Wen | Mi jun, high-quality original author, freelance writer
The "Filial Piety Sutra" has a saying: "The skin of the body, the parents who receive it, do not dare to destroy it, and the beginning of filial piety is also the beginning." ”
Some time ago, the variety show "China in the Classics" designed the late Ming scientist Song Yingxing as the braided hairstyle of the Qing Dynasty, which caused a lot of controversy on the Internet. The focus is on whether Song Yingxing shaved his hair. So, what did the historical shaving order look like?
Let's take a look at the next shaving order.
The year 1644 was an extremely sad and miserable year for the land of Shenzhou. The Chongzhen Emperor of the Ming Dynasty hanged himself, and the Qing Dynasty entered the customs.
But for the commoners, it didn't matter who became the emperor, as long as they could live a stable life, so it was not a bad thing that the Shunzhi Emperor came. There was only one thing that made the Han people at that time angry as a whole, and that was the shaving order. Manchu hairstyles are very different from those of the Han Chinese, with men shaving their front hair and braiding the back of their heads in a long braid. You can imagine how ugly it is.
In fact, the shaving order was not invented in the Qing Dynasty, but existed during the Song Dynasty. Its inventor is also the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty: the Jin Dynasty people who were active in the 12th-13th centuries. Jin Taizong once issued such a tough order: "Forbidden people's Hanfu, and those who cut their hair and are not as good as the style, die!" "The hairstyle of the Jin Dynasty people was to leave the back of the skull, the hair on the middle of the head was shaved off, and the hair on the forehead was left in a number of small braids, which was similar to but different from the Qing Dynasty hairstyle.
After the establishment of the Later Jin and Qing Dynasties, Emperor Taiji once said: "The Emperor Taizu and the Taizong Dharma are auspicious and bright, but they can be long-lasting." To The xizong hala and the world of the complete Yan Liang are ruined, and they are addicted to the color of wine, and the pleasure is excessive, following the bad habits of the Han people. Therefore, Huang Taiji was very adamant in demanding that all the Han people within the Jin Dynasty shave their hair.
The Qianlong Emperor, who had Han ancestry, also said: "Northern Wei, Liao, Jin, and Yuan all those who must be clothed in Han clothes and crowns have all died again and again." Those who will be able to take the future as their aspirations will not be confused by rumors, and they will not be confused by rumors, and they will inherit the blessings of Heaven and the blessings of Heaven, and they will not be introduced in the year of Vance. You can be careless, you can't be afraid. This means that the Northern Wei, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties all died out of reverence for Han culture. It can be seen that Qianlong is indeed a wise man.
That is to say, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty have realized that only by resisting Sinicization can they maintain their own national customs and continue to be strong. Coupled with the need to wear down the national spirit of the Han, Miao, and other ethnic groups, shaving hair is undoubtedly the easiest way to be loyal to the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, Emperor Taiji, Dolgun, and Shunzhi Kangxi spared no effort to implement the shaving order. From the perspective of Manchu rule, this trick was indeed very effective.
In view of the rebellion caused by the shaving order, the Qing Dynasty also had to be cautious, after all, most of the Ming dynasty people at that time had already submitted. However, there was a Ming Dynasty official Sun Zhizhu who played a role in fueling the waves, and he wrote to Dolgun: "Your Majesty has pacified the Central Plains, everything is new, and the system of clothing and hair is unique to the Han Dynasty, this is Your Majesty from China, not from Your Majesty!" ”
Dorgon felt justified and imposed a shaving order. In order to promote the shaving order, the Manchu Qing Dynasty announced that "no hair is left behind, and hair is not left.".
Above: Ming Dynasty Hairstyle - Qing Dynasty Hairstyle - Modern Hairstyle. Anyone who understands aesthetics knows that the braids of the Qing Dynasty are indeed too ugly.
The shaving order was psychologically unbearable for the Han people at that time. "The skin of the body shall not be damaged by the parents." This has been the case since ancient times, and shaving is a highly insulting means. The process of shaving the hair was too bloody, and it seriously damaged the traditional Chinese costume culture, which was a catastrophe. This also led to the endless resistance of the South, which had the intention of surrendering.
