Olive, also known as white olive, yellow olive and green fruit, is a valuable specialty of China's tropical and subtropical regions, and is also a homologous raw material for medicine and food published by the National Health and Family Planning Commission, which has a cultivation history of more than 2,000 years. According to the statistics of relevant departments, in 2018, the olive planting area in Guangdong Province was 26,700 hm2, the total annual output was 40,000 to 70,000 tons, olives are traditional economic cultivation fruit trees in Chaoshan region, widely used, high economic benefits, the region is the most consumed area of fresh olives in China, the existing high-quality fresh olive varieties are few, low yields, expensive prices, especially the famous varieties such as three-sided olives, which are the treasures of the Teochew people's Spring Festival customs and gifts, which are exported to Hong Kong, Macao and Southeast Asian countries. 'Prismatic Olive' is a high-quality fresh olive strain from the olive orchards of Sanmiao Breeding Co., Ltd. in Raoping County, Chaozhou City. The park is located in The "Yungaiyue" Mountain, two kilometers south of the Tianrao section of the Provincial Highway Fengbai Highway in Sanrao Town, Raoping County, and the surrounding ecological environment is good. 'Prismatic olive' fruit when ripe yellow-green, oblong oval type, single fruit weight 9 ~ 11 g, flesh delicate, crisp and no residue, fragrant, no astringency, sweet aftertaste, the orchard in 2012 by the Ministry of Agriculture rated as a national standardized production demonstration garden; 'prismatic olive' in 2013 through the Ministry of Agriculture China Green Food Development Center audit, was identified as green food A-class products; in 2019 won the Guangdong Province agricultural leading varieties, now the 'prismatic olive' green food production technology is summarized as follows.
1.1 Origin environment
The base is located in the middle of the northern basin of Raoping County, east longitude 116 ° 49 '20 ", north latitude 23 ° 58 '50 ", belongs to the subtropical oceanic climate, the average annual temperature of 20.5 ~ 22.4 °C, the annual rainfall is abundant, the average annual rainfall of about 1 600 mm, the mountain environment is unique, the perennial clouds are misty, the spring water is clear, in the local known as the "cloud cover moon" mountain beauty; after inspection by professional departments, the air and soil quality of the production environment conform to the "Green Food Production Area Environmental and Technical Conditions" Environmental standards.
1.2 Plot Selection
The mountain is a leeward terrain in the southeast direction, with a slope of less than 25 °, a deep soil layer, fertile soil, red loam soil, loose, moist and well drained.
2.1 Capital construction in the park
The main road of the orchard is 4 to 6 m wide, which can be used for large motor vehicles, and there is a drainage and irrigation system such as a pond on the top of the mountain, a shelter forest and other soil and water conservation infrastructure around the orchard, and a supporting agricultural tool house, fertilizer and pesticide warehouse, septic tank, fruit treatment site and warehouse under the mountain.
2.2 Reclamation of the ladder belt
According to the requirements of the same level, the contour terraces are reclaimed, the slope is below 15 °, the gradient width is 5 to 6 m, the above 15 ° is 3 ~ 4 m, and the gentle slope of the ladder width is 10 ~ 12 m.
3.1 Dig a large hole and rebury the base fertilizer
The main roots of olives are well developed, deep in the soil, and the lateral roots are widely distributed, and large holes must be dug for colonization. The colonization hole is 1 m wide and 1 m long, and the depth is 0.8 m, and each hole is filled with 3 to 4 layers of base fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mixed with green manure such as weeds and straws and decomposed human and animal manure, peanut bran, etc. Each layer is added with lime and phosphate fertilizer according to the above fertilizer, backfilled in layers, planted on the pier, and colonized after sinking.
3.2 Planting density
Suitable dense planting is carried out according to different site conditions, and the row spacing is 4 m×6 m or 5 m×6 m. That is, 28 or 22 plants are planted every 667 m2; the general planting is 6 m×7 m, that is, 16 plants are planted every 667 m2, which is for the dwarfing of the tree body, so that the distribution of the branches is evenly balanced and balanced, so that it can form a mushroom-shaped canopy as soon as possible and enter the fruiting period early.
3.3 Colonization and post-planting management
When planting, first remove the outer packaging, dig a hole in the top of the good mound, remove the nutrient bag outside the seedling, close the seedling root to the solid soil on the side of the planting hole, first fill in the fine soil, gently compact layer by layer, the root neck is slightly higher than the soil surface, dripping with sufficient root water, and the tree tray is covered with hay to moisturize. Within 1 month, you should be diligently drenched in water to moisturize, prevent stains and drought, erase adventitious buds in time and do a good job of replanting.
3.4 Planting methods
Choose to plant 'prismatic olive' grafted seedlings or small trees with low and high joints, and the scion comes from the 'prismatic olive' mother tree and offspring of this orchard. Or the inferior olives that have been planted for many years are grafted at a high level, and the annual branches of the high-quality prismatic olive fruit tree are selected, and the second and third branches of the inferior varieties are grafted to improve the traditionally planted large olive trees.
