"The full range of earth organisms - from single cells to humans" Ascomycetes phylum - Exocystaceae subphylum 1.Paleogenes 2.Myeloides 3.Pneumocystis 4.Saccharomyces 5.Exocystaceae (1) Exocystaceae (2) Corynebacteriaceae (1) Bosomycetes (2) Solitary Cystaceae

Ascomycetes phylum — Subphylum exocystis

The phylum Exocystis is a relatively primitive branch of the ascomycete phylum, and other strains in this phylum are basically evolved from it, and the latest molecular biological studies have proved that it is a single-source species.

The species of the subphylum Exocystis are basically parasitic, parasitic on the leaves, branches or buds of plants in the form of hyphae or yeast, but do not parasitize to the roots. Many species are pathogenic bacteria of plants.

Subordinate Outline:

Archaeorhizomycetes

Neolectomycetes

Pneumocystidomycetes

Schizosaccharomycetes

Taphrinomycetes

Archaeorhizomycetes is a class of ascomycetes, published in 2011, under which only one monotype of archaeorhizomycetales, one monotype of archaeorhizomyceceae, and one monotype of archaeorhizomyceceae, and one genus archaeorhizomyceces, only two species have been published. Species under the paleocorrhistome are widely distributed around the world, on all continents except Antarctica, and grow near plant roots in the soil.

The scientific name Archaeorhizomycetes is derived from the Greek word Αρχαίο (arkhaio, meaning ancient, referring to the paleocorrhistacea in the evolutionary tree of the ascomycetes phylum, belonging to the evolutionary branch of a relatively early branch) and the word ῤίζα (rhiza, meaning root).

Prior to the publication of Paleogenes, more than 50 studies analyzing DNA samples of microorganisms in soil had identified the presence of species of the order, known as "Soil Clone Group 1." A 2011 study found that the fungus of this evolutionary branch belongs to the subphylum exocystis through the sequencing of rDNA sequences and is a sister group of evolutionary branches containing the myofaccharomyces and pneumocystis. The mycelium of paleocorrhizal fungi grows slowly, its hyphae have two layers of cell walls, some secretions on the surface, 1-2 microns in diameter, and may form thick spores with a diameter of 3-6 microns. Although species of this class often appear in plant roots, there is no evidence that they can form mycorrhizaes with plants, and there is no evidence that they are plant pathogens, so their appearance in the roots may be due to interaction with other species of fungal species that form mycorrhizae, rather than with plants, and because they can grow in culture media containing only glucose or cellulose, and may also belong to saprophytic bacteria that do not directly rely on plants to supply organic matter, because their ecological status is unclear, one of the discoverers of the University of Michigan mycologist Timsi M. Timothy James called it "a somewhat boring fungus." Fungi of the paleocorrhists grow seasonally in the tundra, in large numbers in the summer, and in other seasons.

The first species to be published under Paleocormyces was Archaeorhizomyces finlayi, published with the order, whose species name was in recognition of the contributions of mycologist Roger D. Finlay to rhizo ecology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. In 2014, the research team that discovered paleocorrhizomys borealis published the second species of the class, Archaeorhizomyces borealis, and based on the DNA sequence data in the public database, it is estimated that there may be more than 500 unspecified species in the class, and this study also made a new evolutionary tree of the subphylum of Exocystis, of which Paleocorrhidae and Chlorella are sister groups to each other, both of which are the earliest branches of the evolution of the subphylum Exocystacea.

underling:

Archaeorhizomycetales.)

Archaeorhizomyceae

There is only one class, one order, one family, one genus, which is a fungus belonging to the subphylum of Exocystis, and is the only variety with ascomycetes in the subphylum of Exocystis, which is 7 cm long and yellow, orange or pale yellow.

Species of the genus Grown in Asia, North America, Northern Europe and Argentina, all of which are parasitic species, generally growing in forests and parasitizing on trees, where N. Vitellina grows at the roots of trees, but it is unclear whether the nutrient source of these fungi is to absorb the host, or whether it is saprophytic or even symbiotic with the host, and these fungi are said to be edible.

From the origin, it has not been found that the genus Isomycetes is relatively closely related to any other fungus, but has an uncertain relationship with the ascomycete phylum, and it is obvious that the ascomycete phylum evolved from the genus Chlorella, so the genus is also known as "living fossil".

Neolectales

Mycephalus (Neolectaceae)

Pneumocystis has only one order, one family, one genus, is a relatively primitive fungus in the subphylum exocystis, which was not discovered until the beginning of the 20th century, is a type of yeast, parasitic in the lungs of humans and mammals, the earliest of which is P. Carinii, parasitized in the lungs of rodents, was discovered in 1909 and was not discovered until 1945 that it was P. Carinii. Jirovecii parasitizes in the lungs of humans, causing the development of pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans.

