The Haast Giant Eagle is a bird animal that lived in New Zealand about 700 years ago, nearly 40% larger than the current record holder, the Harpy eagle, and it is at the top of the local food chain, and its main food is the New Zealand moa. During that period, it had few natural enemies.
The Haast Eagle is a large, black-and-white predator with a red crown and pale yellow-green wingtips. It was originally thought to be a scavenger because its beak resembled that of a vulture, with a crown of feathers above its nostrils to prevent the flesh in the carcass from blocking the trachea. The Haast eagle is relatively close in appearance to the modern eagle, with a wingspan of 3 meters long and a standing height of 1.4 meters, which disappeared from extinction about 500 years ago. The largest Haast eagle weighs 18 kilograms, heavier than the body of any modern eagle species.
Researchers at the Canterbury Museum and the University of New South Wales in Australia examined the bird's bones using modern techniques, including X-rays, found that it had a strong enough pelvis that allowed it to produce a lethal attack on ground-based creatures when subducting at a speed of 80 kilometers per hour.
Plesiosaurs are a collective term for the extinct marine reptiles of the genus Plesiosaurs, belonging to the order Pinnosaurus of the suborder Teoporosaurus, a taxon adapted to life in shallow waters, with larger individuals and long necks, hence the name. From the late Triassic period began to appear, by the Jurassic has spread all over the world, the end of the Cretaceous extinction. Plesiosaurs were enormously large and were the overlords of the oceans, ruling the oceans of the Mesozoic Era along with ichthyosaurs.
The genus is about 4.5 meters (m) long, has a wide, flattened body, a short tail, a long and curved neck, nostrils far behind, located near the eyes, a palate that is almost hard, and a palate with long pointed teeth. It is likely that feeding by swinging its head, through schools of fish, apparently using its radial feet, swimming forward or backward, or even spinning sideways with the body as an axis. Early in its evolutionary history , it was divided into two main taxons : the " Plesiosaurus " had short necks and slender heads ; and " Flakyosaurus " , with smaller heads and snake-like necks , could be bent greatly. Later evolution was marked by an extreme increase in volume.
The genus Kronosaurus is an early chalky earthly dragon from Australia, about 12 meters (m) long, and the skull alone occupies about 3.7 meters (m). Elasmosaurus has 76 cervical vertebrae at its neck, which are about 13 meters (m) long, and the head and neck account for about half of the body length.
Prehistoric "Piranhas"
Recently, a new study shows that 10 million years ago, there was a prehistoric "piranha" in the ocean, which bit people more violently than the dinosaur king. This terrifying deep-sea monster is an ancient close relative of the water goby, with razor-sharp teeth and a strong jaw that is more powerful than a whale-feeding shark.
The giant piranha weighs 22 pounds (9.98 kg) and is capable of shearing soft tissue like a modern piranha, while also being able to puncture hard shells and crack bones. Stephanie Crofts, a biologist at the University of Washington in the United States, said: "If our calculations are correct, then the piranha is likely to be a predator capable of crushing bones, and it can bite almost anything." "Its dental weapons rival those of the Dinosaur King and other dinosaur species that dominated the land 50 million years ago, and even the same as the 400 million-year-old dunkleosteus terrelli, a marine predator 400 million years ago." The findings, published in Scientific Reports, a sub-issue of the Nature series, were based on the first field measurement of the bite force of the world's largest surviving piranha, the Serrasalmus rhombeus, commonly known as the black piranha.
A 2.5-pound (1.1 kg) fish has a bite force of 320 Newtons, equivalent to 72 pounds, about 30 times its own weight. This bite force is about three times the bite force of the same size Ofucasian crocodile. Based on this measurement and other species data from field tests, the scientists calculated that the bite force of the piranha was between about 1240 Newton and 4750 Newton, or 280 pounds to 1070 pounds, and possibly more.