4.1 Soil management
From the second year after planting, the hole is expanded outward around the original planting hole, and it is carried out after the autumn shoots are ripe or after the fruit is harvested. Each time the hole is expanded on both sides of the original colonization hole, a strip trench with a width of 0.3 m, a depth of 0.4 m and a length of 0.5 to 1 m is dug, and each plant is buried with 10 to 20 kg of green manure, 10 to 15 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 0.5 kg of lime, and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate, and layered compaction during backfilling, topsoil and coarse fertilizer are placed on the bottom layer, and the mixed refined fertilizer of the core soil is backfilled in the surface layer. For elderly trees, it is also necessary to cultivate 200 to 400 kg of soil per plant, and to loosen the soil before cultivating the soil.
4.2 Interspecies
Within 2 to 5 a after colonization, intercropping with legumes such as peanuts or green manure outside the tree tray. It is also possible to choose excellent grass species to be artificially planted or to retain benign weeds, and the cultivation method of raw grass can be implemented.
4.3 Moisture management
The olive root system avoids water accumulation, and the orchard has the phenomenon of water accumulation, and timely drainage is carried out, and in case of drought, water diversion irrigation is carried out. When the dry season comes, the whole garden is lightly loosened to reduce the evaporation of soil moisture and moisturized with weeds.
4.4.1 Principles of fertilizer use
Scientific fertilization, advocating the principle of organic as the mainstay, chemical fertilizer reduction and control, safety and quality, the use of fertilizer in line with the provisions of NY/T 394, timely do a good job in the field file records of fertilizer use: (1) the implementation of base fertilizer and organic fertilizer deep application; (2) with multi-compound fertilizer as the mainstay, supplemented by single element fertilizer; (3) soil miscellaneous fertilizer and other organic fertilizers after composting and maturation and harmless treatment technology, the last top-up application of chemical fertilizer is carried out 30 days before harvest.
4.4.2 Fertilization of young trees
Young trees aim to cultivate the canopy, the ends are started 3 to 4 times a year, and 30 to 60 cm circular grooves are dug at the drip line of the canopy and buried, and the soil is covered after application. The fertilization time is mastered once before and after each extraction, mainly fast-acting fertilizer, 0.2 to 0.6 kg of urea per plant per year, compound fertilizer (N, P2O5, K2O content of 15: 15: 15) 0.5 ~ 1 kg, peanut bran 0.5 to 1 kg, and then increase the amount of fertilizer according to the crown width year by year.
4.4.3 Fertilization of fruit trees
Fertilization is applied 4 times a year, and the fertilization is increased or decreased according to the size of the canopy, the strength of the tree and the results. In early March, the compound fertilizer (N, P2O5, K2O content was 15:15:15) was 1 to 2 kg. The second time from late June to mid-July, peanut bran 1 to 1.5 kg and compound fertilizer 0.5 to 1 kg can be applied. The third application of post-harvest fertilizer in September to October can be applied, which can be applied from 1.5 to 2.5 kg of peanut bran and 1 to 1.5 kg of compound fertilizer. The fourth winter fertilizer was applied from December to January of the following year, and 25 to 30 kg of soil fertilizer and 1 to 1.5 kg of compound fertilizer could be applied.
4.5.1 Juvenile tree shaping
After colonization, cut the top at the height of the main trunk 0.7 to 1 m, and when the lateral buds germinate, 3 to 5 branches are selected in different directions as the main branches, and the main branches are too long, and can be shortened to 30 to 40 cm. According to the same method, each female branch will leave 3 side branches in the future, and the remaining side shoots will be erased.
4.5.2 Pruning of the resulting tree
Trim twice a year. After fruit harvesting to early January of the following year, the first pruning is carried out, focusing on cutting out the inner branches of the crown, dead branches, diseased and insect branches, and the trees that bear fruit in the early stage can properly retain some inner branches. The second time is held in August, focusing on apical branches, and the top of the canopy should be shortened when it grows to 30 to 40 cm, maintaining a dwarfed canopy.
4.6 Flower Promotion
Trees that grow too vigorously and have few flowers and fruits can choose to promote flowers with measures such as ringing, root breaking, and chemical agent regulation. Ringing is carried out from mid-November to early December, and the main trunk or main branch is tightened with the No. 14 iron wire, about 15 to 20 days, and the leaf color begins to fade and the iron wire is lifted. Root breaking is carried out in November to December, combined with winter fertilizer, and some lateral roots are cut off when deep trenches are opened. Chemical agent regulation was carried out in November to December, with 15% paclobutrazol 300 times foliar spray 3 to 4 times, or soil excavation 15~20 cm buried 15% paclobutrazol 3.3 g/m2, canopy projection area, watering.
4.7 Preservation of flowers and fruits
During the flowering period, 2 to 3 sprays of foliar fertilizer can be applied with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate + 0.1% borax + 0.2% urea. Foliar fertilizer was sprayed 2 to 3 times at the young fruit stage, and circumcised once after the end of the first physiological fruit fall.