Pneumocystidales

Pneumocystidaceae

The fungi of the schizoid yeast (scientific name: Schizosaccharomyces) are similar to yeasts, but regardless of the organization, structure and expression regulation of genes, or the cell cycle, the biosynthesis of rRNA are not the same as yeasts, in some aspects the fungi of the schizoid yeast family even have certain similarities with higher animals, and the fungi of this genus never reproduce sexually, but reproduce in an asexual way.

The most studied species of this class is Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe). Four species of fission yeast (S. pombe,S. japonicus,S. octosporus and S. cryophilus）。

Schizosaccharomycetales

Schizosaccharomyceae

The family Extracystis is a higher class of fungi of the ascomycetes Taphrinomycotina.

Subcategories:

Protomycetales

Order Taphrinales

Coryneliales

Medeolariales

Mycocaliciales

Pyrenulales

<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="46" >(1) Exocystaceae</h1>

Taphrinales is an order of phylloscopes. C. L. Kramer (1973) advocated that this order include only 1 family of exocystaceae, but some also advocated the abolition of the procystic order and the inclusion of procysticaceae and exocystidae as two families of exocystaceae.

Asexual reproduction is mainly formed by direct splintering of ascomycetes, which can repeat the splintering or germinate mycelium, but cannot form mycelium on artificial medium, only yeast-like colonies. Sexual reproduction is formed by the binucleation of hyphal cells to form cyst-producing cells, which are nuclearly matched within the cyst-producing cells, at which time the cells begin to elongate and gradually form ascomycetes, which generally appear in the grid-like layer under the stratum corneum of the host plant.

Members of this order are plant parasitics that harm higher plants and ferns, causing tissue deformations such as shrunken leaves, wrinkled leaves, cysts, vesicles, and tufts. Among them are the malformed exocysts that cause peach leaf shrinkage. Some other species of the genus Exocystis can also cause leaf shrinkage disease of oak trees and cherries; leaf blistering disease of poplar and peach trees; crust diseases of birch, cherry and plum; and cystic disease of plum.

It is a hemicostic fungus, the morphology is relatively simple, the hyphae are spaced, colorless, branched, and both are binuclear hyphae, which is special in ascomycetes. The mycelium parasitizes only under the sub-epidermal cells of the host or under the stratum corneum on the surface, and finally forms a layer of cyst-producing cells, which develop into a layer of ascomycetes, arranged in a grid-like arrangement on the surface of the host. Ascosacs are generally cylindrical in shape and contain 8 ascospores. Sometimes, because only meiosis is performed after fusion between male and female nuclei and no more mitosis, a ascomycete contains only 4 ascospores. There are also some exocysts, and the haploid nucleus in the ascomycete undergoes multiple mitosis, thus forming many ascomycetes. Ascospores are mononuclear, haploid, and sometimes can be budded within the ascomycetes to produce spores. Ascospores and spores mature, they are sprayed out by the ascomycetes and then spread with the wind. Exocysts have no typical conidia except for spores, and asexual generations are underdeveloped.

There is only one family, one genus, about 120 species, all of which are parasitic bacteria, very parasitic, close to obligate parasitism, but can be artificially cultivated, and only buds are carried out in artificial culture, like yeast. The main diseases caused by it are peach leaf shrinkage disease, plum bag fruit disease, cherry shrinking leaf tuft disease and so on.

Subordinate family: Exocystaceae

<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="53" > (2) Corynebacterium</h1>

Coryneliales is a one-order fungus of the order Extracystis.

Subordinate Sections:

Coryneliaceae

Oligocystaceae (Eremascaceae)

<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="58" >(1) Cystaceae</h1>

Coryneliaceae is a family of fungi for the purpose of Coryneliaceae.

<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="60" >(2) Solitary cystaceae</h1>

Cystaceae auriculaceae ( scientific name : Eremascaceae ) is a family of ascomycetes in the family Phylum cystaceae. It is likely that it is the basal branching of the ascomycete phylum fungus. Therefore, other ascomycete yeasts evolved from them. The family currently has only one genus, Cystella solitus, isolated and cultured by Eduard Eidam in 1883. There are currently 3 species in the family, which are widely distributed and grow saprophytically, especially on animal and plant residues with low water content.

There is no asexual reproduction in this species, so it does not produce segmented spores and conidia. There are fruit body ascomycetes each producing usually 8 ascospores.

【For more wonderful articles, please pay attention to the WeChat public account "History of World Nations and Civilizations"】