Autumn Moon is a new variety of medium and late ripen brown sand pears bred by cross-breeding 162-29 and Xingshui at the Fruit Tree Test Site of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan in 1998, the fruit of this variety is flat and round, upright, flat shoulders, the skin is reddish yellow-brown (the peel is slightly bluish brown without bagging), and the stars are all over, like a full moon, smooth and bright (Figure 1). Autumn moon fruit size neat, flesh milky white, small core, fine and crisp flesh, sweet and fragrant taste, no residue, edible rate of 95%. Resistant to storage, no taste after storage, the market supply cycle is long. This variety has high yield, strong adaptability, cold and drought resistance, and is more resistant to black star disease and black spot disease. In North China, the flower buds sprout in late March, the first flowering period in mid-April, and the full flowering period in late April, with a flowering period of about 10 days. The leaf buds germinate in mid-April and begin to germinate in late April. The fruit ripens in mid-to-late September, 10 days later than Fengshui and 10 days earlier than Xingao, and ripens during the Mid-Autumn Festival. After the autumn moon young tree is colonized, it generally begins to bear fruit in the second year, with an average single fruit quality of 460 grams and a maximum fruit of 900 grams. Under dense planting conditions, the 4th and 5th years enter the full fruit stage, and the yield per mu can reach 3500~4000 kg; the yield per mu in the 6th year can reach more than 5000 kg, which is about 50% higher than the yield of Nanshui and golden pear. Its cultivation technology and storage measures are introduced below.
1. Scientific park building
Choose a plot with watering conditions and fertile soil to build a garden, prepare the land in the autumn of the first year, and build a garden in the spring of the following year. When building the garden, select the first-level seedlings with complete root system. When colonizing, dig colonization holes with a diameter of 100 cm and a depth of 80 to 100 cm. Do not disturb the soil layer when digging the hole, the topsoil and the heart soil are put aside, each plant is applied 15 to 25 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer and 50 to 100 grams of nitrogen fertilizer, when backfilling, the topsoil and fertilizer are mixed and evenly filled in the vicinity of the root system of the saplings in the proportion of 3:1, the new soil covers the upper layer, and the water is solidified when the backfill is 80%, and then sorted out after the water seeps down. Hilly mountains need to be cleared of gravel and backfilled.
Figure 1 Autumn moon fruit
Colonization density, fertile plains generally adopt a plant row spacing of 1 meter ×4 meters (Figure 2) in the early stage, and change to 2 meters × 4 meters after planting 8 to 9 years; 0.75 meters × 4 meters in the early stage of hilly mountains, and 1.5 meters ×4 meters after planting 7 to 8 years. According to the ratio of 7 to 8:1, the red crisp is configured as a pollinator tree. To enlarge the fruit, pollination can be done artificially or by bees.
Fig. 2 Two-year-old autumn moon pear orchard (plant row spacing 1 m×4 m)
Second, flower and fruit management
During the inflorescence isolation period, one inflorescence is selected at a distance of about 25 cm, and the rest of the inflorescence is removed, which can save nutrients and increase the number of fruits. Autumn moon sepals are stored, affecting the appearance, spraying 300 times PBO before flowering can eliminate calyx. When the pear blossoms are 25% open, artificial pollination of the first to second edge flowers at the base of the inflorescence can be artificially pollinated with mixed pollen, which can significantly increase the number of fruits. In order to improve the efficiency of pollination, beehives can also be placed in pear orchards, 5 to 8 boxes per hectare, and evenly dispersed and used for bee pollination. Spraying 0.3%~0.5% urea and 0.1%~0.3% borax plus 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can effectively improve fruit set rate during the flowering period. If there are too many fruit sets, in order to improve the quality of the fruit, in the young fruit stage in a timely manner to thin the fruit, when the fruit is thinned, first of all, the drooping fruit, the morning fruit, the leaf grinding fruit, the disease and insect damage fruit and the poorly fertilized, improperly shaped fruit are removed, leaving those young fruits that grow horizontally on both sides of the fruit branch group. In order to improve the external quality of the fruit, the 30th to 40th day after the flowering is bagged, and the size of the fruit bag is generally 165 mm × 198 mm. Before bagging, it is necessary to remove the petals, male and female pistils attached to the calyx of the fruit, and spray the insecticide and fungicide once. When bagging, according to the principle of first up and then down, first inside and then outside, select longitudinal development, narrow and somewhat protruding calyx at the bottom, long and thick fruit stems, and grow on the side or below the branch for bagging, and the fruit above the branch should not be bagged. After the bagging is completed, it is necessary to treat the wet mouth and tighten the mouth of the bag to prevent pests such as pear wood lice, Kang's mealybug, and yellow mealworm from entering the bag.
