Qufu, Shandong is an ancient cultural city and the hometown of Confucius. As a saint in feudal society, especially in the later period of feudal society, Confucius had a supreme position. The Confucius Temple, the Confucius Palace and the Confucius Forest are the products of the reverence of Kong and Confucianism in successive dynasties. The scale of the three holes was completed during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and the existing ancient buildings are basically from the Ming and Qing dynasties.
The Confucius Temple, whose architecture imitates the system of the Imperial Palace, is divided into nine courtyards, running through a north-south axis, symmetrically arranged left and right, and is the largest temple building in China. Kongfu, which is integrated with the residence of the official palace, is a typical example of northern architecture in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Kong Lin, the burial place of Confucius and his descendants, is the largest and longest-lasting family cemetery in China. Confucius Temple, Confucius House, Kong Lin, collectively known as Qufu "Three Holes".
The Confucius Temple, since the second year after Confucius's death (478 BC), the Duke of Lu'ai displayed the relics of Confucius in the three huts of Confucius's former residence in Quezhong, Qufu City, after successive dynasties expanded, until 1730 (the eighth year of Qing Yongzheng), it was built into a huge building complex with an area of about 0.22 square kilometers today, with 466 halls, pavilions, squares and rooms, and was the place where emperors, princes and nobles of all dynasties sacrificed Confucius.
Dacheng Hall is the main building of the Confucius Temple and is the central place for the worship of Confucius. The hall as a whole can be described as a collection of architectural art, with a width of nine rooms of 45.8 meters, a depth of five rooms of 24.9 meters, a height of 24.8 meters, heavy eaves and nine ridges, yellow tiles flying bright, bucket arches staggered, carved beams and paintings.
Regardless of the magnificence of its fangs, purlins, bucket arches, mallets, and doors, only in terms of its 28 bluestone carved columns that support the eaves of the temple, it is also amazing. Each stone pillar is about 6 meters high and has a diameter of 0. 8 meters, cushioned with a repool lotus pillar foundation, the pillar is carved with cloud dragons.
Under the front eaves are 10 large stone pillars with relief carved water mills. Each pillar is two dragons flying, coiled and rising, carved with jewels, and surrounded by auspicious clouds. The lower decoration is covered with lotus stone seats, from the bottom to the top, all carved deeply, the cloud dragon soars like a fly, the appearance is different, looking at it from afar, the dragon circling and flying in the auspicious clouds.
The 18 of the rear eaves and the left and right rain eaves are eight-sided terrazzo columns. The dragon carved on it, set off by the waves of the sea of clouds, comes to life and jumps on the stone. This kind of carved dragon style stone pillars, even the three halls of the Forbidden City in Beijing, no wonder there are legends that when the emperor went to Qufu to sacrifice the hole, the local temple managers wrapped the stone pillars with red silk, afraid of being seen by the emperor.
The temple contains a large number of precious stone carvings. Among them, there are more than 120 pieces of Chinese painting carved statue stones, which are the real image reflection of society 2,000 years ago and come to life. For example, in "Boyi Chart", on the right are two chess players who are holding out their hands to play chess, and on the left are two drummers playing drums, two musicians blowing, and a dancer is leading the dance in a song and dance band, a peaceful and prosperous scene.
The inscriptions here include the carved stones of various generations of famous artists from the Western Han Dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties, including orthography, cursive writing, calligraphy, seal writing, xingshu and other fonts, which are divided into Han, Manchu, Mongolian and other scripts; there are imitations of ancient calligraphy, and there are also their own creations, which are precious historical witnesses.
Confucius Is the residence and residence of Confucius's descendants and "Yan Sheng Gong" in previous generations. After the death of Confucius, the former residence was changed to a temple, and the descendants generally lived according to the temple, and the temple and the hall were unified, so it was called "temple house". In the twelfth year of Han Gaozu (195 BC), when Liu Bang crossed the Lu Sacrifice Kong, the ninth generation of Sun Kong Teng was enshrined as a worshipper. The thirteenth generation of Sun Kongba was given the title of Emperor Chengjun. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were also a large number of grandchildren living in Qufu. After Emperor Zhang's Liu Tan and Emperor An's Liu Kui sacrificed Confucius, they both summoned Marquis Chengcheng and men and women surnamed Kong.
Today, the Confucius Mansion still retains the full honor guard of the former Yan Sheng Gong. Because it was not affected by the war, more than a hundred boxes of Ming and Qing clothes and crowns were left in the province, which are the only heirloom crowns in China.
In addition, there are 10,000 volumes of archives of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, which record the social dynamics of the time and the relationship within the feudal ruling class.
Kong Lin, located in the north of Qufu City, also known as the "Sacred Forest", is the dedicated cemetery of Confucius and his family, and is also the longest lasting and largest family cemetery in the world. To the south of the center of Kong Lin is the Tomb of Kong, where there are the tombs of the three generations of Kong Qiu, Kong Carp and Kong Ji' grandchildren, which are known in history as the "Three Ridges Cemetery". The tombstone of Confucius is engraved with the eight seal characters of "Tomb of King Xuan of Dacheng Zhisheng", which is from the hand of Huang Yangzheng during the orthodox years of the Ming Dynasty.
The three west houses in the west of Confucius's tomb are the tombs of Zigong Lu. After the death of Confucius, the disciples left one after another after three years of guarding the tomb, leaving only Zigong to stay here for another three years.
Since Zigong planted the tomb of Confucius Lu, there have been more than 10,000 ancient trees in Konglin. These cypress, juniper, kai trees and other intertwined roots, plants grow luxuriantly. Guo Moruo once said: "This is a good natural museum and a chronicle of the Kong family. ”
The Confucius Temple, confucius house and Kong Lin were deliberately built by the Chinese feudal dynasties in strict accordance with Confucian thought, with a complete system and a strict layout, and occupied a special position in the ancient Chinese temples, mausoleums, and official government buildings.