A problem is often encountered in kumon writing, that is, when using numbers, which use Chinese characters in which cases and Arabic numerals, which seems to be a simple problem, but many people are often confused. Today Lao Wang came to give you a reason for this matter, but it is not so easy to talk about it.
First, the normative process of digital use
In ancient Times, Arabic numerals were not used in China, and after books and periodicals changed to horizontal rows in the 1950s, the use of Arabic numerals was gradually popularized. But the use of both Arabic numerals and Chinese characters in the article is sometimes confusing. In 1956, the State Council formulated the "Trial Measures for the Use of Arabic Numerals in Official Documents, Telegrams and Organ Publications", and subsequently issued the "Notice on the Use of Arabic Numerals After Horizontal Writing of Official Documents, Telegrams and Organ Publications of State Organs". In 1981, the General Office of the State Council drafted the Interim Measures for the Handling of Official Documents of State Administrative Organs, which stipulates that when drafting official documents, "official documents numbers, statistical tables, schedules, serial numbers, special terms and other persons who must use Arabic numerals" should use Arabic numerals. In 1982, the State Administration of Standards approved the General Provisions on the Numbering Of Guidelines for Standardization Work, which clearly stated that "the values in the standard shall generally use Arabic numerals" and that numbers with units of measurement "must be written in Arabic numerals". In 1987, in order to correct the confusion in the use of numbers in publications, seven units, including the State Language and Writing Work Committee, the State Publishing Administration, the State Bureau of Standards, the State Bureau of Metrology, the Secretariat Bureau of the General Office of the State Council, the Information Bureau of the Central Propaganda Department, and the Publication Bureau of the Central Propaganda Department, jointly issued a document and promulgated the "Trial Regulations on the Use of Numbers in Publications". In 1995, the State Bureau of Technical Supervision promulgated the Provisions on the Numerical Usage of Publications. On July 29, 2011, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China and the Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China issued a new edition of "Digital Usage in Publications" (GB/T15835-2011), which came into effect on November 1, 2011.
You see, just such a number usage, so many documents have been sent, and so many twists and turns have been experienced.
General principles for the use of numbers
The national standard "Numerical Usage on Publications" (GB/T 15835-2011) stipulates the use of Chinese characters and Arabic numerals on publications, and the standard clearly stipulates that it is applicable to all kinds of publications (except literary and artistic publications and rearranged ancient books), official documents of government and enterprises and institutions, and digital usage in the fields of education, media and public services, which can also be implemented with reference to this standard.
Using Arabic numerals or Chinese numerals, some cases the choice is unique and determined, but in some cases, the style is not uniform. The general principle of using Arabic numerals or Chinese numerals is that numerical values in measurement, such as positive and negative integers, decimals, percentages, fractions, proportions, etc., should use Arabic numerals; stereotyped words, phrases, idioms, idioms, acronyms or words with rhetorical overtones should use Chinese characters. Other numbers in categories such as year, month, day, code, code, etc., are given as references according to the principle of using appropriate, precise, and relatively uniform examples of the whole text.
3. The use of Arabic numerals
1. The number used for metering. First, when using numbers for mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, Arabic numerals should be used. For example:
48302、-125.03、34.05%、63%～68%、1/4、2/5、1：500
Second, when the numerical value is accompanied by a unit of measurement, such as: length, volume, area, volume, mass, temperature, latitude and longitude, volume, frequency, etc., especially when the unit of measurement is expressed in letters, Arabic numerals should be used. For example:
736.80 km (8736.80 km), 600 g (600 g), 100 kg to 150 kg (100 kg to 150 kg), 12.5 m2 (12.5 m2), 400 mm×200 mm×300 mm (400 mm×200 mm×300 mm), 34 °C ~ 39 °C (34 ° C ~ 39 degrees Celsius), 0.59A (0.59 amperes)
2. The number used for numbering. In the case of numbering, in order to achieve a striking and easily recognizable effect, Arabic numerals should be used. For example:
Telephone number: 98888
Postal code: 100871
Email Address: [email protected]
Web address: http://127.0.0.1
Bus number: Bus 302
Road number: National Highway 101
Official document number: Guo Ban Fa [1987] No. 9
ISBN 978-7-80184-224-4
Chapter number: 4.1.2
Product model: PH-3000 type computer
Product serial number: C84XB-JYVFD-P7HC4-6XKRJ-7M6XH
Administrative license registration number: 0684D10004-828
3. Stereotyped words containing Arabic numerals. The things, phenomena and events that appear in modern social life, whose names contain Arabic numerals in the form of their writing, have been widely used and stabilized, and Arabic numerals should be used. For example:
3G mobile phone, MP3 player, G8 summit, vitamin B12, No. 97 gasoline, "5•27" incident, "12•5" shooting
4. Gregorian century, year, month, day, generally using Arabic numerals. For example:
8th century BC, 1980s, 440 BC, 7 AD, 1 October 1994
5. Hours, minutes, seconds, generally use Arabic numerals. For example:
4:00, 15:40 (3:40pm), 14:12:36
5. Codes, codes and serial numbers, such as document numbers, certificate numbers and other serial numbers, generally use Arabic numerals. For example:
National standard GB 2312-80, Guo Ban Fa [1987] No. 9 document total No. 3147, domestic unified issue number CN11-1399, 21/22 special express, HP-3000 electronic computer, No. 85 gasoline, vitamin B12
6. Citation annotations. Citations indicate the number of editions, volumes, and pages, and generally use Arabic numerals, except that the ancient books should be consistent with the version on which they are based. For example:
Li Siguang, "Crustal Structure and Crustal Movement", in Science in China, 1973(4), pp. 400-429.