Previous studies estimated the bite force of the Dinosaur King to be about 13,400 Newtons, or the equivalent of 3,000 pounds of force, but the ratio of this bite force to its own weight was far less than 30 times the standard. Giant piranhas and black violet piranhas are the most powerful bite-eating creatures of the carnivorous piranhas, both extant and extinct. "Given its relatively tiny size, the giant piranha's amazing bite force dwarfs many of the extinct giant predators," the researchers said. "These giant predators include the giant whale-fed Carcharodon megalodon and the four-ton giant Dunn's fish. When scientists take into account the size of the fish, the piranha also has an absolute advantage over the barracuda, hammerhead hammerhead shark and great white shark.
Justin Grubich of American University said: "Piranhas have a long history but are not well-known, but we are still very surprised that no one has ever measured their biting power." When we started getting the data, we were amazed at how powerful such a relatively small fish could have such a powerful bite. ”
Aerosteon ( ) was a theropod dinosaur of the theropod dinosaurs that lived in Argentina during the late Cretaceous period. Fossils of Cavasaurus were discovered in the province of Mendoza in 1996 and named in 2009. The fossils of the air cavity dragon have a bird-like respiratory system, and compared with the same body length dinosaur, the skull of the air cavity dragon is small, with developed forelimbs and claws, it is a terrible weapon for hunting, the body is medium to thin, the body is smooth, the body is graceful, according to the only fossil, the air cavity dragon is 10 meters long and weighs 4 tons.
Cavosaurus probably lived on the Santo order of the late Cretaceous period 85 million to 83 million years ago , (in the figure, red represents the lungs, and other colors represent air bags.) According to the latest analysis of the fossils of Pneumatic Cavity Dragon, the respiratory system of this large carnivorous dinosaur has many similarities with today's birds, further reinforcing the theory that dinosaurs and modern birds are evolutionarily linked. Psilocosaurus did not belong to any of the large theropod dinosaurs of the southern continents of this period , including : Abelidosaurus , " Squalodontidae , and " Spinosaurus " . Air cavity dragons represent a new lineage, or a basic ctenophora that survived very late. Paul Sereno believes that Aeroplesiosaurus may be associated with the Allosaurus superfamily as a result of the radiation evolution of this group of Jurassic animals. In 2013 , the plesiosaurs and their close relatives were established in the family " Thoracosaurus " , which was classified under the order Carnivorous Dragons.
The ancient seabird Pelagornithid was so large that it was almost equivalent to a small airplane. They lived 50 million years ago in the area of present-day Britain.
The largest known seabird (based on a reconstruction of the skeleton, top) makes both the California Vulture (left) and the Royal Albatross (right) look miniature.
According to National Geographic: Paleontologists said earlier this month that the largest flying seabird in history soared 25 million years ago over the world's seas, and its wingspan was 6.4 meters wide.
This ancient bird was named " Pelagornis sandersi " ( scientific name " Pelagornis sandersi ) , a family of now extinct " toothed birds.
The finding also suggests that for some ancient birds, the larger the better.
The fossil skeleton of a large bird, first described in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was unearthed in 1983 outside an airport in Charleston, South Carolina.
"A giant bird landed at an airport just 25 million years earlier — which is interesting," said Daniel Ksepka, a study author at North Carolina State University. "Maybe it should wait and wait before landing on the new runway."
The wingspan of the Mulberry Pseudolodon makes the largest bird albatross appear small today, and the wingspan of the albatross is "only" 3.5 meters. It is also indistinguishable from the Argentavis magnificens, the largest bird on record, the South American vulture with a wingspan of 7 meters that soared between the peaks of the Andes 6 million years ago.
Antoine Louchart of the Institute of Functional Genomics in Lyon, France, said that compared to the extinct Argentine giant eagle, "the Sang's pseudolodon is undoubtedly lighter and has better flight ability". He was not involved in the study.
Louchart notes that the most interesting finding of the new study is that this ancient seabird may have been flying long-distance close to the waves at sea, rather than ascending the air currents like some large birds to stay at high altitude.
