of whales with characteristics of land mammals, showing the transition of whales from land to sea. The first fossil was discovered in 2001 in Balochistan, Pakistan, and is estimated to have lived 47 million years ago. It provides information on the evolutionary history of whales.
A more recently discovered species, R. Balochistanensis, whose ankle bone supports a direct link to the evolution of the Rhododendron whale as a clolate, and overturns many theories that the whale is derived from the order Mesozoite. The scooter in the ankle structure of the Rhodes whale is biaxial, and only the even-hoofed order has this characteristic in mammals. The ear bones of the Rhodes whale are already very whale-like, but the way they swim is different. Rhodes whales are certainly semi-aquatic animals with large and webbed hind limbs for propulsion in the water. Its tail is stout and can serve as a rudder.
43 million years ago
Archaeopteryx appeared, with a long nose, but no trunk or ivory.
Archaeopteryx (scientific name Moeritherium), similar in appearance to pigs and tapirs, is much smaller than modern elephants, with a shoulder height of only about 70 centimeters and a length of about 3 meters. Archaeopteryx is thought to have lived in swamps and riversides, occupying ecological niches now replaced by hippopotamus, and fossilized teeth show that they feed mainly on soft aquatic plants. Archaeopteryx is not the progenitor of modern elephants and is thought to have been an extinct branch of the proboscis order, leaving no descendants.
This clade taxonomic tree line shows a diagram of the relationship between the genus Mammoth and other species of the genus Mammoth and other species of the family Ichthyosauridae according to the characteristics of the hyoid bone
Modern elephants, commonly known as elephants, are common names for animals of the elephant family (scientific name: Elephantidae), the largest extant terrestrial animal, belonging to the order Proboscis. At present, only two genera and three species exist, namely African elephant genus and Asian elephant genus, african elephant has two species: African steppe elephant and African forest elephant (also known as round-eared elephant), and asian elephant genus has only one species of Asian elephant. It is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia and even the southwest border of China.
This classification was first published in 1821 by the scientific author John Edward Gray. The family now belongs to the general family of suborder Eutropinosaurs.
40 million years ago
Primates branch into the suborder Protos monkey and suborder Sacral suborder, which is daytime active and herbivorous.
Proto-monkey suborder ( Scientific name : Strepsirrhini ) is a suborder of the mammalian primate order , commonly known as proto-monkey , a basal group of primates , found mainly in Madagascar , Africa , and East and South Asia. Extant species such as the collared lemur.
The suborder Haplorrhini ( scientific name : Haplorrhini ) is a primate that includes tarsiers and all apes. Their upper lip is not directly connected to the nose or gums, so they can do a lot of facial expressions. Their brain-to-body ratio is significantly larger than that of the original monkeys, and their main senses are visual. Most species are daytime active and have tricolor vision. Extant species such as squirrel monkeys
37 million years ago
The hind limbs of the Dragon King Whale began to shrink and find intact, and hearing began to travel through the jaw to the middle ear. In Egypt's Whale Valley, which was in the water at the time, the Dragon King Whale did not have a breathing hole and had to stick its head out of the water to breathe.
The Dragon King Whale (scientific name: Basilosaurus, meaning "Emperor Lizard") is an extinct ancient marine mammal, a close relative of modern whales, 15-18 meters long, with a more slender body than modern whales, paleontologists are very interested in their already degenerated short hind limbs, because it can prove that modern whales originally evolved from terrestrial mammals.
The hind limbs of the Dragon King Whale
Fossil skulls of Draca whales show that they had good hearing and were able to connect with each other with the low sounds of their throats like today's cetaceans. Originally they were mistaken for fossils of giant marine reptiles, so they were named Emperor Lizards.
The middle ear is an anatomical structure of the ear that is hierarchically located between the outer and inner ears. The main structures of the middle ear are the eardrum earum (also known as the "eardrum") and the ossicles of the ossicles, which consist of three ossicles. The periosteum and osseous bone chain form a mechanical system whose function is to amplify the force of sound waves from the outer ear and input them into the inner ear in preparation for the next step of auditory transduction. The middle ear communicates through the Eustachian canal to the throat.
The Valley of the Whales is a paleontological fossil field in Egypt's Fayoum governorate, located about 150 km southwest of Cairo. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2005 due to its hundreds of fossils of early cetaceans, the ancient whale suborder. Fossils from the site show remnants of the hind limbs of ancient whales, documenting the evolution of cetaceans from land-based creatures to marine life.
35 million years ago
The grass family evolved from angiosperms.
Poaceae is the fifth family of angiosperms next to Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Legumes, and Madder, and the second largest family of monocotyledonous plants after Orchidaceae. It mainly includes 12 subfamilies and a small number of uncertain taxa, such as the rice subfamily, the bamboo subfamily, and the early maturing grass subfamily. Recent studies have included 668 genera and more than 10,000 species. With the exception of buckwheat, almost all human staple foods are grasses.
About 20% of the Earth's landmass is covered with grass. A variety of plants commonly known as "so-and-so grass" are species of this family, but it must be noted that not all "grasses" are grasses. Similarly, not all grasses are low "grasses", like bamboo, which can also be as high as ten meters and form forests.