Xu Shen: "Explaining Words in Speaking Texts", photocopy of Chen Changzhiben, 126 pp., Beijing, Zhonghua Bookstore, 1963.
7. Numbers in horizontal headings. When horizontal headings involve numbers, they can be appropriately handled according to the actual needs of the layout and may be appropriate.
8. Arabic numerals in publications should generally use the orthographic dichotomy, that is, occupying half of the Chinese character position.
4. The use of Chinese character numbers
1. Non-Gregorian calendar years. Chinese character numbers should be used in the dry branch chronology, lunar months and days, historical dynastic calendars, and other non-Gregorian calendars that have traditionally adopted The form of Chinese characters. For example:
On October 15, 2018, the year of Gengchen
The first five months of the first month of the eighth month of the fifteenth mid-autumn festival of the forty-fourth year of the Qin Wengong
Taihei Heaven September 24, 2010, September 20, 2010
On August 26, the year of the Tibetan calendar, the year of the Wooden Dragon, Japan celebrates the third year
2. Generalizations. The approximate numbers represented by the conjunction of numbers and the approximate numbers containing "several" shall be used in Chinese character numbers. For example:
Three or four months one twenty forty-five or six years old Fifty or sixty thousand sets
Fifty or sixty years ago, a few thousand and twenty and a hundred hundred thousandths of a thousand
3. Stereotyped words containing Chinese character numbers. In the Chinese language, which has been used for a long time, words that have been stabilized to contain the form of Chinese character numbers should use Chinese character numbers. For example:
In case of one, one, one, one, three-leaf worm, four books and five classics, Friday, iron four oxide, eight-nation alliance, seven up and eight down, single-minded, regardless of three seven twenty-one, one side, two hundred and five, half a pound eight two, five provinces and one city, a difference of one hundred and eighteen thousand miles, eight and nine not far from ten, not two methods, two eight years
4. Phrases containing the abbreviation of the month and day to indicate events, festivals and other meanings shall use Chinese character numbers. For example:
The May Fourth Movement, the May Thirtieth Movement, the July 7 Incident, the International Labor Day, the "May 2O" Statement, the "913" Incident
It should be noted that if January, November, December is involved, the interval number "·" should be applied. Separate the numbers representing the month and day and enclose them in quotation marks to avoid ambiguity. When other months are involved, no interval numbers are used, and quotation marks are used depending on the popularity of the event. For example:
January 28 Incident (January 28), "12.9" Movement (December 9), "January 17" Directive (January 17), "11.1 O" Case (November 10)
5. The approximation expressed by "many", "remainder", "left and right", "up and down", "about", etc., generally using Kanji numbers. If a set of statistically and comparatively significant numbers appears in the text, including both precise numbers and divisors expressed in "excess", "remainder", etc., in order to maintain consistency in the local context, the divisors can also use Arabic numerals.
Example 1: This association has held more than ten national awards, and there are more than 1,000 award-winning works. The association absorbs about 3,000 members, two-thirds of whom are accomplished young and middle-aged. In addition, there are branches in 30 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.
Example 2: The province took out 19 million yuan from the mobile financial resources and allocated more than 3,000 tons of steel, more than 20,000 tons of cement and 1,400 tons of diesel for farmland water conservancy construction.
5. The use of Arabic numerals and Chinese character numerals is possible
1. If the number of numbers required to express measurement or numbering is small, and there is no obvious difference between the choice of Chinese character numbers and Arabic numerals, both forms can be used when there is no obvious difference in the simplicity of writing and the clarity of recognition. For example:
Building 17 (Building 17), 3 times (triple), 5 working days (5th working day), more than 100 pieces (more than 100 pieces), more than 20 times (more than 20 times), about 300 people (about 300 people), 40 days (about 40 days), 50 people (up and down 50 people), more than 50 people (more than 50 people), page 25 (page 25), 8 days (the eighth day), 4 days (the fourth quarter), a total of 235 students, (a total of 235 students), 76 years old (seventy-six years old), 20th Anniversary (120th Anniversary), 1/3 (1/3), 1 July 1997 (1 July 1997), 4:40pm (4:40pm), 4 months (4 months), 12 days (12 days)
2. If you want to highlight the concise and eye-catching expression effect, you should use Arabic numerals; if you want to highlight the solemn and elegant expression effect, you should use Chinese character numbers. For example:
At 14:28 Beijing time on May 12, 2008, the first session of the Eleventh National People's Congress (not written as "the first session of the 11th National People's Congress"), the Six-Party Talks (not written as the "6-party Talks")
3. Numbers that appear on the same occasion should follow the principle of "same category and same form" to choose the writing form of the number. If two numbers have the same function category (e.g. both represent the time of the year, month, and day), or if the two numbers are at the same level in context (e.g., the number of the same level of headings in the article directory), the same form should be used. Conversely, if the expression function of the two numbers is different, or the level is different, different forms can be used. For example:
August 8, 2008 August 8, 2008 (not written as "August 8, 2008")
Chapters 1, 2... Chapter XII (not written as "Chapters I, II... Chapter 12")
The next level of headings in chapter II can be numbered with Arabic numerals: 1, 2 ... 12
4. Ambiguity caused by two adjacent Arabic numerals should be avoided. For example:
3 classes in the third year of high school, three classes in the third year of high school (not written as "high 33 classes")
Senior 3 Class 2, Senior 3 (2) Class (not written as "Senior 32 Class")
5. Documents with legal effect, announcement documents or financial documents may use both Chinese character numerals and Arabic numerals. For example:
The interest rate on the settlement date of the insurance account in April 2008 was 1.5750 per 10,000 (0.015750%)
35.5 yuan (35 yuan 5 corners 35 yuan 5 corners 3 shrugs round Wu angles)