The vigorous Three Kingdoms period is over, and after all, it has not escaped the general trend of the world that "long-term unity will be combined, and long-term unity will be divided". As the wheel of history rolls we come to a short dynasty, the Jin Dynasty.
The Jin Dynasty (265-420) was a dynasty in Chinese history, with the Three Kingdoms on the upper level and the Northern and Southern Dynasties in the lower Qi Dynasty, divided into two periods: the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Among them, the Western Jin Dynasty is a unified dynasty in Chinese history, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty belongs to one of the six dynasties, and the two Jin Dynasties have a total of fifteen emperors, a total of 155 years.
In 266, Sima Yan usurped Wei and established power, with the state name of Jin, the capital luoyang, known as the Western Jin Dynasty, and Sima Yan was Emperor Wu of Jin. In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu and completed unification. Later, after experiencing the Rebellion of the Eight Kings and the Disaster of Yongjia, the country's strength gradually declined. In 313, the Jin Emperor moved the capital to Chang'an, and in 316, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the Xiongnu. In 317, the Western Jin dynasty crossed the jiangnan to the south, and Sima Rui continued the Jin dynasty at Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Eastern Jin Dynasty had repeatedly northern expeditions to the Central Plains han dynasty. After the Battle of Shuishui between the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Former Qin in 383, the Eastern Jin Dynasty won more with less and was temporarily consolidated. During the Two Jin Dynasties, the Han Chinese who migrated south from the north brought a large amount of productivity and advanced technology into Jiangnan and further developed the Jiangnan region. In 420, Liu Yu established the Liu Song Dynasty, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty fell. Chinese history entered the Period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties.
The Western Jin Dynasty inherited the territory of Cao Wei in the Central Plains, and after unification, it occupied the territory of Sun Wu. The Eastern Jin Dynasty increased or decreased with changes in its territory, and the northern boundary was mainly along the Huai River in the Qinling Mountains. The political system of the two Jin Dynasties was the politics of the clan, which was the basis of the sui and Tang dynasties of the three provinces and six ministries. Agriculture, commerce, and handicrafts during the Jin Dynasty also developed further compared with the Three Kingdoms period.
Although the Jin Dynasty was a period of decline in Chinese culture since the end of the Han Dynasty, there were also new developments in philosophy, literature, art, history, science and technology. The culture of the two Jin Dynasties is moving towards diversified development, which is an era of cultural creation, conflict and integration. As a result of the shattering of Confucianism's supremacy, philosophy, literature, art, history, and science and technology have been innovated, and some have become independent learning. Ideas include locally developed metaphysics, Taoism, and Buddhism transmitted from India to the East. The grassland culture of the frontier peoples and the Chinese culture of the Jin Dynasty gradually carried out cultural exchanges and ethnic integration.
Unify the world
In 263, in order to establish a great military merit and unify China, Sima Zhao ordered Zhong Hui, Deng Ai, and Zhuge Xu to lead an army to cut down Shu, and the Shu Han lord Jiang Wei blocked the enemy at the Sword Pavilion. Finally, Deng Ai attacked Fucheng through Yin Ping and forced Chengdu. Liu Chan surrendered when he saw that the general trend had gone, and shu Han perished, and history called the Battle of Wei to destroy Shu. Later, Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei attempted to defect, but sima Zhao immediately quelled them. Sima Zhao was proclaimed King of Jin after his victory, but died soon after. His son Sima Yan established the Jin Dynasty in 266, after succeeding him, and changed his name to Yuan Taishi (元泰始), which was the capital of Luoyang for Emperor Wu of Jin, and was known as the Western Jin Dynasty.
Emperor Wu of Jin implemented a series of progressive policies to strengthen the country and develop production. At this time, the situation in Sun Wu was chaotic, and Emperor Wu Sun Hao did not repair internal affairs and was extremely poor and extravagant, and the people's hearts were not attached.
In 270, the Xianbei lord of Hexi rebelled against the bald tree function, and the following year the Xiongnu Liu Meng also went out.
In 272, Sima Yan sent He Zhen to summon Li Ke to quell Liu Meng's rebellion.
In 274, Lu Kang died, and in 275 Sima Yan released slaves to replace the soldier Tun Tian, the tree function surrendered, tuoba desert khan sent envoys to the Jin Dynasty, and Ma Xun pingding Xianbei. In order to defend the state of Wu, Sima Yan sent Yang Huzhen to defend Xiangyang to confront the Wu general Lu Kang, and sent Wang Jun to build a large ship in Yizhou.