Angiosperms (scientific name: Angiosperms), also known as flowering plants or flowering plants. It is the most abundant and well-known of embryonic plants, and is the most diverse species in the plant kingdom, with about 304,000 species. Flowering plants are currently the most advanced and advantageous plant species on Earth. Flowering plants and gymnosperms are collectively called seed plants. Flowering plants can be distinguished from other seed plants by a series of derivations. (Previously known as the " angiosperm phylum " , it is now classified as an evolutionary clade.) ）
30 million years ago
The suborder Simple Nose branches into broad-nosed and narrow-nosed orders. Broad-nosed orders have capuchins and migrate to South America, and males are colorblind. Narrow-nosed order remains in Africa, and one of the ancestors may be the Egyptian ape. The ancestors of all cats, the original red panda, lived in the trees of Europe and became extinct 20 million years ago.
Pictured: Capuchin monkey, a small New World monkey that lives in the rainforest regions of South and Central America.
Platyrrhini , also known as the New World Monkey , is a primate found in Central and South America , including the Capuchinidae , The Green Monkey Family , the Monk Monkey Family , and the Spider Monkey Family. The main difference between the New World Monkey and the Old World Monkey is the nose, the Nasal Cartilage spacer of the New World Monkey is very wide, the nostrils are open to the side, the nostrils are widely spaced, and the nasal spacing of the Old World Monkeys is very narrow.
Pictured: Crab-eating macaques, distributed in Southeast Asia, range of activities include primary forests, secondary forests, mangroves and other forest areas close to the water, sometimes in the countryside and suburbs can also be found.
The narrow-nosed order Catarrhini contains Old World monkeys (monkey family) and apes (ape family). The latter is subdivided into gibbons and humans. The nostrils of animals with narrow noses are narrow and downward. Unlike broad-nosed orders, they are generally daytime active, and the tail is not a curly tail. Their nails are flattened. It is found in Africa and Asia.
The Egyptian ape ( Aegyptopithecus ) was an early narrow-nosed order that pushed forward the time of the ape family and the Old World monkey branch. There is only one species under it, the ancient Egyptian ape (A. zeuxis), it is a bit like the New World monkey today, close in size to the howler monkey. Egyptian ape fossils are found mainly in Egypt and are an important link between Eocene fossils and the Melipocene ape family.
The brains of Egyptian apes are small and unusual in primates. Since it is considered to be the common ancestor of Old World monkeys and New World monkeys, or at least a close relative of one of them, some scholars have suggested that it confirmed that the larger primates with larger brains evolved from Old World monkeys and New World monkeys, respectively.
The original red panda (scientific name: Proailurus), also known as the original cat or the first cat, is a prehistoric cat that is the ancestor of the present-day cat family. The original red pandas were only slightly larger than today's domestic cats, with a long tail, large eyes, sharp claws and teeth, and similar proportions to those of the Civet family.
Pictured: Ishihara's color blindness detection map, normal people will see 74, but color blind people will see 21. People with total color blindness cannot see any numbers
Color blindness, also known as color vision impairment, refers to a condition in which the ability to see and distinguish colors is reduced. Human cone cells can be roughly divided into three groups, and the common causes of color blindness are problems with the development of one or more of the cone cells, and men are more likely to be color blind than women. A typical diagnostic modality is to use the Ishihara color blindness test, and many other tests exist. Color blindness is incurable, the patient's teacher can change the teaching method to adapt to the patient's weak color discrimination, wearing special lenses may help patients with red and green blindness to distinguish colors in bright lights, there are also mobile phone applications can help patients identify colors.
25 million years ago
Narrow-nosed, small-order males can see color and lose pheromones. The narrow-nosed order branches into two general families: monkey and humanoid. Monkeys do not have curly tails, and some even have no tails at all. All humanoid families do not have tails.
Pictured: Mountain fish, mainly living in the tropical rainforests of southern Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Congo. The body hair is olive colored, and the male's face is more colorful and increases with sexual maturity.
The Monkey Family (scientific name: Cercopithecoidea) is the Old World monkey, a family of primates, which is the closest monkey to apes and the most familiar primate. Today it is mainly distributed in large areas of Africa and Asia, but also in a very small part of Europe.
Pictured: Chimpanzees, living in West and Central Africa, live in groups on weekdays, each group is like a tribe. Chimpanzees have a higher IQ and are known to be able to use simple tools to perform some tasks, such as catching termites.
The hominoidea family (scientific name: Hominoidea) early apes originated in the Old World monkeys and began to appear about 25 million years ago. Modern apes appeared eighteen million years ago, orangutans appeared fourteen million years ago, gorillas appeared seven million years ago, and humans and chimpanzees appeared three-five million years ago. With the exception of gorillas and humans, all apes are good at climbing trees. Apes are omnivores whose diet includes fruits, leaves, stems, roots, and seeds, including a variety of foods that are readily available and digestible, including nuts and grass seeds. Apes were originally distributed in Africa and Asia, and through long migrations, humans eventually spread throughout various parts of the world.
Pictured: A worker bee releases Nylon pheromones to lure its companions into an empty hive
Pheromone, also known as exosterone, is a chemical transponder that is secreted from one individual and detected by other individuals of the same species through olfactory organs (e.g., para-olfactory bulbs, plowing organs), causing the latter to exhibit a change in behavior, mood, psychology, or physiological mechanism. It has a communication function. Almost all animals have demonstrated the presence of pheromones.
The second part of "The Course of Life" is written here
The next section begins in the Neogene period
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