A flight model of a Sang's pseudolodon shows that larger wings mean that the bird will have less resistance to the wingtip vortex after flying into the air. For this seabird, the real challenge comes at takeoff.
The 21.8-kilogram Mulberry Pseudomonitorn is lighter than the incapable ostrich (which weighs up to 145 kilograms), but it is probably too heavy to run or take off on water like a goose or other waterfowl.
The Domed Dragon (scientific name Camarasaurus) was an extinct sauropod dinosaur. They are the most common large sauropod dinosaurs in North America, with an adult body size of about 20 meters long and a weight of 50 tons.
The earliest record of the discovery of The Domed Dragon was in 1877 , when some fragments of the spine were found in Colorado. Edward Drick Kop bought the bones for a struggle with Ossenel Challis Marsh and named them the same year. Marsh later named some of his findings " Lu Blunt " , but most paleontologists believe that this is a type of " Domed Dragon " . This naming conflict is very common among these two scholars, the most famous of which is the Thunder Dragon/Confused Dragon. It was not until 1925 that the first complete domed dragon skeleton was discovered by Charles Whiteney Gilmore. But this was the skeleton of a young domed dragon, so there were a lot of them at the time
The drawings are smaller than their actual body size. Along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains, the Morrison Formation is an extension of the rich Late Jurassic rock formations. A large number of dinosaur species are found here , including relatives of " Zynosaurus " , " Diplodocus " , " Diplodocus " , and " Brachiosaurus " . However , " Apatosaurus " was the most abundant of all dinosaurs in this formation , and had several intact skeletons in Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , and Wyoming.
Domeosaurus is one of the most famous dinosaurs in North America, they lived on the open plains of the Late Jurassic period, about 155-145 million years ago, in 1997 and 1998 in Wyoming, the United States found two adult Domeosaurus and a 12.2-meter-long juvenile dragon (lived about 150 million years ago), the fossil record of collective death. It is hypothesized that they are washed by flooded rivers at the last resting place. This shows that the Domed Dragon acted in groups (or families). Moreover, the domed dragon eggs were all linear when they were found, not neatly arranged in the nest, which showed that the domed dragon did not take care of their young dragons.
Domed dragons are social animals, they do not make nests, but while walking, they give birth to small dinosaurs, and the birth of dinosaur eggs forms a line. The domed dragon was also a herbivore, and when they ate, they did not chew, but swallowed the leaves in their entirety, and they ate the leaves of ferns as well as pine trees. The domed dragon had a very strong digestive system, it would swallow sand and gravel to help digest other hard plants in the stomach, and the plant-eating domed dragon legs were as thick as a trunk, which could steadily support its huge weight.
The California saber-toothed tiger is a side branch of the evolution of big cats, living in the Pleistocene-Holocene period, 3 million to 15,000 years ago. The California saber-toothed tiger (Smilodon fatalis) has forelimbs stronger than any cat today.
Saber-toothed tigers and tigers are 'brothers', that is, tigers' 'big brothers'. Although the saber-toothed tiger is far away from us, its 'brother' still exists. The saber-toothed tiger lived about 3 million to 10,000 years ago, it is very large, and its teeth are about 120 mm. Saber-toothed tigers lived in North America or Africa, and their prey fed on the continent's counterparts, which at that time were more than twice as large as in modern times. No matter how big it is, it can subdue it, and the saber-toothed tiger's forelimbs are muscular and powerful, and it is only the strength of its forelimbs to knock it down in the fight against prey. One of its deadly weapons is its teeth. The 120 mm tooth pierced into the throat of the animal, and in less than 1 minute, the prey died immediately. It was the largest prehistoric feline.
The extinction of the genus Sabertooth Tiger in the Early Pleistocene may have been due to the relationship between the rivalry and climate change of the cousin Bladetooth Tiger genus and the descendant Sawtooth Tiger genus, after which the Bladetooth Tiger and the Sawtooth Tiger became the dominant big cats of the Ice Age.