Third, fertilizer water management
Autumn moon likes large fertilizer, large water, fertilization should be mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer. Under normal circumstances, the base fertilizer is applied to organic fertilizer that has been fermented at high temperature or prepared by feng, and the amount of fertilizer applied to young trees is 2000 to 4000 kg per mu; 1.5 to 2 kg of high-quality farmhouse fertilizer is applied according to 1 kg of pear at the initial fruit stage; 150 to 200 kg of granular organic fertilizer with organic matter content of more than 30% per mu is applied to 4 to 6 years old trees before freezing, and 100 to 150 kg of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium compound fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer are added. For the sake of mentioning
For high fruit quality and prevention of physiological diseases, each plant was applied every other year with 200 grams of calcium nitrate, 150 grams of borax, 100 times 0.5 to 1.0 liters of EM bacteria fermentation broth, 1 to 1.5 kg of crushed rice husks or peanut shells, 8 to 10 grams of magnesium sulfate, and 0.25 to 0.3 kg of grass charcoal soil, and was thoroughly stirred and applied. The fertilization method is spreading and furrowing. Spreading: sprinkle the fertilizer evenly under the canopy, then plough 20 cm, turn the fertilizer into the soil, and fully irrigate; ditch application: dig a parallel ditch 50 cm wide and 60 cm deep outside the colonization line every year, and cover the upper layer with subsoil after fertilization and fully irrigate. Topdressing adopts a fertilization gun, dilutes the fertilizer with water and injects it into the root distribution area of 30 to 40 cm underground, and topdresses 3 times a year. The first time was before and after germination, nitrogen fertilizer (ammonium carbon) was the mainstay; the second time, after flowering to before the differentiation of flower buds, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were mixed, mainly nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers; the third time was mainly applied to potassium fertilizers during the fruit expansion stage. Foliar spray fertilizer growth 2 times in the early stage, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; In the later stage, 2 to 3 times, mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Commonly used fertilizer concentrations are 0.03% of amino acid iron, 0.05% to 0.1% of amino acid zinc, 0.2% to 0.5% of borax, 0.2% to 0.3% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and 0.2% to 0.3% of urea. Foliar spraying should be carried out in the morning or evening, spraying evenly, both front and back. Watering should be based on the soil moisture, determine the appropriate irrigation time and frequency, and discharge the accumulated water in time during heavy rains.
Fourth, plastic trimming
Autumn moon growth is strong, the tree posture is more open, the branches are thick. Young branches have strong growth potential, low germination rate, high branching force, easy to form short fruit branches, and can form axillary flower buds after an annual branch is thrown. Suitable tree shape for trellis shape, spindle shape and small crown thin layer, shaping, should be in line with the tree conditions, with the principle of branch shape, generally in the central leadership trunk around the main branch equipped with side branches, all levels of branches evenly distributed around the main trunk, layers to have a certain distance, and adjacent two layers of main branches staggered, the middle trunk extension branch selected to leave 50 ~ 60 cm heavy short section. Since the autumn branches are upright and hard, the branches should be pulled between July and August in the young tree stage, so that the angle between the main branch and the main trunk is maintained at about 65° (Figure 3). Young trees should be pruned lightly and long, and the length of the main branch extension is generally 70 to 80 cm. Autumn moon is mainly based on the fruit of short fruit branches, so the cultivation of fruit branches should take the method of first cutting and then shrinking, that is, the middle and long branches should be lightly cut first, and after the flower buds are formed in the back, then retracted to the place where there are branches, and the small developing short branches should not be easily shortened. The developing branches that are not reserved as the main branches in the inner chamber should be slowly placed to cultivate auxiliary branches and bear fruit as soon as possible. After entering the fruiting period, the overdeveloped auxiliary branches should be retracted in time, and the branches on the back should be removed to prevent them from destroying the tree structure. When pruning in summer, appropriately remove the competition branches, long branches and back branches to maintain the growth advantage of the main branch and the long branches. Autumn moon branching force is weak, 4 to 5 years old backbone branches are prone to lower bare, resulting in local emptiness, pruning, the vacant parts should be carved wounds, side bud branches, pulling branches and other measures to make up.
Figure 3 Old experts guide fruit growers to prune
5. Pest control
After fruit picking, the orchard is cleaned in time, and the deep burial, green manure or burning are concentrated to reduce the source of overwintering insects and bacteria. Dry rot disease, rot disease, black star disease, Kang's whitefly, pear lice, yellow mealworm are its main diseases and insect pests, chemical control is mainly to prevent, advocate the use of plant source, animal source, microbial source pesticides, limited use of high efficiency, low toxicity, low residue pesticides. The available agents are methyl tolbuzin, stone sulfur compound, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, avermectin, etc., requiring rotation and compound use. Before germination in late March, spray with 4 to 5 baumedo stone sulfur compounds, and in early April, spray with 70% (mass fraction, the same followed) methyl tolbuzin wettable powder 1000 times liquid + 2.0% avermectin emulsion 4000 to 6000 times liquid + 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1500 times liquid spray. 10 days after flowering, spray with 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2000 times liquid + 70% methyl tolbuzin wettable powder 1500 times liquid spray. Insecticidal lamps, sweet and sour solutions and other methods can also be used to trap insects. From July to August, frequent vibration insecticidal lamps are installed for light booby-trapping, 1 per hectare, and sweet and sour bottles (the ratio of sugar, vinegar, wine and water is 5:4:1:30), 2 to 4 per acre.
Article source Growers' Friends Magazine, for reference only!