Feng Dao (882-954) was a poet whose name was Covered by Zhengsheng. He was born in the cold, honest and thrifty, successively served in the Four Dynasties, three into the Zhongshu, lived in the position of more than twenty years, affirmers praised him for holding the important town customs as his responsibility, is a rare famous courtier in the chaotic world, because he died seventy-three years old, just happened to be the same as Confucius, at that time there were citations as a comparison. Entering the Song Dynasty, the academic and cultural atmosphere changed, and he was denounced as a shameless person. A woman married to a husband, a minister and a king, should all be loyal to the festival, he actually spanned five generations, appointed to four dynasties, served twelve emperors, where is the festival? Where is the shame? It seems that feng Dao is underground, and it seems that he cannot defend himself, and the moral judgments of Chinese dynasties have been concentrated on him, and it seems that it is still difficult to forgive. However, if we understand Feng Dao's time and read his heart and pursuits, he certainly cannot surpass his time, and under the conditions allowed by the times, he has fulfilled his responsibilities for the country and the nation.
One
Feng Dao's characters are dao, and the surname characters are taken from the first chapter of Lao Tzu, and the meaning is clear. It is said that there was a descendant who read the verse "Dao Ke Dao" in front of him, and also knew the truth of the secret for His Holiness, so he read it as "Can't say, can't say, very can't say", which was a passage made up by people at that time.
Feng Dao was a native of Jingcheng, Yingzhou (present-day Hebei), and his territory was under the administration of Youzhou. When Feng Dao was born, the world was in chaos, and by the time he was weak, the situation had been formed, and he had no family background, from cultivating and reading to strengthening, starting his first experience in his twenties, and joining the army for Liu Shouguang Youzhou in the Tang Dynasty Emperor Tianyou (904-907). Liu Shouguang, relying on the power of his father Liu Rengong, divided the area around present-day Hebei and Beijing-Tianjin in a great chaos, tyrannical and far-sighted, and suddenly became emperor, and was soon defeated. Feng Dao thus instead attached himself to the Hedong regime that defeated Liu Shouguang, the Jin king Li Cunxun, who later became emperor Zhuangzong of Tang. Li Cunxun was a king with a heavy smell of literati, who could attack and defend, was good at performing, charged forward in every battle, and destroyed Liang to create a miracle in military history. Feng Dao was in Hedong and was appreciated by Emperor Zhuangzong, and the documents of the military government were handed over to him for drafting. When the military affairs were busy, Feng Dao undertook it with all his might, and when He encountered Zhuangzong's arrogance, he dared to speak out and gain full credit. In the first year of Tongguang (923), before and after Emperor Zhuangzong destroyed Liang, Feng Dao was made a Hanlin scholar, a Zhongshu Sheren, and a Hubu Waiter. This year, Feng Dao was thirty-two years old and had already entered the ranks of high-level civil officials.
It is said that Feng Dao was able to write poetry at the age of seven, and once composed "Zhipu Poems", only two sentences remained: "The flowers have been swept on the ground, and the frost grass mo teaches hoes." "It is said that the flower beds are rectified, the flowers and grass are pity, and do not dare to do any harm, only the residual flowers that fall to the ground are swept away, and after the frost, do not hoe the weeds." The Song Ren's "Poetry of Chen Fu" (quoted in volume 57 of the "Class Theory") believes that "benevolent nature, the life of all living beings, has been signified by this." That is to say, he did this to the flowers and plants, and during his reign, he especially took the protection of the lives of living beings as his duty, which can also be seen in two verses.
Unfortunately, Feng Dao lived in a turbulent era, and he knew this very well, and he always regarded it as his responsibility to do his best to save the times and the people. The Song dynasty once quoted two of his poems, not knowing when they were written, but clearly and unambiguously declaring his attitude towards life. The first is "Occasional Works": "Don't be afraid of God when you are in danger, and the future often has a cause." It must be known that the sea is returned to the Lord, and the Ji people have not been saved. When did Daode die, and where did the boat and car not pass? But there is no evil in the square, and there are also wolves and tigers in the bush. "For the era in which he lives, Feng Dao sees that there are dangers and current events are difficult, but he does not advocate sadness and sadness because of current events that cannot be done, and believes that everything is man-made, and the future lies in the actions of each person. He is only a literati, firmly believing that the world will be stripped away for a long time, and sooner or later there will be a wise monarch who will save the people from water and fire, and he believes that at any time, morality is not far from the times, as long as he has good thoughts in his heart, even if he is in the tiger and wolf pack, he can be completely fearless. Here, he sees his understanding of the sinister environment in which he lives, surrounded by evil people, tigers and wolves competing for dominance, not an ideal society. But he compared himself to the Ji people, believing that he had no evil thoughts in his heart and fearlessness among the tigers and wolves.
The second song is "The Way of Heaven": "Poor people are destined, why should Lao sigh?" But if you know how to do good things, don't ask about the future. In winter, the ice whiskers are pan, and the spring grass grows on its own. Please look at this reason, the way of heaven is very clear. "Exactly the same as the previous poem. Seeking a life in the official arena, poverty and eminence are all destined, why should we always sigh and be depressed. Firmly believe that everything we do is a good thing that is beneficial to the people's livelihood of the country, and that the future of the individual can be completely disregarded. The reincarnation of the Heavenly Dao has its own inevitable truth, winter to spring, ice disappears and blossoms, Qiankun runs, and everything is always new, this is the Heavenly Principle. Don't complain about the times, don't complain about fate, work hard to practice, do more good deeds, reward diligence in heaven, reward goodness in heaven, everything will come to pass.
The above two poems can probably see Feng Dao's life principles, and he seems to stick to them all his life.
Two
If you don't count Liu Shouguang, Tang Zhuangzong was the first monarch that Feng Dao served. ZhuangZong can be called a hero haojie when he seizes the world, and how to govern after winning the world is obviously a bit of a rush. He likes to perform, which is not a bad thing, but governing the country and trusting the officials is a big problem. He heard that the princes of Shuzhong were having fun, raised troops to cut down Shu, and the quick victory made him completely lost, and he successively executed the powerful minister Guo Chongtao and the famous general Zhu Youqian, provoking a rebellion in Hebei, and he also died in the rebellion. When Feng Dao was in Zhuangzong, due to the death of his father, he returned to his hometown to guard the funeral, and just happened to encounter a disaster, he distributed all the money he earned to the township, and his residence was only a straw house. Probably because of this, he escaped the turmoil of The Last Year of Emperor Zhuangzong.
Statue of Tang Zhuang
His successor was Emperor Mingzong Li Siyuan. He was originally the righteous son of Zhuangzong's father Li Keyong, much older than Zhuangzong, especially in military merit. Emperor Zhuangzong suspected that Li Siyuan had a heavy army in Hebei, and without peace, he raised an army to Xiang Que, and continued Zhuangzong's title of emperor, in order to serve Emperor Mingzong. Emperor Mingzong was born in Shatuo, his culture was not high, he was very reasonable, and he reigned for eight years, which was the most stable and prosperous period for the five generations of governance. At the beginning of Emperor Mingzong's reign, he asked, "Where was Feng Daolang during the reign of Emperor Xian?" He also praised: "This man is very skilled and is a good prime minister." At this time, Feng Dao happened to serve que and returned to the dynasty, and soon entered the photo, and the official name was Zhongshu Shilang, Shangshu of the Punishment Department, and Ping Zhangshi. This was the first emperor feng Dao served after becoming chancellor.
During the reign of Emperor Mingzong, he repeatedly encountered good years and the world was rich. Emperor Mingzong often asked Feng Dao about civil affairs. Feng Dao's conversation with Emperor Mingzong left many records. For example, when it was said that national stability should be "cautious every day", that is, there should be no slackness in the slightest, Feng Dao gave an example: "Every time the subject remembered that on the day of the former emperor's hegemony, he once served as an envoy to Zhongshan, and after passing through the danger of Jingxing, he was worried that the horse was lost, and he did not dare to die in the rank. As for the flat earth, there is no re-control, and the result is that the horse is turned upside down, and it is almost damaged. "Taking the road to the horse as an analogy, the mountain road is steep, so he doubled down on carefully controlling the horse, but when he reached the flat land, he was inevitably negligent, but instead there was an accident, so as to warn Emperor Mingzong that it was more prudent to govern in peacetime. On a certain day in August of the fourth year of Tiancheng (929), Emperor Mingzong asked Feng, "Although the world is ripe, will the people be helped?" "Can the people live a good life with a bumper harvest?" Feng Dao replied, "Gu Gui is hungry for farmers, and Gu Gui is hurting farmers, this is also common sense." The subject recalled that in modern times, nie Yizhong's poem "Wounded TianJia" was written: "Sell new silk in February, and autumn valley in May." Heal the sores under your eyes, but cut off the flesh of your heart. I want the king's heart to be turned into a candle of light. Do not follow the Feast, but look at the Escape House. If the harvest fails and the grain is expensive, the people will inevitably starve because of it, and the world will have a good harvest, the grain price will be low, and the peasants will not be spared." Nie Yizhong was a lesser-known poet at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and his poem "Wounded TianJia" wrote about the hardships of the peasant family. Generally speaking, every year the silk market is not until the fifth month of the lunar calendar, and the autumn valley matures until August, but in order to borrow money to survive the difficult winter and spring, the farmers have sold the silk at a low price in February, and the autumn valley will be sold in May, and the difficulty of their lives can be imagined. In the last four sentences of the poem, the poet hopes that the monarch will care about the people's livelihood, not always pursue a luxurious life, but more concerned about the displaced peasants. Bai Juyi said, "Only the song is sick, and I wish the Son of Heaven to know." Feng Dao took advantage of the opportunity to tell Emperor Mingzong about the hardships of life in the lower classes and turned Bai Juyi's wishes into reality. It is said that after hearing this, Zongzong was very touched, praised "this poem is very good", and immediately asked the attendant to record it, often satirizing it, thinking that it was a warning.
In the fourth year of Changxing (933), Emperor Mingzong was seriously ill and did not handle the transmission procedure well, resulting in the killing of the eldest son, the King of Qin, and the second son, King Conghou, who succeeded to the throne as Emperor Min and was relatively weak. The adopted son Li Congke raised an army from Qixia and seized the throne for the sake of the last emperor or the deposed emperor, and Emperor Min was defeated and killed. During this period, Feng Dao had been in the position of Xiang and also served as emperor Mingzong's mountain envoy. When the last emperor entered The capital, Feng Dao led hundreds of officials in beijing to welcome him into the capital, which has always been the most criticized. It seemed that he could not have other choices, after all, who became emperor depended on strength, not the civil servants could influence.
Three
At the end of the emperor, Feng Daofu returned to the dynasty as Sikong, encountered Mingzong's son-in-law Hedong Shi Jingyao colluded with the Khitan and raised an army to Que, the last emperor was defeated and died, and Later Tang died. Shi Jingyao was proclaimed emperor and established the Later Jin Dynasty, which was for the Jin Dynasty. Feng Dao was sent to usher in a time again, and Jin Gaozu also trusted him, he was the prime minister, the position was Shou Sikong, Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi, Jia Situ and Shi Zhong, enough to be prominent
Statue of Jin Gaozu
The establishment of the Later Jin Dynasty was victorious at the cost of ceding the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun and declaring himself Emperor to the Khitans. In September of the third year of Tianfu (939), the Jin and Khitan exchanged insignia and decided to make the prime minister the envoy. The north was cold, life was difficult, and the Khitan did not keep his promises, there were many repetitions, and the prime ministers such as Zhao Ying and Sang Weihan were reluctant to go, and the king of the Bingbu Shangshu also resigned with old age. It is said that the officials of the branch hall solicited the opinions of the prime ministers, and Feng Daosuo's paper book "Dao Go" was an initiative to undertake. Gao Zu also told Feng: "This trip must be done by Qing Qing. Feng Dao did not prevaricate, and said: "Your Majesty is favored by the Northern Dynasty, and his subjects are favored by His Majesty, why not!" "Get ready to go immediately.
According to the records of the "Old Five Dynasties History and Jin Gaozu Chronicle", Feng Dao envoy Khitan set off in September and returned in February of the following year, nearly half a year before and after, and arrived in Shangjing of the Khitan again, in the territory of present-day Balin Zuoqi in Inner Mongolia, which was the coldest time of the year. Feng Dao was the prime minister and very famous, and the Khitan lord even wanted to personally welcome him, which was hindered by his subordinates. The Khitan gave Feng Dao full courtesy, making him the same as the Khitan state, and the reward was extremely generous. Feng Dao once had a poem xie Khitan lord: "The head of the bull is given, and the elephant wat is more tolerant." Here, "bull's head" refers to the big fish caught by khitan winter fishing and hunting, and the sentence "elephant wat" sees that the Khitan does not see him outside. Qi Han in Shangjing made him unable to adapt to it, and exchanged the rewards he received for charcoal for warmth. Ziyun: "The north is cold, and the old age is unbearable!" "He was fifty-eight years old this year. The Khitan lord also rewarded the brocade and the mink, and one each of the sheep, fox, and mink. Each time he entered the court, he put on all four coats. Overnight in the guest house, you can sleep after three days. Zeng wrote a poem: "Hide your hands in the four jackets of the dynasty, and cover the three at night for fear of showing your head." The Khitan lord wanted to keep him in the Northern Dynasty, but he did not refuse or agree, but only said: "The two dynasties are subjects, is there any difference?" "Everything went with the flow.
By the beginning of the following spring, he was finally released to return to the south. At this time, the Later Jin Dynasty had already moved the capital to Fenzhou, and Feng Dao composed five poems and wrote the feelings of the Northern Envoys, only one of which was preserved: "Last year and today, emperor Hua was enshrined, only for the imperial court and not for the home." A cup of Heavenly Son weeping in the temple, the two festivals in front of the door of the country. Dragon barren winter used to snow, rabbit garden spring return everywhere flowers. The upper and lower lines were like flesh and bones, and several people were dead to cover the wind and sand. He regarded his service as a heroic act of the state at the expense of his own life. Tianzi refers to Jin Gaozu, who sent him off with wine before leaving, believing that the success of this trip was related to the security of the country. The double section refers to the fact that this trip was crowned with the title of Khitan lord and empress dowager, and undertook two missions. The neck is linked in two sentences, comparing the winter snow in the north with the spring flowers of Bieliang, writing about the cold life in the northern country and the joy of returning to Jinjing. Rabbit Garden uses the Western Han Dynasty Liang Wang Dian to refer to Bian Prefecture. The last two sentences say that the Jinzhi mission is as close as flesh and blood, but it is inevitable that some people will die in the northern country, covering up the bones and sand, and increasing infinite sadness.
Nowadays, people generally believe that the Jin Dynasty's ancestors cut off the land and claimed the title of vassal, which was an insult to the national character, and it was also a helpless thing under the comparison of strength at that time. As far as Feng Dao was concerned, this trip was regarded as a matter of national security and life and death. Complete the mission and let him be relieved.
During his reign of More than six years, Emperor Gaozu of Jin handled his relationship with the Khitan with humiliating patience, but fortunately they were at peace. By the seventh year of Tianfu (943), Gaozu died, and He ascended the throne from Zishi Chonggui as the Young Emperor. Shortly after the Young Emperor ascended the throne, he listened to rumors and deposed Feng Dao and served as an envoy to Tongzhou Jiedushi, in order to guard the outside world. Tongzhou, east of Chang'an, was an important town in Guanzhong, and later Tang took Luoyang as its capital, and Tongzhou was not as important as Tang Shi. Feng Dao did not have a long time in the same state, and there was a small story in between. In the third volume of the "Five Dynasties History Supplement", the Tongzhou Confucius Temple was in chaos and ruin, and there was a small official in charge of liquor who was willing to repair it with family wealth. Feng Dao handed the matter over to the judge, who was comical, and after Feng Dao's judgment, the book was absolutely cloudy: "Thorny Sensen xingxing altar, Confucian officials are noble and steal peace." If you teach the master of wine cultivation, it will be very difficult for me to be ashamed. "The altar of apricots is the place where Confucians teach, dilapidated and full of thorns, and successive Confucian officials should not pay attention to it as if there were no such thing. Liquor merchants were petty officials who collected liquor taxes, had a lower status, and were regarded as lay officials at that time. The judge was Feng Dao's assistant, and he felt that it was a shame for the governor not to ask and let the lay officials build the temple, which meant that Feng Dao should be responsible for this. It is said that after Feng Dao read it, he was ashamed, so he took out his own Feng Lu to repair the temple. The Tang and Song Dynasties Divide the Famous Sage Poems volume II says that things are currently happening in Feng Dao's town of Nanyang. Feng Dao moved to nanyang in the same state, and he did not know what the second said was.
Four
During Feng Dao's stay outside, the relationship between the Jin court and the Khitan underwent drastic changes. Unwilling to endure the persecution of the Khitans, the Young Emperor of Jin listened to the false words of several of his cronies and fought against the Khitan until the soldiers met each other, causing the Khitan to occupy the capital and the Later Jin to perish. At this time, Feng Daofang was summoned from Nanyang to Bei. The Khitan lord Yelü Deguang asked Feng, "How can the people of the world be saved?" Feng Dao said, "At this time, the people, the Buddha can no longer be rescued, but the emperor can save them." At this time, Deguang had been proclaimed emperor, and the same year number had been sent to the states for use, almost establishing a new Central Plains Dynasty. Feng Dao was powerless to change this, and could only follow suit, using his friendship with the Khitan lord to do his best to rescue him. In the following year, Chun Deguang became seriously ill and threatened jin to return to the north, and Feng Dao also traveled north to Changshan, where he escaped due to accidental changes. He returned south to Bieliang, and Liu Zhiyuan had already established the Later Han dynasty and granted Feng Dao the Aether Division.
After the founding of the Han Dynasty for only four years, it was a leisurely and pleasant time for Feng Dao. During this time, he wrote a long self-praise essay "Changle Old Self-Narration", describing his life and glory. It reads: "Meditate on the end, celebrate and survive, cover the grace of the country, do your best to obey the family law, undertake the purpose of the teachings, close the source of enlightenment, in filial piety to the family, in loyalty to the country, there is no word in the mouth, and there is no unrighteous goods in the door." Those who wish will not deceive the earth, the middle will not deceive others, the upper will not deceive the heavens, and the three will not be deceived. If you are lowly, if you are noble, if you are long, if you are old, if you are a relative, a prince, a minister, a person, a man He believes that he has fulfilled his responsibilities for his family and the country, and although he has experienced hardships, several accidents, and two times he has fallen into trouble, fortunately he can always be good and finally blessed by God. Here, I see his worldly and vain side, but he has a promising life, he has success in his old age, he can serve the country and his family, he can enjoy the glory of his advanced age, and he is proud, of course, it can also be understood.
In his later years, Feng Dao was highly respected, but he also did two less honorable things.
Later, Emperor Yin of the Later Han Dynasty, Liu Chengyou, feeling that his power was on the sidelines, killed the powerful ministers Yang Ying and Shi Hongzhao, provoked the rebellion of Guo Wei, the privy envoy and Tianxiong Junjiedu, and led an army to attack Beijing, and Emperor Yin was killed. Guo Wei hoped that Feng Dao could push himself, but Feng Dao just didn't respond. Guo Wei had no choice but to borrow the name of the empress dowager to appoint Liu Zhiyuan's nephew Liu Yun the Duke of Xiangyin. At that time, Liu Yun was in Xuzhou, and Feng Dao was sent to greet him, and before leaving, he asked Guo Wei: "Is this the intention of the public move?" Guo Wei swore to heaven. Feng Dao received Liu Yun and returned to SongZhou, where Fang knew that Guo Wei had played the same game as the later Chen Qiao Mutiny, and had already established himself as emperor, pursuing and killing Liu Yun's soldiers and horses, and was already waiting in Songzhou. Before Liu Yun was defeated, he said to Feng Dao: "When the widow comes here, the one who is bullied is in the past thirty years. Feng Daozhu was violent and abusive, and could only be silently right.
During the Zhou Dynasty, Feng Dao was still revered. When Zhou Shizong ascended the throne, it coincided with the invasion of Liu Chong of the Northern Han Dynasty, and Sejong planned to march in person. Feng Dao objected, because "Since His Majesty's succession, the tomb of the former emperor has a day, and people's hearts are easy to shake, and it is not appropriate to take it lightly. Sejong said: "Liu Chongxing I am greatly mourned, smell my new establishment, claim to be good, will go crazy, say that the world is desirable, say that the artifact can be figured, this time will come, there is no doubt about the ear!" Sejong saw the conspiracy of the Northern Han Dynasty and believed that if he did not give a hard blow, he would inevitably have no peace. Feng Dao, who had always been gentle in politics, suddenly became excited and excited at this time. Sejong said: "The entrepreneurship of Emperor Taizong of the Former Tang Dynasty was not pro-conquest, so why bother? "It means that Tang Taizong did it, why can't I do it?" Feng Dao said, "Your Majesty did not learn from Emperor Taizong. "Emperor Taizong is wise and decisive, don't imitate it lightly. Sejong said, "Liu Chong's rabble-rousers, when he meets Wang Shi, will be like a mountain crushing his ears." Feng Dao said, "I wonder if Your Majesty has done a good job?" "The implication is that you are far worse than Taizong." This caused Sejong to be furious: "Feng Dao, why xiang shaoye?" "Don't think that when you are old and qualified, you can despise the new emperor. Sejong was the nephew of Empress Chai of Zhou Taizu, taizu had no children and was succeeded to the throne, and his experience and lineage were obviously not favored by Feng Dao, so there was such a quarrel, which saw Feng Dao's neglect of Sejong's ability. Feng Dao had a poem in his early years, "You must know that the sea is returned to the Ming Lord", and he has been looking forward to the appearance of the Ming Lord all his life. Although Sejong did not complete the great cause of unification in the end, his ability and meteorology, Sima Guang in the Zizhi Tongjian recommended as the most ideal monarch of the weather, but unfortunately Feng Dao did not see it.
Statue of Zhou Shizong
Two months later, Feng Dao died.
Five
Feng Dao said in the "Changle Old Self-Narration" that the articles he composed were compiled in the family collection, and the Song Shi Yiwen Zhi wrote six volumes of its collection, the five volumes of the Hejian Collection, and the ten volumes of the "Poetry Collection", which were not transmitted. There are less than ten complete poems in existence, and two of them are quite famous. One is "Gifting Dou Ten": "Yanshan Dou Shilang, Zi Zi has a righteous side." Lingchun one old plant, dangui five branches fang. "Dou Shi was Dou Yujun, and his five sons, Yi Yi, Yu, Kan, Qi, and Shu, were all promoted to the rank of Jin Shidi, and later became famous courtiers. Feng Dao wrote a poem of congratulations, believing that his father had a good goddoor and that all five sons would become famous. The poems are simple and spiritual, honoring Dou Yujun's achievements and including good wishes. Later, in the "Three Character Classic", "Dou Shilang, with righteousness, teaching five sons, famous and famous", was rewritten according to Feng Shi. However, volume 783 of the Book of Yuangui records this poem as "In the midst of Dou Lang, there is a righteous party in the yu family." Lingchun one plant is old, and the five branches of Xiangui are fragrant. "Probably the first draft. There is also a poem: "The mouth is the door of misfortune, and the tongue is the knife of the body." Keep your mouth shut and hide your tongue, and you will be imprisoned everywhere. "Seen in the records after the Southern Song Dynasty, the authenticity cannot be judged. The so-called evil comes out of the mouth, keeps his mouth shut, and is a famous official saying, which is also in line with Feng Dao's life experience.
For Feng Dao's evaluation, volume 5 of the Guangzhuo Yiji cites the "History of the Five Dynasties" Yun: "Feng Dao entered the phase three times, died on April 17, aged seventy-three, and the life expectancy he received, the end of the month, are the same as Confucius, but the first Confucius one day." "Compared with Confucius, he is not humane. Volume 310 Yun of the Yuangui of the Book of Records: "The Four Dynasties of the Dao Dynasty, the Three Books of the Middle Ages, have been in phase for more than twenty years, and it is their duty to hold the customs of the town." Incorruptible and frugal, not bribed by the four sides, he did not try to disturb the princes with pieces. Inside the private door, there is no tiredness, no heavy taste, no animal servant, no listening to silk bamboo. Those who have a humble person who seeks to see him will be led to the middle hall, and his words and ordinary life will be treated with no worries. Therefore, although the dynasties have moved, people have no words, and they are like a huge mountain, and they cannot be turned. The speakers thought that Hou De Ji Gu, Hongcai WeiLiang, Gai Han Hu Guang, Jin Xie An's disciples and! This is Shi Chenzan of the Zhou Shizong Shilu (周世宗實錄) attached to Feng Chuan, which was revised in the early years of the Song Dynasty, and the Feng Dao here is close to political and moral perfection, and is the mainstay of the five generations of politics. However, when Song Taizu was revising the "History of the Old Five Dynasties" at the end, he had already raised the question of his conduct: "The fulfillment of the Tao has the style of the ancients; the yu of the Dao is deeply rooted in the body of the minister." However, the Four Dynasties, the Six Emperors, can be called loyal? Husband, daughter and second husband, the misfortune of man, what about repeatedly? "It can be seen that after the political situation of the Song people was stabilized, they attached great importance to the issue of courtiers. A hundred years later, Ouyang Xiu privately wrote the "History of the New Five Dynasties", and even raised it to the height that etiquette and honesty and shame could not tolerate, and denounced it: "Etiquette and righteousness, the great law of governing people; honesty and shame, the great festival of establishing people." If it is not clean, it will take everything; if it is not shameful, it will do everything. If people are like this, they will be destroyed and destroyed, and they will do everything, and if they are ministers and have nothing to take, and do everything, then there is no chaos in the world, and the country has no death! If you read Feng Dao's "Changle Old Narrative", you can see that he is proud of his self-description, and he can be described as a person without shame, then the country under the world can know it. "Here we see Ouyang Xiu standing on the moral high ground, strong dissatisfaction with Feng Dao, thinking that no matter what you have done, as long as you are disloyal to the emperor, you should veto it, expressing the moral pursuit of the Song people in the heyday, as for what Feng Dao can do in the era in which he lived, it is completely without consideration.
During the Five Dynasties period, Feng Dao, who called himself "Changle Lao"
As the saying goes, "a son of heaven and a courtier", in order to effectively implement the ruling power, the son of heaven must choose people he trusts, which is general common sense. Feng Dao, from the beginning of his entry into the shi, actually experienced six eras (including Liu Shouguang's title of emperor and Khitan entry into the Fen), and served as many as twelve monarchs (Liu Shouguang, Tang Fourth Emperor, Jin Second Emperor, Khitan Lord Yelü Deguang, Han Second Emperor, and Tuesday Emperor), and the specific facts are all described above. From a woman's point of view, which emperor did he deal with consistently? As far as the actual operation of the five dynasties and dynasties is concerned, the operation of the government and the change of dynasties seem to be running out of sync. After the Tang Dynasty destroyed Liang, Liang's officials were still punished and screened, and after the regime was stabilized, most of them still accepted retention. After the Tang Dynasty, the succession of the throne depended on who could better control the forbidden army, and the core members of the new monarch mostly used the old shogunate, and the changes involving military and political personnel and major political shifts were decided by the monarch and his core staff. For example, Zhuangzong has Guo Chongtao, Mingzong uses An Zhongjie, and Jin Zu's Heavy Sang Weihan are all. As for the daily operation of the imperial court, such as the etiquette of the imperial court, the selection and dispatch of local officials, the collection and distribution of taxes, and the construction of palace roads, the prime minister was responsible, and the six ministries were in charge, and the nine secretaries performed their duties. After the Four Dynasties of the Later Tang Dynasty, the emperors rotated like a marquee, and the government always functioned normally. Major changes have occurred, and the hundred officials have only followed the prime minister to welcome the new monarch, the new dynasty must still operate, and the officials can still rest in their places. It can be seen that even if the late Tang Emperor and the Jin Gaozu were extremely antagonistic, after the establishment of the new dynasty, the personnel of the previous dynasty were rarely punished, and most of the prominent officials of the QingTai Dynasty still retained their treatment and were able to die well. The military determines the throne, the prime minister runs the government, and the prime minister who understands things knows exactly where his authority lies. There is a passage in the "Old Five Dynasties History Feng Dao Biography" that explains everything very well, "Jin Zu once asked with military affairs, and Dao said: 'Your Majesty has gone through all the hardships, created a great cause, the gods and martial arts are known to the world, and the crusade is not court, and must be judged by independence.' The subject is a scholar, for His Majesty in the Zhongshu, abide by the rules of the ages, and dare not have a single mistake. In the Ming Dynasty, the subjects asked the ministers about the matter, and the ministers also answered them with words. Jin Zu can say a lot. "The world was fought down by the emperor, involving military advances and retreats, and national security, and the emperor is still asked to make a decision." The prime minister only acts according to the rules in Zhongshu, and I am responsible for Zhongshu's bias and dereliction of duty, and when it comes to military issues, he will never speak, and everything is subject to holy judgment. Here, it is obvious that Feng Dao has a clear understanding of the boundaries of power, and he will never cross the thunder pool half a step. Of course, the rise and fall of the dynasty, the emperor is full-time, and there is no pre-emptive prime minister, which can also be experienced. This is a special situation of the five generations, and Feng Dao cannot be demanded from the position that the Song people are loyal to one dynasty and one surname.