Tianmen, known as Jingling in ancient times, is one of the 17 provincial cities in Hubei Province, an important member of the Wuhan City Circle and the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River[1], and the main node city of the Han River Basin[2], located in the central part of Hubei Province, the northern part of the Jianghan Plain, north of Dahong Mountain, south of the Han River, and east of Wuhan. In the fourth year of Qing Yongzheng (1726), tianmen mountain was named "Tianmen"; in 1994, the State Council approved Tianmen City as a city directly administered by Hubei Province. In 2016, the city's permanent population was 1.2866 million. [3]
Tianmen is the birthplace of the world's tea culture, the hometown of Lu Yu, the "tea saint", the national sanitary city, the national garden city[4], China's most ecologically competitive city, China's ecological charm city[5], ranked among the top 100 county economies in China[6], and has been rated as China's top 100 small and medium-sized cities with the most investment potential for 12 consecutive years[7], China's top 100 cities with the most regional driving force for small and medium-sized cities[8] and China's top 100 cities for innovation and entrepreneurship.
In 2017, the city's GDP reached 52.825 billion yuan, an increase of 8% year-on-year. [9] In December 2018, the Hubei Provincial Population Development Plan (2018-2030) listed Tianmen as one of the 10 large and medium-sized cities in the province. [10]
In March 2019, it was listed as the first batch of revolutionary cultural relics protection and utilization areas in the list of counties.
ancient times
Street view of Tianmen
Tianmen Is named after the Tianmen Mountain in the northwest of the territory. As early as the late primitive society, there were human beings in this land. [13] The Shijiahe ruins on the northern outskirts of Tianmen were not only the site of a very large city in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, but also the political center of the entire region at that time. Archaeological data show that with the Shijiahe site as the center, there are 15 city sites in Hubei Province alone, such as Tianmen Shijiahe, Tianmen Longzui, Shishou Zomaling, and Gong'an Qinghe City, most of which are about 40000 to 5000 years old. During this period, the central settlement of Shijiahe further integrated culture and resources, led the development of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, became an important area for the origin of Chinese civilization, and jointly built a splendid Chinese civilization with the culture of the Yellow River Basin. [14]
Tianmen belonged to the Wind Kingdom in ancient times, the State of Yun in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the Chu Jing Lingyi during the Warring States Period. The Qin Dynasty set up Jingling County (taking the meaning of "Jingling, Lingzhi Jingye", that is, the mountain tomb was terminated at this point), which belonged to Nan County.
During the Western Han Dynasty, Jingling County was subordinate to Jiangxia County. The new dynasty King Mang renamed Jingling County to Shouping County. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the name was renamed Jinling County.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Jinling County was under the jurisdiction of Jiangxia County, Jingzhou, of the Wu Kingdom.
In the ninth year (299) of the Western Jin Dynasty, Jingling County belonged to Jingling County, and the county was established as Shicheng (present-day Zhongxiang City). In the last year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Xiaocheng County was established in Jingling County.
In the first year of Liu Song's xiaojian (454), Jingling County belonged to Jingling County, Yingzhou. In the first year of the Southern Qi Dynasty (479), it moved the administration of Jinling County to the border of Jingling County. In the first year of the Southern Liang Dynasty (550), Jingling County was merged into Xiaocheng County, which still belonged to Jingling County, Yinzhou, and the county rule was Established as Xiaocheng. In the first year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty (561), Xiaocheng County was changed back to Jingling County.
In the third year of the Sui Kai Emperor (583), the county system was abolished, and the two-level system of prefectures and counties was implemented, and Jinling County was under the jurisdiction of Fuzhou, and the prefecture was governed by Jingling. In the third year of Renshou (603), the fuzhou administration was moved to Jianxing County (沔阳). At the beginning of the Great Cause, Fuzhou was changed to a county, Fuzhou was changed to Qiuyang County, and Jinling County belonged to Qiuyang County.
In the fifth year of Tang Wude (622), Qiuyang County was changed to Fuzhou, and the prefecture was moved to Jinling County. In the seventh year of Zhenguan (633), the state rule was moved to Qiuyang, which belonged to Shannan Province. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Fuzhou was changed to Jingling Commandery (京陵郡), which was under the jurisdiction of Shannandong Province. In the first year of the Qianyuan Dynasty (758), it was also known as Fuzhou. In the second year of Baoying (763), the state rule was moved to Jingling.