The prehistoric giant fish, which may have been up to 10 meters long and weighed about 3.5 tons, was the absolute hegemon of prehistoric marine ecosystems. This carnivore has not stopped preying on other marine life during its 20-million-year reign of terror. Probably one reason for forcing the ancestors of primitive vertebrates to leave the warm ocean about 380 million years ago!
Gigantopithecus is an extinct genus of apes that lived in China, India, and Vietnam about 1 million to 300,000 years ago, in the same time frame and geographical location as several human families. The fossil record refers to the largest ape, standing 3 meters tall and weighing 600 kilograms.
This is a huge, orangutan-like ape that lives on the ground, and is likely to be the largest ape in the world. Estimated to weigh more than 200 kilograms, this primate has huge molars and has thick enamel layers, high crowns and short tips. Sometimes great apes are translated as giant ape people, but giant apes are not counted as humans, so it is inappropriate to say that giant ape people (in the past there have indeed been books that have listed them as ape people). The genus was at least bottom-up in China 500,000 years ago. The first fossils found (1935) were teeth, which were about five times larger than modern human teeth. Since 1955, many have been found in Guangxi, China, and so far, nearly a thousand mandibles and teeth have been found. The great ape is an extinct side branch of the ape evolutionary system. Giant apes may be the prototype of King Kong, which is similar in appearance to modern apes, except that they are larger. Great apes are the most muscular apes in history, reaching nearly 10 feet (about 3.04 meters) tall and weighing more than 1,000 pounds (about 453 kilograms). They are distant relatives of modern orangutans, and this factor is taken into account in most related paintings.
Based on frozen woolly rhinoceros bodies found in Siberia, bodies soaked in asphalt deposits found in Poland, and frescoes in Paleolithic caves in France, modern people have learned that the surface of the woolly rhinoceros is covered with cold long hairs and thick bottom fluff. The skulls of these animals are long and large, with their heads and necks hanging downwards, and a rhino horn on the forehead and nose, which is particularly long and protruding forward. Its molar crown is high; the enamel layer is thick with many folds; and the recess is filled with dense chalk, suitable for herbaceous plants with a dry chewing texture. It is generally believed to have developed under the climatic conditions of the Pleistocene glacial period, but fossils of woolly rhinoceros have also been found in sediments in mild grassland environments. It lived between 12,000 and 4,000 years ago. Fossils of the woolly rhinoceros are known to be almost all over northern Eurasia, with the northernmost limit at about 72° north latitude and the southernmost to 33° north latitude. Chinese woolly rhinoceros fossils are more concentrated in the northeast plain, and occasionally found in north China and southwest China. It has two horns at the end of its nose, and the horn at the front is about 1 meter longer than the angle between the eyes. It has long hairs, thin ears, short, thick feet and a stocky body. The stone cave paintings of the woolly rhinoceros have a broad dark band between the front and back feet, but their correctness is unclear. In winter, the woolly rhinoceros uses its horns to push the snow away to graze. The woolly rhinoceros is the last and derived member of the Pleistocene rhino branch and is well adapted to its living environment. Its solid limbs and thick fur allowed it to adapt to the grassland tundra environment of the Gubei region at that time. Their distribution also expands and contracts according to the cycle of cold and warm climates, and their numbers migrate and disappear as the ice age passes. Like most rhinos, the woolly rhino has a similar shape and morphology to the most primitive rhinoceros of the Eocene.
The horror bird lived between 64 million and 10,000 years ago and is now completely extinct. It may have originated in Eurasia, and after coming to the Americas, it evolved quite a lot because it was at the top of the food chain and had no survival competitors.
The Horror Bird is 3 meters tall and weighs 400 kilograms, and is a bird that cannot fly, and this now extinct family of giant birds is known as the Terror Bird. They are naturally carnivorous and hunter-eating, can swallow a dog in one bite, and have amazing running speed. When it has eaten a full meal of the prey carcass, it will use its strong legs to crush the bones of the prey and suck the bone marrow from the broken bones.