In 276, Yang Hu proposed to cut down Wu, but was opposed by the courtiers and gave up.
In 277, the tree function rebelled, and Sima Jun Shuai Wen Duan and other tree functions were defeated, and 200,000 people were demoted. Desert Khan was killed by the old nobles, and Wei Ou quelled the civil unrest in Tuoba's department.
In 278, Yang Hu died of illness and recommended Du Prezhen to guard Jingzhou on his deathbed. At this time, Sima Yan sent Ma Long to Liangzhou to suppress the rebellion, and the bald people were able to kill trees.
In 279, when the Northwest Rebellion began to be peaceful, Wang Jun and Du Pre wrote to Sima Yan, believing that it was time to cut down Wu, and Jia Chong, Xun Xun, and others opposed it because they thought that the northwest was undecided. In the end, Sima Yan decided to attack the State of Wu in December of that year, and the history is known as the Battle of Jin and Wu. He made Jia Chong the governor of the capital, and the upstream Wang Jun, Tang Binjun, the middle range Du Pre, Hu Fen, Wang Rongjun, the downstream Wang Hun, and Sima Xuan marched in multiple directions. Approaching Jianye in 280, Sun Hao surrendered when he saw that the general trend had gone, Sun Wu perished, the Western Jin Dynasty unified the world, and the Three Kingdoms period ended.
The rise of the clans
After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, the suppressed clans of the Cao Wei period rose under the wings of Sima Yi and Chen Qun, and the famous clans at that time were Langyue Wangxiang, Xingyang Zhengchong, Chen Guohe Zeng, Linhuai Chen Qian, Yingchuan Xun, Xun Xun, Hedong Weihuan, Hedong Feixiu, Taiyuan Wanghun, Taishan Yanghun, Hanoi Shantao, Jingzhao Duqian, Taiyuan Guo Yi, Qinghe Cui Yan, Fanyang Luqin, etc. During the Qing Dynasty of the Cao Wei Dynasty, many scholars and doctors followed suit in the Jin Dynasty, forming a group of scholars who were in the position of fame and fortune and sought to be reclusive in the world.
In terms of government, the Jin Dynasty first established menxia provinces in history, perfected the system of three provinces, and founded the GuoziXue in 277. Due to disputes between the ministers on issues such as "Pingwu" and "Li Si", the party formed. With Ren Kai as the head of the shizhong, Zhang Hua, Yu Chun, Wen Yuan, Xiang Xiu, and He Yu, and other factions, and The Shang Shu Ling Jia Chong as the head of Yang Jue, Wang Ke, hua Yu, etc. as the opposing faction, and the dispute between the ministers over the establishment of the heir was even more intense. At that time, the crown prince Sima Zheng was faint and incompetent, and Emperor Wu's brother Sima You the Prince of Qi was more benevolent and huimin. Sima Jun, Wei Wan, and He Yu advocated abolishing the idea, but were opposed by Empress Yang and Jia Chong, Xun Xun, and others. In the end, Emperor Wu of Jin was still unable to abandon his son and brother, and sent Sima You back to his fiefdom, and King Qi died of illness.
Militarily, after the establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu divided the kings and sent them to the throne in 277, some of them supervising the military of the states. For example, Sima Liang, the king of Runan, oversaw Yuzhou, and Sima Wei, the king of Chu, oversaw Jingzhou. After reunification, in order to avoid the recurrence of the division of the states at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu dismissed the prefecture and county soldiers and disarmed the world. Dividing the kings and going to the prefectures and counties is to avoid the dictatorship of the lords and the place, showing that the world is too peaceful. The Book of Jin, Shantao Biography: There are 100 military officials in the big county, 50 military officials in the small county, and 100 officials in the official records: 100 people in the big country, 80 people in the sub-country, and 60 people in the small country, and there is no standing army defense in the entire Central Plains. Although the princes could nominally establish a thousand troops and defend their own country, the Jin Dynasty did not actually appear to divide the princes, and the Geographical Chronicle of the Book of Jin: Wang Buzhiguo, the official Yu Jingshi. All the kings stayed in the capital until the king of Langyue crossed the entire jiangnan without the princes to guard it.
Jia Hou was in turmoil
In 290, Emperor Wu of Jin died, emperor Hui of Jin succeeded to the throne, and Sima Yan's father-in-law Yang Juntuo (杨君) was left to guard Xuchang. The ambitious Empress Jia Nanfeng took the reins of power. At that time, Yang Jun was in power, opposing Jia Hou, and Yang Jun, in order to consolidate his own power, appointed his cronies to take charge of the forbidden army, which made the kings of the clan and some ministers dissatisfied.