5.1 Major pests and diseases and control measures
The main diseases and insects are star chamber psyllid, borer borer, thrips, aphids, etc.; diseases and insect pests include soot, anthrax and so on.
5.2 Principles of prevention and control
Implement the principle of "prevention first, comprehensive prevention", focus on agricultural control, physical control and biological control, and reasonably limit the use of high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue chemical pesticides in accordance with the provisions of NY/T 393, and prohibit highly toxic and high-residue chemical pesticides.
5.3 Agricultural control measures
Combined with orchard management measures, improving the ecological environment of orchards, strengthening olive tree potential to improve stress resistance, inhibiting diseases and insects to protect natural enemies are the goals of agricultural control of olive diseases and insect pests. Increase the application of organic fertilizer, prevent partial application of nitrogen fertilizer, reasonable pruning, keep the orchard ventilated and transparent, enhance the tree potential, and improve the resistance to diseases and insect pests. Pay attention to clearing the garden after fruit picking and winter, cut off diseased and insect branches, diseased and weak branches, and overly dense branches and inner branches, and burn them intensively to reduce the source of diseases and insects in orchards.
5.4 Biological control
Implement the cultivation of raw grass method, orchards appropriately retain or plant some beneficial insect-inhabited grasses and trees, such as thistle, white flower grass, column flower grass, false peanut and other benign grass species, select biopesticide insecticides, and create an environment suitable for the breeding of natural predators. In the cultivation, orchard red basal disc ladybirds, red astrolabe ladybirds and other ladybirds and parasitic bees such as ji small bees and red-eyed bees prey on olive star lice and olive skin moths and olive shan poison moths.
5.5 Physical control The use of frequency vibration insecticidal lamps, color plate and other physical devices to trap insects.
5.6 Chemical control
When necessary, limit the use of high-efficiency, low-toxicity chemical pesticides, and strictly control the safety interval. Alternate rotation, pesticide selection should comply with the provisions of NY/T 393. Select the initial stage of the disease and the young age of the pest, and carry out pharmaceutical control. (1) Olive star chamber pyllid: in April to June (young shoot stage and young fruit stage) and August to October (young shoot stage) two pest peak period spray control, the agent can be 2.5% kung fu emulsion 4 000 ~ 5 000 times liquid, or 99% mineral oil 250 times plus 50% pyrithodone water dispersible granules 2 500 times spray control, or 10% aphid net 3 000 times liquid spray, the above drugs can also treat aphids; olive star room pychia lice occur in large quantities, can be 99% mineral oil 250 times plus 46% fluorodine · Acetamidine water dispersion granules 3 500 times spray, timely control of olive star chamber pyllid hazards. (2) Olive borer borer: 20% acetamidine 2000 times liquid spray. (3) Mesozoites: Lu Ying 400 times spray. (4) Anthrax: before the germination of spring shoots combined with the control of olive star chamber pyllid spraying, 70% daisen manganese zinc wettable powder 300 times liquid or 50% methyl tolbuzin wettable powder 800 times liquid.
It is generally harvested in November to December. If the tree is strong, it can also be picked before the Spring Festival according to the needs of the market, but attention should be paid to preventing frost and frost from hurting the fruit. The tree body is shorter and manually picked; the tall tree can be picked by long bamboo ladder or the long-handled fruit mesh bag made of bamboo to cover the fruit spike, vibrate vigorously, so that the fruit falls into the mesh bag, remove the leaves and other debris after picking, clean it with tap water, dry it naturally, select it according to the size of the olive size, color, and appearance, put it into a film bag (not completely sealed), a packaging can, a corrugated paper packaging box, packaging and logo according to the provisions of NYT 658-2015, put into a 10 ° C cold storage or short-term storage at room temperature.
Establish detailed production record files. Including climatic conditions, fertilization date, type and amount of fertilizer, pest control measures, pesticide use date, type, dose, etc.; fruit harvest date, yield, fruit quality, to achieve traceability of the whole production process.
At present, the changes in environmental living conditions, olive diseases and insect pests are increasing, and producers in order to pursue yield and appearance quality, there is a widespread phenomenon of excessive use of pesticides and unreasonable use of fertilizers. Due to the differences in the natural geographical environment and management level of olive groves in various places, there are many problems in the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests in production, among which the problems of blind use of drugs and rampant pests are particularly prominent. In recent years, the survey has found that the more frequently sprayed and hoeed the grass, the more diseases and pests are infested in olive orchards. In order to control olive diseases and insect pests and reduce yield losses, many fruit farmers indiscriminately abuse pesticides and kill a large number of natural enemies of insects. To improve pest resistance, pests and diseases are becoming more and more rampant, affecting fruit quality and food safety, so far there are few reports on the green prevention and control of olive diseases and insect pests. With the social and economic development, changes in the natural environment and the improvement of living standards, people's demand for green food is getting bigger and bigger, green food is a representative brand of safe and high-quality agricultural products in China, China's green food industry after more than 20 years of development, has achieved world-renowned results, the development of olive green food production is of great significance.