The horror bird is very similar to the ostrich, but the terror bird is a carnivore, with strong legs, running fast through South America millions of years ago, and its thick and powerful claws can kill its prey.
The smallest species in the horror bird family weighs only 8 kilograms, and in addition to its wings, its physical characteristics are very similar to those of eagles, and the largest species is 3 meters tall and weighs 400 kilograms. On Earth 10,000 years ago, the horror bird was undoubtedly the successor of the dinosaurs, becoming the most feared predator on the ground.
Scientists have found the world's largest remains of a python in Colombia, and the Smithsonian Institute has since recreated the prehistoric python map according to the fossils. It is estimated that this python has a bus length of about 13 meters and can swallow crocodiles. This megafauna lived in the local rainforest area 60 million years ago. Scientists estimate that the snake can weigh as much as 730 kilograms to 2.03 tons
The half-shelled turtle, the Odontochelys semitestacea that lived off the coast of China 220 million years ago, is the oldest known turtle to date.
The Southern Megalozoosaurus belonged to the theropod suborder Carnivorous Suborder Squalodontidae, which lived in Argentina in the middle of the Cretaceous Period (100 million years ago to 92 million years ago in the Senorman Order), with a large, narrow, long mouth with a sharp but thin tooth. It has a terrible bite force and a very fast bite speed, as well as thin teeth as sharp as a dinner knife, and it walks on two small short legs. According to fossil specimens, the largest individual of the southern megalopodosaur is 13.8 meters long, the hip height is 4 meters, the total height is about 4.2 meters, the weight is 10.52 tons, and the skull length is 175 cm. The existing specimen MUCPV-CH1 is stored in the Municipal Museum of Carmenfinez in Neuquén, Argentina. In addition, in terms of the ratio of leg length, height and body length, the Southern Megalopod is one of the shortest carnivorous dinosaurs in proportion. Although the number of fossils is extremely rare and there are no fossil discoveries of young and juvenile individuals, the scientific community has calculated that the species of the giant beast dragon is 8.2 tons based on the fact that the southern giant beast dragon is an elderly and blessed individual and refers to close relatives. According to the skin fossils of its close relative, the Cuenca Dragon, the scientific community generally believes that the southern giant dragon has feathers on its body. The behemoth dragon has been deliberately exaggerated by some popular science books and film and television works to become the largest carnivorous dinosaur larger than the tyrannosaurus, including the Ark, but this is by no means the case. It is well known that the size of the head and the size of the species have been seriously overestimated in the past, and the latest research shows that the actual skull size of the giant beast dragon is much smaller than previous estimates. Although the megalopod was not the strongest and largest dinosaur of the Cretaceous Period, it was the same as the Tyrannosaurus rex. Sharktoothosaurus was the strongest of the three carnivorous dinosaurs.
The mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), also known as the woolly elephant (mammoth), is an animal adapted to cold climates. Once one of the largest elephants in the world and one of the largest mammals that have ever survived on land, the steppe mammoth weighs up to 12 tons.
Mammoths are tall and strong, with stout legs, four toes on their feet, and large heads. Among them, the tusks of the mother elephant are generally 1 meter 5 to 2 meters. The male mammoth ivory, on the other hand, averages 2 to 2 m5 long. Individuals can be approached even more than 3 meters. It is covered with gold, reddish brown, gray-brown fine long hair, the skin is very thick, with a very thick fat layer, up to 9 cm thick.
They live widely in northern Eurasia. Mammoths became extinct about 11,000 years ago, which is seen as a sign of the end of the Ice Age. Frozen bodies have been found more than once in the frozen soil and ice of Alaska and Siberia. [2]
On May 17, 2016 local time, archaeologists at Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History excavated a large number of mammoth ivory fossils. It is understood that the mammoth ivory fossil was discovered in December 2015, dating from the Pleistocene period.