In 291, Empress Jia removed Yang Jun and his forces through Sima Wei (Sima Yan's son) the Chu king, and appointed Sima Liang (Sima Yi's son) and Wei Wan, the king of Runan. Soon after, Jia Hou took advantage of the discord between Sima Wei, the king of Chu, and Sima Liang, the king of Runan, to remove the king of Runan, and Wei Wan, and then killed Sima Wei with a false edict, and appointed Zhang Hua, Pei Yun, and Jia Mo to take charge.
At this point, Jia Hou's seizure of power was successful. Fortunately, Zhang Hua and others worked together and fulfilled their duties, and the political situation was stabilized. At this time, guanzhong Qiang rebelled, and in 294 the Xiongnu Hao scattered rebellion, and was soon quelled. In 296, his brother Hao Duyuan, led by Qi Wannian, rebelled against Malanqiang and Lu Shuihu in the northwest. In 299, the Rebellion of Qi Wannian was put down. Both Jiang Tong and Guo Qin had proposed the forced relocation of the Hu people, and his book "On migration" put forward a more complete proposition, and the Jin Dynasty implemented a policy of preferential treatment of ethnic minorities instead of the forced migration of the past, but did not take migration and precautionary measures against the ambitious separatist nobles.
Since the crown prince Sima Song was not Born to Empress Jia, Empress Jia intended to abolish it. In 300 years, the crown prince was slandered by Jia Hou for rebellion and was deposed. Sima Lun, the King of Zhao, adopted Sun Xiu's plan and provoked Jia to kill the crown prince. Later, King Lun of Zhao joined forces with Sima Ran, the Prince of Qi, to avenge the crown prince and sent troops to remove Empress Jia and his henchmen, and King Lun of Zhao ruled.
Rebellion of the Eight Kings
In 301, Sima Lun the Prince of Zhao established himself as emperor, changed the yuan to Jianshi, and Emperor Hui abdicated as Emperor Taishang. In March, the three kings of Qi, Sima Yan the Prince of Hejian, and Sima Ying the Prince of Chengdu joined forces with Sima Qi, the King of Changshan (later the King of Changsha), to attack King Lun of Zhao. In May, Zhao Wanglun and his henchmen were removed, Emperor Hui was reinstated, and King Ran of Qi ruled. In 302, Wang Ying of Chengdu and Wang Yong of Hejian sent an army to attack Wang Yuan of Qi, and Sima Qi, the king of Changsha, joined forces with court generals to respond in the capital Luoyang. Sima Ran, the King of Qi, and his henchmen were expelled, and Sima Qi, the King of Changsha, was in power and remotely controlled by his foreign relative Yang Xuanzhi.
In 303, Wang Ying of Chengdu joined forces with Wang Yong of Hejian to attack Luoyang and attack Yang Xuanzhi and others, but was repeatedly defeated by Wang Qi of Changsha. In early 304, luoyang was short of food, and the court general forced Sima Yue, the king of the East China Sea, to spare Sima Qi, the king of Changsha, and Kaesong surrendered. Wang Qi of Changsha was killed by Zhang Fang, a general of the Hejian King, and Wang Ying of Chengdu forced Emperor Hui to make him the emperor's brother-in-law, King Huan of Hejian as Dazai, and King Yue of the East China Sea as Shangshuling. After Wang Ying's victory in Chengdu, the banshi returned to Yi and the political center moved north. Then the court general Chen Yi gathered forces from all sides and blackmailed Emperor Hui to attack Wang Ying of Chengdu. In the end, emperor Hui of Jin was captured, and the king of Donghai fled to his fiefdom of Donghai (東海, in modern Tancheng, Shandong), and The general Zhang Fang of Hejian captured Luoyang.
However, soon Sima Yue's brother Ma Teng and The Prefecture Assassin Shi Dongying Company Ma Teng and Youzhou Thorn Shi Wang Jun joined forces with foreign forces such as Xianbei and Wuhuan to defeat Wang Ying of Chengdu. Zhang Fang fled to Luoyang, where hejian wang, who owned Guanzhong and Luoyang, reconciled with the king of Donghai, and finally Wang Ying of Chengdu was deposed, and the king of Hejian was replaced by Sima Chi as the emperor's brother-in-law.
