【Author:K²】
<h1 class="pgc-h-center-line" > the overall structure of the Sun</h1>
Interior of the Sun:
Core: The region at the center of the Sun is the area where nuclear reactions take place.
Radiation zone: Energy is transmitted outward in the form of photons, which is the "radiation zone".
Convective region: Energy begins to be transmitted in convection as it approaches the surface of the Sun, which is the "convective region".
Solar Atmosphere:
The sun's atmosphere is distributed on the surface of the sun, and the sun's atmosphere can be divided into "photospheres", "chromospheres", "transition zones", "coronal layers" and other regions, while the sun's material is still constantly losing to the surrounding space, which is called "solar wind".
< h1 class= "pgc-h-center-line" > to explore the activity of the Sun, it is necessary to understand the physical processes inside the Sun</h1>
The phenomenon of solar activity reflects some physical processes in the solar atmosphere, but its root cause is in the convective region of the sun's interior, and because the energy is carried out in a convective manner near the surface of the sun, the structure of the "rice grain organization" can be clearly shown in the atmosphere on the surface of the sun, which is actually a boiling phenomenon caused by the cyclical rise and fall of the gas source in the sun's interior, which is only an observational feature of the movement of the gas on the surface of the sun.
Illustration: The surface of the Sun – the "grain of rice" structure
Under the surface of the sun is a "convection zone", in the convection zone the material is mainly in the way of "ions" and "electrons" in the way of existence, because the sun itself is rotating, according to the knowledge of electromagnetism, when the charged particles in motion will produce electric fields and magnetic fields, due to rotation and produce a dipole magnetic field, this magnetic field is called "polar magnetic field", the rotation of the sun is not a "rigid body" rotation, in different regions, different positions The rotational angular velocity of the sun is not the same.
At different latitudes, the angular frequency of the sun's rotation is also different, the sun rotates the fastest in the equatorial area, and in the high latitude area, the rotation speed of the sun is relatively slower, which means that the rotation of the sun is "angular difference".
Illustration: The angular frequency of the sun's rotation at different latitudes
Because of this feature, the magnetic field inside the sun will change, and this change will be manifested as the evolution from the polar magnetic field to the ring magnetic field.
Illustration: Schematic diagram of the solar magnetic field
The sun due to rotation to produce an extreme magnetic field, in the ionized state of magnetic field and charged particles can be said to be frozen together, the movement of particles to change the position of the magnetic field, when the sun in rotation due to its equatorial surface rotation angle is faster, which makes the "polar magnetic field" will slowly produce "annular magnetic field component", and with the increase of rotation and frequency, the component of the ring will become stronger and stronger, in this process some magnetic field may be due to some instability will protrude from the surface Such a prominent magnetic field looks like an arched structure on the surface, and two relatively low-temperature regions are formed on the surface of the sun, which are called "sunspots".
Illustration: Schematic of the formation of the Sun's magnetic field
< h1 class= "pgc-h-center-line" > the magnetic field beneath the sunspots hinders the convection of matter, making it difficult for heat to reach two regions of relatively low temperatures</h1>
In the area where the solar magnetic field is relatively strong, the energy transmission is hindered by the magnetic field, so the heat cannot effectively reach two relatively low temperature areas from the inside, in the outside world, these two areas are relatively dark, and the darkened area can be divided into "umbra" and "penumbra", the temperature is about 3000 ~ 4500K, the average temperature of the sun's surface is about 5700K, so the difference in temperature causes a change in color.
Illustration: "Umbra" and "penumbra"
< h1 class = "pgc-h-center-line" > changes in the sun's magnetic field lead to phenomena such as "sunspots", "flares", "prominences", and "mass ejections"</h1>
"Sunspots" is only one of the apparent features of solar activity, in addition to sunspots, there are some other solar activity phenomena, such as "flares", "prominence", "mass ejection", etc., these phenomena are caused by the activity of the magnetic field, the magnetic field protrudes from the surface of the sun to form an arched structure.
Illustration: "Mass Ejection"
When the material of the sun's atmosphere moves along the magnetic field line, it produces an ear-like form, called "sun", when the magnetic field line eventually breaks and loses and the magnetic field line of the outside world occurs "magnetic reconnection", it will often be accompanied by magnetic energy into the kinetic energy and thermal energy of the particles, which will produce a large amount of energy release, which is the so-called "flare" and "material ejection", whether it is "flare" or "material ejection" They will make the solar energy radiate a large number of charged particles to the surrounding interstellar space, These charged particles will seriously affect the earth's magnetic field, the earth's climate, especially on human interstellar activities have a very important impact, so the sun's activity phenomenon is not only the relationship characteristics of the sun itself, but also has a very important impact on the ecology of the entire solar system.
Illustration: "Flare"
The process of nuclear combustion inside a star and the physical process of nuclear combustion
The luminosity, temperature, radius, and mass of stars correlate well with the physical quantities of "main sequence stars."
The determination of the photometrics of celestial bodies actually comes down to the determination of the brightness and distance of celestial bodies
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