In the process of rebellion, there were many tragic stories left, such as the Eighty-first Day of Jiangyin and the Three Massacres of Jiading. In the summer of 1645, the Jiangyin people resisted the shaving order and the Qing soldiers against 81 days, the Qing army lost three princes, eighteen generals, but the Jiangyin people lost, was slaughtered 170,000 people, and finally only survived 53 people. And the Three Massacres of Jiading were the most tragic. In order to rebel against the shaving order, the scholars Hou Zhizeng and Huang Chunyao rose up in Jiading (present-day Jiading, Shanghai) to rebel against Qing rule. The Han general Li Chengdong issued three massacre orders against Jia. Jiading was slaughtered three times on June 13, June 14, and August 16, 1645. Nearly 100,000 people died, known in history as the "Three Massacres of Jiading".
What is even more shocking is that there were hundreds of millions of people in The land of China at the end of the Ming Dynasty, but in the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty, there were only 20 million people. This is a terrible tragedy.
Ironically, it was not the Manchus who killed the most, but the Ming warlords who surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, they were Wu Sangui, Kong Youde, Li Chengdong and so on. This group of people were inhuman beasts who pointed butcher knives at their own people. They are nailed under the column of shame of history and can never be turned over.
Chen Mingxia, a famous scholar of the Qing Dynasty, once said: "If you keep your hair and reinstate your clothes, the world will be at peace." "Yes, in fact, if you don't implement the shaving order, the world has long been peaceful, and many enemies of the Qing Dynasty were born because of the shaving order." Soon after, however, he was beheaded for saying this.
The impact of shaving orders is far-reaching.
But with the development of the times, the hairline of Qing Dynasty men has also been advancing. During the Jiaqing Yellow Emperor period, men's hairstyles gradually evolved into shaving only inches around the edges of the top hair, while retaining long hair in the middle, braided into braids in three strands, hanging behind the head, called braids or braids.
Since the Zhou Dynasty, China has established a traditional hair ornament: hair bun. In ancient China, the Han chinese had to grow long hair for both men and women, and the crown ceremony for men was to coil their hair into a bun. Zi Yue: "The skin of the body, the parents who receive it, do not dare to be injured, the beginning of filial piety, stand on the path, make a name for themselves in the hereafter, to show their parents, and the end of filial piety." ”
However, due to the death of the Ming Dynasty in the later period, the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. The policy of shaving hair and changing clothes has completely destroyed the traditional hair ornament culture of the Han people, and Hanfu has also disappeared. In the early years of the Kangxi Dynasty, officials of the Li Dynasty's Korean Tribute to the Qing Dynasty sighed when reporting to the King of Joseon: "Han Yi is no longer seen, when will it change into China?" ”
Some people say: The Tang Dynasty is in Japan, and the Ming Dynasty is in Korea. There is some truth to this. Costumes are a cultural part of a nation and a nation, and it is actually pathetic to not have their own costumes. Before Xu Jiao wore Hanfu but was scolded by netizens as wearing kimono, the decline of Hanfu culture can be seen. The costumes in the Ming Dynasty version of the film and television drama were also said by netizens to be very similar to Korean dramas, which is because the Costumes of The DPRK itself are ming Dynasty costumes. You say helpless no?
During the more than 200 years of qing rule, there were continuous uprisings against the Qing dynasty and restoration of the Ming Dynasty in order to resist the shaving order. One of the reasons for the confrontation between Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Jing of the Ming Dynasty in Taiwan Province and the Qing Dynasty was also the shaving order; one of the crimes against the Qing Dynasty in the Taiping Rebellion was the shaving order; and the anti-Qing revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen also made the shaving order one of the crimes.
Gu Yanwu, a thinker in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, said: When the Ming Dynasty perished, it was a country that perished, but shaving its head and changing clothes was a world that perished. That's true.
History is always unusually cruel. Subjectivity cannot be changed. The Han were subject to Manchu rule, but eventually the Manchus were fully Sinicized and became part of China. This is history. Unfortunately, China's culture has been locked down for nearly 300 years, and even lagged behind the world.