In 305, Sima Yue raised an army again in Shandong and attacked Guanzhong from the west. In 306, King Yue of the East China Sea invaded Chang'an. Sima Yong and Sima Ying were defeated, and Sima Mo occupied Chang'an. Sima Yue, the king of the Eastern Sea, welcomed Emperor Hui back to Luoyang, and then the king of Chengdu was killed, and Emperor Hui of Jin was poisoned by Sima Yue, and his brother Sima Chi the Prince of Yuzhang succeeded to the throne as Emperor Huai of Jin, and was regent by Sima Yue, the king of the East Sea, and the rebellion of the eight kings ended here.
Five nonsense
Natural and man-made disasters, ethnic minorities were also extremely oppressed by the rulers of the Shi clan at that time, and the internally migrating nationalities took the opportunity to raise troops to seek independence and make a living, resulting in wuhu chaos, and after the Yongjia rebellion, the shi people crossed south to protect themselves. Among them, there are sixteen kingdoms that "can build a state and become a warring state", namely: Chenghan, Former Zhao, Later Zhao, Former Yan, Former Qin, Former Liang, Later Yan, Later Qin, Western Qin, Hou Liang, Southern Liang, Southern Yan, Western Liang, Northern Liang, Great Xia, and Northern Yan. Later generations are thus known as the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period. In fact, there were also ran wei, Zhai Wei, Western Yan, Huan Chu, Shu Shu, and Qi Qi chi.
At that time, the foreign tribes included Xiongnu, Xianbei, Xianbei, Qiang, Lushuihu, Wuhuan, Baji and Goguryeo. During the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, local power continued to expand, separatists among ethnic minorities rebelled one after another, and Li Xiong of the Hu clan gradually gained power in Yizhou, becoming king in 304, and emperor two years later, with the name Cheng, and confronting Luo Shang in Ba County. In 304, Sima Ying was besieged by Wang Jun and Sima Teng, and sent the Xiongnu leader Liu Yuanhui to send troops to support him, and Liu Yuan took the opportunity to declare independence. In 308, Liu Yuan declared himself emperor and the state name Han, and divided the southwestern shanxi. Due to the dismantling of the Jin Dynasty's armaments in the Central Plains, its inability to quell the rebellion, coupled with severe natural disasters, seriously shaken the foundation of its rule. The Jin Dynasty faced a crisis of collapse after the Rebellion of the Eight Kings.
In order to expand his territory, Liu Yuan sent his son Liu Cong to attack Luoyang, and was defeated several times. Shi Le and Wang Mi plundered the Kwantung states, and Shi Le annexed Wang Mi and left Liu Yuan to fight south. In 310, Liu Yuan died, and Liu Cong killed the new emperor Liu He and established himself as emperor. In the same year, Shi Le passed through Wancheng and Xiangyang, plundered the Jianghan area, and returned north the following year. At that time, there was a locust plague in the Kwantung, Luoyang was short of grain, and the Xianbei Tuoba tuoba Yilu and others wanted to send troops to defend Luoyang, Sima Yue resigned on the grounds that there was no grain, and led the important ministers and generals of the court to the east to negotiate Shile, and Emperor Huai was trapped in Luoyang.
In 311, the conflict between Emperor Huai of Jin and Sima Yue broke out, and the secret edict Gou Xi cut it down, and then Sima Yue died of illness, and Wang Yan led an army to bury the feudal state. When he marched east to Ku County (bitter county, in present-day Luyi County, Henan), he was attacked by Shi Le, and the elite Jin army was slaughtered and killed. At this time, Luoyang was empty, and was attacked by Liu Cong and Wang Mibing, killing more than 30,000 officials and people, and abducting Emperor Huai of Jin, known in history as the "Disaster of Yongjia". In 313, Emperor Huai of Jin was killed, emperor Huan of Jin succeeded to the throne in Chang'an, and Liu Cong sent Liu Yao to continue the attack. In 316, Emperor Huan of Jin surrendered, and was finally humiliated and killed, thus ending the Fall of the Western Jin Dynasty. Subsequently, various ethnic groups successively established states in the north, known in history as the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms".