During the Five Dynasties period, Jingling County has always been the seat of state (county) governance. In the first year of the Later Jin Dynasty (936), in order to avoid the name of Shi Jingyao ("Jing" and "Jing" homophonous), Jingling County was changed to Jingling County. In the fifth year of Tianfu, he was directly subordinate to Jingling County, which was established by the defense prefecture. Later Han renamed Jingling County.
Central Axis of Tianmen City: Zhong yi Avenue (7)
In the third year of the Northern Song Dynasty (962), in order to avoid the secrets of Zhao Kuangyin's grandfather Zhao Jing, he changed Jingling County to Jingling County, which was under the jurisdiction of Hubei Lufu Prefecture. In the sixth year of Xi Ning (1073), Fuzhou was abolished, and Jingling County belonged to Jinghu North Lu'an Prefecture (安州, in modern Anlu, Hubei). In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1086), the state system was restored, and the prefecture was established as Jingling County. In the fourth year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1130), de'an Province, Fuzhou, and Hanyang Military Town were set up in Jingling. In the third year of Shaoxing (1133), he also set up a pacification envoy on Jinghu North Road in Jingling, and Jingling County belonged to Fuzhou, Jinghu North Road. In the third year of Duanping (1236), the pacifying office of Jinghu North Road was moved to Qiuyang. As the Mongol army moved south, the prefecture and county administration offices were also moved to Qiuyang, and the later migration was frequent.
In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingling County was successively under the jurisdiction of Fuzhou, Fuzhou Road, and Qiuyang Province.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Jingling County was Jinglingwei. In the third year of Hongwu (1370), he was relegated to Wei County, which was subordinate to Qiuyang Province. In the ninth year of Hongwu,000, the prefecture was changed to a prefecture, directly under the administration of Huguangbu Political Envoy Department, and Jingling County was under the jurisdiction of Qiuyang Prefecture. In the tenth year of Jiajing (1531), Qiuyang Prefecture was transferred to the jurisdiction of Chengtianfu (承天府, in present-day Zhongxiang City), and Jingling County was also subordinated to Chengtian Prefecture (承天府沔阳州). During the Apocalypse period, Jingling County came under the direct administration of ChengtianFu.
During the Qing Dynasty, Jingling County belonged to Anlu Prefecture (安陸府, in modern Zhongxiang City) in Hubei Province. In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), in order to avoid the kangxi tomb name (Jingling), Jingling County was changed to Tianmen County, which was taken because there was Tianmen Mountain in the northwest of the county.
Modern
At the beginning of the Republic of China, Tianmen County was under the jurisdiction of Xiangyang Province, Hubei Province. In the seventeenth year of the Republic of China (1928), the province was abolished and Tianmen County was directly under the jurisdiction of the province. In the 22nd year of the Republic of China (1933), it was under the jurisdiction of the Sixth Administrative Supervision District of Hubei Province, and the Office of the Administrative Inspector was set up as Tianmen County.
In the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937), it was changed to the Third Administrative Supervision District, and the Office of the Administrative Inspector was set up in Sui County (now Suizhou City), until the liberation of Tianmen County on September 24, 1948, the 37th year of the Republic of China (1948).
Beginning in January of the 27th year of the Republic of China (1938), the Communist Party of China led the people of Tianmen to carry out the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, and successively established Tianhan County and Tianjingqian County in the eastern, western and southern parts of the county at the junction with the border areas of neighboring counties, and in 1948 belonged to the Ezhong Special District of the Jianghan District Administrative Office.
In May 1949, the Hubei Provincial People's Government was established. On the 25th of the same month, Tianjingqian County and Tianhan County were abolished and the tianmen county system was restored. In July of the same year, it was changed to Jingzhou Special District of Hubei Province.
nowadays
Tianmen New City CBD Financial Port
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Tianmen County came under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou Special District, and in 1970, Jingzhou Special District was renamed Jingzhou District.
On August 3, 1987, the State Council approved the abolition of Tianmen County and the establishment of Tianmen City (county-level), and the administrative area under the jurisdiction of the former Tianmen County was still the administrative region of Tianmen City, which was still under the jurisdiction of Jingzhou District of Hubei Province.
On October 24, 1994, with the approval of the State Council, the Hubei Provincial People's Government issued document Ezhengfa [1994] No. 143, deciding to implement Tianmen City, Qianjiang City and Xiantao City under the direct administration of the province. At this point, Tianmen City became one of the first three directly administered cities (Tian, Xian, and Qian) in the country (Suizhou was established as a directly administered city on November 5, 1994, and was upgraded to a prefecture-level city in August 2000).
In 2002, the Hubei Provincial People's Government incorporated Tianmen City into the Wuhan City Circle.
Location realm
Tianmen City is located in the south-central part of Hubei Province, in the northern part of the Jianghan Plain. The total area of the territory is 2622 square kilometers. It is between longitude 112°33′45" and 113°26′15"E and latitudes 30°22′30" N and 30°52′30"N. It is bordered by Hanchuan and Yingcheng in Xiaogan City to the east, Jingshan and Zhongxiang in Jingmen City to the north, and Xiantao, Qianjiang and Jingmen to the south and west across the Han River. The northern edge of the city is connected to the low hills of the remnants of the Dahong Mountains, and is surrounded by han water to the west and south. The maximum horizontal distance between east and west is about 85 kilometers, and the maximum longitudinal distance between north and south is about 58 kilometers. [15]
Geological landforms
geology
Heaven's Gate: Everywhere, there is a wonderful (32)
The basal structure of the Tianmen City land is part of the inland basin formed since the Yanshan Movement. There are 8 structural units across the city's basin, namely Qianjiang Depression, Longsai Lake Convexity, Small Plate Depression, Shenhu Low Bulge, Tianmen Convex Belt, Hanshui Graben, Yongyi River Uplift, and Lexiangguan Ground Barrier.
The late and recent tectonic layer on the Tianmen City strata inherits the characteristics of the crustal movement in the Yanshan period, with continuous uplift in the north and continuous settlement in the south, and the monoclinic structure from north to south in the territory is obvious, and the inclination is generally 1 to 3 degrees. Inheritive activity is a significant feature of the geological structure of Tianmen City, there is no obvious migration from the Cretaceous to the Settlement Center of the Fourth Series, and the activity trail of ancient rivers (Han River, Tianmen River) has not changed much.
landform
Waiting for you at Tianmen(8)
Tianmen City is located in the area where the hills in front of Dahong Mountain and the Jianghan Plain are connected, and the landform belongs to the plain. The terrain is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, decreasing from northwest to southeast. The highest point is at the top of Fozi Mountain, 191.7 meters above sea level, and the lowest point is In Chen Jiazhou, Dazhou, Duoxiang Town, with an average altitude of 23.2 meters.
The Han River surrounds the southern part of the city, with the Tianmen, Hanbei and Soap rivers running through the abdomen and flowing into the Han River in the east. Artificially excavated channels such as Tiannan, Tianbei, Zhongling and Dongfeng run through the city. There are also lakes dotted around the territory. According to the natural topography, it can be divided into three types of land types: low hills (commonly known as mountains), gang-like plains (commonly known as hills) and river and lake plains.
Low mounds
The hilly area north of Tianmen
The northern mountains of Tianmen City belong to the low hills in front of the Dahong Mountains, distributed in the north and northeast of the city, consisting of 16 small mountains such as West Longwei Mountain, Tianmen Mountain, Boat Mountain, Tuanshan Mountain, Huomen Mountain, Jinbei Mountain, Fozi Mountain, Hongshan Mountain, Qingshan Mountain, Wuhua Mountain, East Longwei Mountain, Xiaoshan Mountain, Yihe Mountain, Taojia Mountain, Datuan Mountain, and Hongmo Mountain, accounting for about 1.3% of the total area of the city. The low hills are roughly oriented, with the city running northeast to the northwest and the city running northeast to southwest. The altitude is 46.7 to 191.5 meters, and the slope angle is 25 to 35 degrees.
Gang-shaped plains
From Qingshan to the east (including Qingshan), most of the area north of the Tianbei Long Canal and the Hanbei River line (excluding the lakes therein) is a gang-like plain. It is a dendration-accumulation ridge terrain. Including all of the town of Soap, Hushi, Jiuzhen, Fozishan, most of Shijiahe Town and a small part of Yulian Town. The area is about 559.6 kilometers, accounting for about 22.5% of the total area of the city. The surface ridges and hills are intermittent, undulating, and the altitude is generally 35 to 60 meters. It is palmate and slightly inclined from north to south.
River and lake plains
Starting from Daqiao Village, Tuoshi Town, along the Tianmen River to the east, connecting with the Tiannan Long Canal, and then east, even the Tianmen section of the Hanbei River, the area south of this demarcation line (excluding Qingshan) is a river and lake plain, which is a piled terrain, the terrain is flat and open, and it is all composed of the Fourth Series strata of the Cenozoic. Its area is 1894.6 km, accounting for 76.2% of the total municipal area. The altitude is mostly 28 to 32 meters, and it drops slightly from west to east. In the western area of Duobao Town and Tuoshi, the altitude is 30 to 32 meters, the slope angle is 1 to 2 degrees, and it is slightly inclined to the river. In the eastern part of the city, around Mayang, Duoxiang, Mawan, Lushi and Jingtan, the altitude is 24 to 26 meters. Along the bed of the Han River, there are intermittently distributed river floodplains, crescent-shaped, generally about 4 meters above the water surface, and are often submerged during the flood season of the Han River.
climate
In 2015, waiting for you at Tianmen (10)
Tianmen has a subtropical monsoon climate. It has the characteristics of sufficient light, humid climate, changeable spring temperature, flooding in early summer, drought in autumn, long growth period and short cold period. Although the topography is relatively single, due to the blocking effect of the Dahong Mountains on cold air in the north, the southwest riverside zone is affected by the cold air in the south of the Jianghan River Valley, and the soap city river valley in the northeast has formed the regional distribution characteristics of the climate of Tianmen City: the heat conditions are slightly lower in the northeast and southwest along the river, slightly higher in other places, more water resources in the southeast, less in the west and north, and the light capital is high in the east and low in the west.
hydrology
There are 38 rivers with a river basin area of 50 square kilometers and a total length of 1014.15 kilometers, gradually forming several major rivers today, namely the Han River, the Upper Tianmen River, the Lower Tianmen River and the Hanbei River. Tianmen City is located in the lower reaches of the Han River, with many lakes in its territory, with an area of more than 100 mu and an area of 45, with a total lake area of 37.38 square kilometers. Most of them are distributed in the junction area of the hilly Pinggang and the plain lake area, and there is 1 lake across the city boundary: Xiaoyan Lake (across Tianmen City, Xiaogan City); 4 lakes in the city: East Lake, West Lake, North Lake, ghost lake. Among them, the water level of more than 1 square kilometer is Chenjia Lake, Zhangjia Lake, Shijia Lake, etc., with Zhangjia Lake being the largest, with a water surface area of 6.17 square kilometers.
land resources
As of February 2017, Tianmen City has 168,157.37 hectares of arable land, 883.29 hectares of garden land, 7,815.08 hectares of woodland, 777.3 hectares of grassland, 31,313.6 hectares of urban village and industrial and mining land, 7,931.93 hectares of transportation land, 43,948.99 hectares of water and water conservancy facilities, and 414.59 hectares of other land. [17]
mineral resources
As of February 2017, the mineral resources of Tianmen City include: raw salt, anhydrous glauber's salt, petroleum, geothermal, limestone, gypsum, sulfur, etc. The reserves of the small plate salt mining area are: the salt reserves in the table are 105.28 million tons of C+D level, and the off-balance sheet salt reserves are C+D class 238.66 million tons. The reserves of endosyntosynthetic sodium sulfate in the table are 6.68 million tons of C+D grade, and the reserves of extra-surface associated sodium sulfate are 41.42 million tons of C+D grade. Geothermal heat is distributed in hilly areas such as Lichang in soap city. Oil exploitation is mainly in Pengshi, Zhanggang and Yanglin, with an annual production volume of nearly 100,000 tons. [18]
biological resources
Tianmen is rich in natural resources, in addition to crops, livestock and poultry, as of February 2017, there are about 1,100 species of wild animals and plants in the territory, including more than 200 species of animals and more than 900 species of plants. Crops include cotton, rice, wheat, soybeans, barley, broad beans, buckwheat, millet, corn, potatoes, peanuts, sesame seeds, Jerusalem artichoke (commonly known as artichoke), ramie, jute, sugarcane, tobacco and so on. Among the animals, there are 13 species of mammals, 43 species of birds, 64 species of fish, 15 species of molluscs, 4 species of amphibians, 11 species of reptiles, 2 species of peristaltics, 5 species of arthropods, 14 species of insects, and more than 30 other species, many of which are natural enemies of pests. Among the more than 900 kinds of plants, there are 9 types of medicinal materials and 152 species, of which 20 species are purchased by the state, and the annual purchase volume is generally 31.8 tons, and there are 12 types of vegetables and more than 70 varieties in the city. There are more than 30 kinds of fruit trees, of which fig trees and ginkgo biloba (white fruit) trees are precious tree species. There are 7 types of flowers, 188 varieties.