Previous We said that the Qing Dynasty's atrocities in many aspects have offended many Qing fans. However, for the sake of historical justice, I must offend the fans again today.
The degree of tyranny of the Zhu Ming Dynasty in terms of institutional design and the rise of unjust imprisonment is second only to that of the Manchu Qing Dynasty, especially in the totalitarian cultural autocracy, and its reactionary nature is very profound. However, the political design of the Ming Dynasty was not based on any old historical lessons, but on the basis of the present, making some systems forward-looking. In general, there are many drawbacks in the Ming system, and some scholars believe that China's history into an authoritarian society actually began with the Ming Dynasty.
Why don't you choose a good portrait, because it must be true, and Zhu Yuanzhang looks like this according to the historian's research.
It has to be criticized that Zhu Yuanzhang set off major cases, unjust cases, and made his own desired transformation of the imperial examination and meritorious men, and at the same time, in view of the fact that the Yuan Dynasty caused the succession of powerful ministers due to the large feudal kings with different surnames, and the phenomenon of killing the king and monopolizing power occurred repeatedly (at least Zhu Yuanzhang believed that this was the case), Zhu Yuanzhang divided the kings of the domain to various places, causing the later Battle of Jingnan. Zhu Yuanzhang restored the system of human martyrdom, and also imitated the system of the world army, the system of prefectural soldiers, and the system of a thousand households in the Yuan Dynasty, and established the system of guard houses, and he also thought that his design was superb and the combination of ancient and modern times, but he did not know that this system was one of the sources of the problem of eating empty wages in the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang repeatedly raised up the literal prison, and even lifted the literal prison onto Mencius's head, setting up an eight-share system of taking soldiers, supporting a totalitarian cultural autocratic system. Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the beggar system. The establishment of the court staff system and the Jinyi guard system not only dealt a blow to official power, but also dealt a deep blow to ideology, seriously oppressing the ideological and cultural circles.
It is commendable that Zhu Yuanzhang was a very diligent emperor, and at the same time, Zhu Yuanzhang severely punished corruption and set up a Dengwen drum, so that the people could directly send corrupt officials, and while cracking down on official power, civil rights were also exceptionally boosted.
During zhu Yunjiao's reign, he actively cut the domain, but due to lack of ability, the object of the cutting was not right, and there were good and bad among the kings of the slashed domain, resulting in the abnormal failure of the policy of cutting the domain.
During Zhu Di's reign, the politics were clear, but in the early period of his reign, he used severe torture to maintain his rule, invented the Zhulian Ten Tribes, Gua Man Tuo and other clan curse methods, and then killed Xie Jin, restored JinyiWei and Dongchang, and used eunuchs to rule as secret agents. Due to the influence of the Northern Expedition to the desert, Zhu Di did not consider the problem of the Annam Kingdom, and directly because the king he supported was not accepted, he destroyed Annam, which had been independent for hundreds of years, and set up an ancient toe cloth envoy here, resulting in an increase in the cost of maintaining stability, and the Ming Dynasty's fiscal deficit was serious.
Zhu Diwen Tao Wuluo, the Northern Expedition to the Desert, invented the cabinet system, established the political system of Qingming, was strict before and after lenient, promoted meritocrats, launched the great navigation movement of Zheng He to the West, and revised the "Yongle Canon", which is known as the Yongle Prosperous Era.
Although he reigned for less than a year, Zhu Gaozi can still be called one of the best emperors of the Ming Dynasty. During the period of the crown prince's supervision of the country, he has always devoted himself to financial operations, and during his reign, he has rehabilitated unjustly imprisoned and rehabilitated all those who have been wrongfully killed since the Battle of Jingnan. Implement a national policy of recuperation.
Launching the last zheng he went to the west, bravely abandoning Annam and continuing his father's national policy of recuperation. History calls it the rule of Renxuan.
Obeying the idea of the great eunuch Wang Zhen, he pro-government Wallachian, resulting in the total annihilation of the main force, known in history as the change of Tumu Fort. After that, he even made a "call the door tianzi" and personally served as a guide for the Wala people.
After returning to the Ming Dynasty, he launched a coup d'état to restore the Nangong, killed the hero Yu Qian, built a temple for Ye Xian, connived with Cao Jixiang and Shi Heng, removed Xu Youzhen from his post, and caused the Cao Shi Rebellion. The only good thing he did was to abolish the system of human martyrdom.
Reused for modesty, he led the defense of Beijing and preserved the Ming Dynasty. The evening scene was desolate, and he died shortly after the restoration of the Southern Palace.
At the beginning of his reign, he rehabilitated Zhu Qiyu and Yu Qian, and appointed the wise ministers ShangRui and others to govern the country. The atmosphere of the times was clear, and many sages in the imperial court were exempted from taxes and reduced punishments, and the social economy gradually recovered. The external recovery of lost land, known in history as Chenghua Plough Court. However, at the beginning of the reign, the West Plant was restored. In his later years, he was dismissed from the West Factory. Reuse the traitorous monk Jixiao, the attendant Li Zi Province, the eunuch Liang Fang, the foreign relative Wan Xi, and so on. Wan An, Liu Jue, and Liu Ji were reused, and called the paper paste Three Pavilion Elders, the officials Yin Min, Hubu Yinqian, Libu Zhou Hongmo, Bingbu Zhang Peng, Zhang Ying of the Punishment Department, and Liu Zhao of the Ministry of Works. Established the Imperial Palace and personally participated in the land annexation. A large number of missionaries were set up who were promoted by the noble ladies of the court.
In his early years, he devoted himself to the elimination of maladministration. In his later years, he favored the eunuch Li Guang. Although it was later corrected, it also caused damage. Although there was only one Empress Zhang in her lifetime, Empress Zhang was not a good empress, desperately supporting her brothers Zhang Heling and Zhang Yanling. During this period, he suffered many military defeats.
Whether Zhu Houzhao is a Ming Jun or a Dark Jun is much debated in the academic community. However, one thing is certain that Zhu Houzhao was not politically clear during his reign. The result of the emperor taking the lead in pursuing the liberation of individuality was naturally the chaos and disorder of the country. The only beautiful thing to do was probably to execute Liu Jin.
If nothing else, just one big ceremony is enough to nail the Jiajing Emperor to the pillar of shame in history. Because he wanted to honor his father, he did not listen to the opinions of the courtiers on a large scale, disregarded the ancient patriarchal etiquette, and invited his ancestor Akihito to the temple. This is a serious lack of filial piety.
During Zhu Houxi's reign, there was a change in the palace of Nongyin, and due to the obedience of the Jiajing Emperor, the palace women were overwhelmed and chose to launch an uprising, after which Zhu Houxi was superstitious about Taoism, did not go to the dynasty, but knew everything about the government. Favoring Yan Song, Yan Song fell in the last year of Jiajing, Yan Shifan was beheaded, and the politics of the Ming Dynasty gradually entered the right track. During Zhu Houxi's reign, because of the defeat of the Portuguese fleet, Zhu Houxi ordered a sea ban, resulting in the rampage of the Southeast Wukou, and in the appointment of generals, the wrongful killing of Hu Zongxian and the imprisonment of Yu Dayu were absurd. I believe that the second palace can not meet each other, and has not seen the prince.
In the first year of Longqing, the sea ban system was abolished, and the Ming Dynasty entered the final period of economic prosperity, known in history as the Longqing switch, and thus the late Ming era also arrived.
In the early stage, Zhang Juzheng controlled the government and initiated Zhang Juzheng's reforms. After the Wanli Emperor took over the government, he whipped Zhang Juzheng and abolished some of the reforms. Strive to govern, quite a symbol of ZTE. Because of the dispute over the foundation of the country, he retaliated against the chancellor and began to not go to the court for a long time, and the history said that Wanli was sluggish. Like the Jiajing Emperor, everything in the court was known. But the Wanli period was the beginning of the Ming Dynasty's demise. The concentrated outbreak of land issues, ethnic issues, and financial problems made the Ming Dynasty falter.
During his reign, he appointed wise ministers, eliminated maladministration, actively reformed, abolished mining taxes and levies, straightened out chaos, and revived the discipline of the imperial court. However, he laughed at the beautiful woman sent by Zheng Guifei, indulged in pleasure, and died of taking red pills after only one month of reign.
During Zhu Youxiao's reign, there was first a case of palace transfer, the emperor's testimony was inconsistent, and then Wei Zhongxian was reused, and he himself became a "carpenter emperor", regardless of major events in the dprk. Wei Zhongxian excluded dissidents, framed Zhongliang, and did bad things, which brought the darkness of the Ming Dynasty factory guard system to the extreme, and even suppressed the citizens because of it. The so-called Wei Zhongxian collected commercial taxes, and the Donglin Party did not collect commercial taxes, which was also falsified by the data in the History of Ming. The year after Wei Zhongxian's death, the Li Zicheng Uprising broke out, and it is clear that Li Zicheng's uprising was conceived entirely during Wei Zhongxian's reign.
The Emperors of the Southern Ming Dynasty also gave Zhu Youzong Yizong and Emperor Weizong. In order to buy people's hearts, the Manchu rulers gave Zhu You the temple title of Huaizong, which was later eliminated. In the early days of his reign, Zhu Youjian eradicated the eunuchs, exerted great efforts to govern, was diligent and thrifty, and devoted himself to ZTE, but his personality problems and ability problems made it difficult for the Ming Dynasty to return to the ming dynasty, on the contrary, Zhu Youjian did not care about Li Zicheng, Zhang Xianzhong and other forces, hesitated in front of moving the capital and not moving the capital, did not want to bear the responsibility of moving the capital, and eventually died and the country was destroyed. Before his death, he wrote a letter to Li Zicheng: Seventeen years after he ascended the throne, the rebel thief directly approached the Beijing Division, although the Rebel thief directly attacked the Beijing Division, although the Qibo Virtue Bandits were bowed, the Heavenly Anger Caused the Rebel Thieves to Directly Approach the Beijing Division, but all the ministers mistakenly degenerated. Death, faceless ancestors in the ground, to remove the crown, to cover the face. The thief split the corpse and did not hurt the people alone. Although it is deeply moving, we must admit that if it were not for Zhu Youjian's diligent administration and the drastic withdrawal of power from the cabinet, how could China's history be rewritten?
Note: The Southern Ming Emperors had little special contribution or harm to China's overall politics, so they were not listed.