After the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were still a number of areas in the north that were loyal to the Jin Dynasty, namely Liu Kun in the north of Hezhou, Duan Piqiu in Youzhou, Shao Xu in Jizhou, Cao Ling and Xu Gong in Qingzhou; Murong Li and Duan Ju in the northeast; Dai Wang in the north; and Zhang clique in liangzhou in the northwest. However, Liu Kun was first defeated by Shi Le and defected to Youzhou Duanpi. Duan Piju was ordered by the Eastern Jin Dynasty king Dun mi to execute Liu Kun, and duan Piju was also defeated by Shi Le. After Liu Cong's death, the generals split, as many as 200,000 households defected, and the Jin army also attacked Dai County, which was not far from its capital, and Jin Zhun killed Liu Cang, established the system of the Heavenly King of jin domain, and submitted to the Jin dynasty, and was soon killed. Shi Le occupied Hedong, Liu Yao also abandoned the Han banner, and both established themselves as the State of Zhao. Liu Yao(劉曜載): After the death of Zhang Yao (張寔) in Liangzhou, his brother Zhang Mao (張茂) made him vassal of Former Zhao (Zhang Rail's biography records that Zhang Mao did not surrender and defeated Liu Yao). The three separatist forces opposed to the Jin Dynasty occupied one-fifth of the Jin Dynasty's territory at that time.
Towards extinction
After the various ethnic groups moved inland, they mixed with the Han people and lived a settled agricultural life. The rulers of the Wei and Jin dynasties forced the people of all ethnic groups to pay rent and transfer, to serve in force, and to "serve in the same way as the households".
The Western Jin Dynasty occupation system clearly stipulated their rent transfer burden. Most of the bureaucrats and landlords of the Han nationality regard ethnic minorities as slaves and tenants. The brutal national oppression caused the ethnic minorities to "resent the rulers of the Western Jin Dynasty, poisoned by the bone marrow" [41-42], so the rebellion continued to occur.
The first attack on the Western Jin Dynasty was the rebellion of the Li people and the small-scale rebellion of the Xiongnu and Qiang, followed by the rebellion of the Xiongnu nobleman Liu Yuan. During the Rebellion of the Eight Kings, Sima Teng and the general Wang Jun joined forces with the Xianbei nobles to attack the city of Yicheng, where Sima Ying was stationed, and Sima Ying was defeated, and Liu Yuan offered to return to the Xiongnu to gather cavalry to counter the Xianbei people, and Sima Ying agreed. Liu Yuan was able to return to the Xiongnu.
In the first year of Yongxing (304 AD), Liu Yuan returned to Zuoguo City under Xiongnu control and conspired with xiongnu magnates to raise an army. Liu Yuan's great-grandfather Liu Xuan issued a declaration of rebellion [, in fact, to capture the Central Plains].
At that time, most of the Han people in hezhou migrated south due to the scourge of war, and the balance of power between Hu and Han underwent major changes, and the officials of hezhou were still enthusiastic about internal strife. As a result, Liu Yuan declared himself the King of Han, placed hundreds of officials, defeated Sima Teng, and recruited Wang Mi and others who rebelled in Shandong, forming an anti-Jin wave.
In the second year of Yongjia (308 AD), Liu Yuan was proclaimed emperor and the capital was Pingyang. In the autumn and winter of the third year of Yongjia (309 AD), he sent his son Liu Cong to lead Shi Le and Liu Yao to attack Luoyang, and the Western Jin army stubbornly resisted, and the Xiongnu were defeated. After Liu Yuan's death, Liu Cong killed his brother and established himself, and attacked Luoyang in the winter of the fourth year of Yongjia (310 AD).
In the fifth year of Yongjia (311 AD), Sima Yue, the king of the Western Jin Dynasty, died of illness, and the Xiongnu army besieged Luoyang for the third time, while the southern states of Mucheng either supported the army or symbolically sent troops to "King Qin". Wang Dun gathered the warriors every day to drink and have fun; Wang Cheng led his troops from Jingzhou to Nanyang at a very slow speed, and when he heard that Jingzhou's army of Shi Shanjian had been defeated, he ran back. Wang Yan and others led an army of more than 100,000 people to flee openly. As a result, they were completely annihilated by Shi Le in Ku County. In July, Luoyang fell, Emperor Huai of Jin was captured, and then the Han general Shi Le struck Xun Yi and Qingyan fell.
In the first year of Jianxing (313 AD), Emperor Huai of Jin was killed at Pingyang, and Emperor Huan of Jin succeeded to the throne in Chang'an, ordering a total of 700,000 troops of Sima Rui, Liu Kun, and others to attack Pingyang in three ways. As a result, Sima Rui, who was the main force in this battle, disobeyed the order at the instigation of the shi clan.
In the fourth year of Jianxing (316 AD), Chang'an fell and the Western Jin Dynasty fell. The Xiongnu controlled almost all of the Central Plains, and the great upheaval that lasted for more than a hundred years began. Subsequently, various ethnic groups successively established states in the north, known in history as the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms".