1 Appearance feature editing
variety
According to statistics, there are about 300 kinds of goldfish species, and new species are still emerging, which are basically divided into five categories:
Its evolutionary process is: wild crucian carp first evolved into golden crucian carp, after the grass goldfish and golden crucian carp two links, and then developed into a literary species, and then evolved into two close relatives of dragon species and egg species.
color
The color of the goldfish is due to the many pigmented skin cells in the dermis layer date pigment cells. There are only 3 kinds of color components of goldfish: black pigment cells, orange-yellow pigment cells and light blue reflective tissue. All of these ingredients are found in wild crucian carp. The bright and varied body color of the domestic goldfish is nothing more than the recombination distribution of these 3 components, the change of strength, density, or the disappearance of one, two or three of the components.
Some fish of the same species have different colors between different individuals. Some fish have the same color as the same individual, and within a certain range, change with the background.
This is a special adaptation of fish to their living environment. This change, depending on the species, the ability and speed of discoloration will vary.
There are particularly many fish that change color, goldfish is one of them, discoloration is mainly controlled by the nervous system and endocrine system, and most of the color induction mainly relies on the head nervous system. The main reason is to adapt to the ambient color, but there are other factors at the same time. For example, after being irradiated by electric light, a certain color and markings will be displayed. When the fish is injured, sick or lacks oxygen in the water, the water quality becomes poor, the body color of the fish will darken and lose its luster.
Head shape
Breeders across China divide the head shape into tiger heads, lion heads, goose heads, tall heads, hats and toad heads. Some of these head shapes are of the same type and have different names in different places.
For example, the breeders in Beijing call it tiger heads, which are called lion heads in the south; those called hats in Beijing, and those who are called high heads or goose heads in the south. Here, according to the name of Professor Chen Zhen, the head shape is divided into three types: flat head, goose head and lion head.
1. Flat head type: Its head skin is thin and smooth, called flat head type. There are narrow flat heads and wide flat heads.
2. Goose head type: the sarcoma on the top of the head is thick and raised, while the gill covers on both sides are thin and smooth.
3. Lion's head type: The sarcomas on the top of the head and the gills on both sides are thick and convex, and even the eyes can be covered when developed.
In addition, common names that describe head shapes are:
1. Lion's head: The sarcomas on the top of the head and the gill covers on both sides are thick and convex, and even the eyes can be covered when developed. Has a dorsal fin.
2. High head: The sarcoma on the top of the head is thick and raised, while the gill covers on both sides are thin and smooth. Has a dorsal fin.
3. Tiger head: the sarcoma on the top of the head and on the gill covers on both sides are thick and convex, and when developed, they can even cover the eyes without dorsal fins.
4. Goose head: The sarcoma on the top of the head is thick and raised, while the gill covers on both sides are thin and smooth. No dorsal fin.
5. Shou Xing Head: A kind of tiger head, the top of the head protrudes forward like the head of the Antarctic Fairy, so it is called shou xing.
6. Cat lion head: a kind of tiger head, the head sarcoma is very developed, and the chrysanthemum petals are dominant.
7. Lan Shou Tou: A type of tiger head, cultivated by Japan. Look down at the front of the sarcoma squarely with two snouts. However, when side viewed, sarcoma is not as large as the Chinese tiger head, lion head, shouxing head, and cat lion head sarcoma, nor is there any domestic head tumor sarcoma.
goldfish
8. Crown head: Crown pearl goldfish unique head tumor, smooth single sarcoma.
eye
It can be divided into normal eyes, longan eyes, sky eyes and blister eyes.
1. Normal eyes: People who are the same size as the eyes of wild-type crucian carp are called normal eyes.
2, longan: the eyeball is too large, and partially protruding outside the orbit, this kind of eye is called longan.
3, the heavenly eye: the heavenly eye and the longan are similar, are larger than the normal eye, the eyeball is also partially protruding outside the orbit, the difference is that the pupil of the heavenly eye is turned upwards by 90 degrees and towards the sky. There is also a kind of eye with a translucent size bubble on the outside of the asahi eye, which is called the asahi bubble eye.
4, blister eyes: the orbit of this eye is as large as the longan, but the eyeball is as small as the normal eye, and there is a translucent size bubble on the outside of the eye, which is called a blister eye. There is also a similar to the blister eye, except that the translucent blisters in the orbit are smaller, forming only a small protrusion in the abdomen of the orbit, which looks very much like the shape of the frog's head from the surface, so it is called the frog head, and some people call it the head of the toad.
In fact, the types of organisms are not set in stone. It can evolve from a simple type to a variety of forms.
Length
In January 2013, a 20-year-old fishing enthusiast, Mike Martin caught a peculiar fish on Lake St. Clair. Biting into the hook was a 38 cm long goldfish weighing 1.4 kg. The length of the goldfish usually raised in the aquarium is only a few centimeters to more than ten centimeters. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the world's longest goldfish currently has a length of 47.4 cm from its nose to the end of its tail fin, belonging to a Dutchman named Joris Gijsbers.
In May 2014, a large goldfish appeared in the south of Perth, Australia, which triggered a heated discussion among netizens. It is reported that the goldfish is 40cm long, weighs 2 kilograms, and is 8 times larger than the average goldfish, which has seriously threatened the surrounding ecology. Goldfish the size of carp, which not only eat local fish but also live in saltwater, are likely to flood across Australia. Initially, the goldfish used for ornamental purposes were thrown into the river by their owners, resulting in a genetic mutation that made the body so huge.
"In the last 10 years, 1,600 large goldfish have been disposed of, and these goldfish generally grow to 18 cm," said the professor of ecology. ”
Distinguish between male and female
Male and female goldfish are mainly distinguished from the following aspects:
(1) The difference between external forms:
(1) Difference in body shape: male goldfish are generally slightly longer, and female goldfish have shorter and rounder bodies. The female in the ovulation stage is larger than the abdomen of the male.
(2) Difference in tail handle: The male is slightly thicker than the female and slightly longer.
(3) The difference between the pectoral fins: Careful observation can be found that the male fish is slightly pointed and long, and the first fin spines of the pectoral fin are coarse and hard; the females are short and round, and the first fin spines of the pectoral fin are not too hard.
(4) Differences in genitals: Looking up from the belly, the male's genitalia are small, narrow and concave; the female's genitalia are large and slightly rounded, and raised outward.
(2) The difference between color and luster:
Different male and female goldfish, slightly different in body color, male fish are generally bright color, while female fish are slightly lighter, in the reproductive development period, the male body color is more vivid.
(3) Feel and dynamic:
Gently hold the belly of the fish with your hand, and the middle and ring fingers feel that the male has a clear hard line in the abdomen, and the female has a softer abdomen. As you walk past the edge of the pond, you can stomp on your feet to observe that the male swims fast and agile, while the female moves more slowly.
(4) Star chasing:
With the increase of temperature, goldfish will appear a second characteristic during the spawning period - star chasing, which is the easiest and most accurate time to identify the sex of goldfish, and it is also the easiest way to grasp the identification method. The star chasing of males appears at the edge of the first spine and gill cover of the pectoral fin, and for a long time there is a star chaser on each fin of the entire pectoral fin, and the front end is obvious, and the back should be carefully observed. This rough little white dot is star chasing.
2 Life Habits Edit
Goldfish are more suitable for group culture and intensive culture. However, domestic breeding can not be too dense, the ideal water fish than the important to reach 1000:1, goldfish body length and fish tank length to reach more than 1:10, so as to ensure good water quality, dissolved oxygen sufficient, otherwise the breeding density will lead to rapid water quality corruption, insufficient dissolved oxygen in the water, goldfish are easy to die of illness and hypoxia death.
Goldfish are warm animals, more adaptable to water temperature, body temperature changes with water temperature, in the water temperature of 0-39 degrees Celsius can survive. However, goldfish cannot adapt to drastic changes in water temperature, and sharp increases or drops in temperatures of more than 5 degrees Celsius can endanger the life of goldfish. The most suitable temperature for the growth of goldfish is 20-28 degrees Celsius, under this water temperature, goldfish growth and development is the most vigorous, the amount of food, excretion and oxygen consumption are the largest, then the goldfish is the most vivid and lively.
Goldfish have strong adaptability to water quality, have a certain ability to resist dirty water, and are also more resistant to acids and alkalis, and water quality with pH (pH) of 5.5 to 9.5 can survive. Alkaline water quality is more suitable for goldfish growth, but the alkalinity can not be too high, pH value can not exceed 8.5. Goldfish will have loss of appetite and sluggish movement under acidic water, and growth arrest. Although the adaptability of goldfish to water quality is relatively widespread, goldfish cannot tolerate rapid changes in water quality, and rapid changes in water quality are likely to cause goldfish to get sick and even endanger the lives of goldfish.
3 Category Edits
Grass breeding fish
Grass carp, similar in size to crucian carp, is the oldest of the goldfish, with a spindle-shaped body flattened laterally, a dorsal fin, and a triangular pectoral fin, long and pointed. Because of its slightly wild nature, there is a danger of jumping into the tank, so the fish should have protective measures for the first two days after arriving in the new environment.
Its main varieties are:
(1) Golden crucian carp
The caudal fin is short, single-leaf, concave-tailed , and the whole body is orange-red , making it the oldest species of goldfish.
(2) Grass goldfish
It originates directly from the golden crucian carp. The caudal fin is long, double-lobed or trilobaceous, indissoluble, dovetail-shaped or diamond-shaped (i.e., three-tailed); the whole body is red.
(3) Red and white flower grass goldfish
The caudal fin is short, single-lobed, concave-tailed, and has both red and white on the head and body.
Dragon breeding fish
Dragon fish is a representative species of goldfish and is also the main species. Its main features are short body, flat and wide head, enlarged eyeball protruding from the orbit, resembling a longan; round and large scales, long and triangular pectoral fins, and four lobes of the caudal fin.
(1) Red Dragon's Eye
It is red all over the body and has the characteristics of a dragon species, which is the most common species of dragon species.
(2) Ink Dragon Eye
The whole body is black, the back is particularly prominent, and it is called "black peony". Good varieties are black glitter, like black velvet ink satin.
(3) Butterfly tail
It has the characteristics of a dragon's eye, except that its tail resembles a butterfly.
(4) Purple Dragon Eye
The whole fish body is copper-colored, and if it is well reared, it can also emit a dazzling copper-colored metallic luster.
(5) Blue Dragon Eye
The body color is divided into light blue and dark blue. When swimming, the scales are shining, and the posture is quiet and graceful.
(6) Five-flowered dragon eye
It is a species of transparent scaly goldfish that hybridizes with various colored dragon eye fish. Most of them are transparent scales, and a small part is ordinary phosphorus, which is a five-colored spot, and the pattern formed is dazzling, like fluttering colored silk when swimming
(7) Purple and blue flower dragon eye
It is a hybrid of purple dragon eye and blue dragon eye, with blue as the background color, inlaid with irregular brown markings, plain but not light, quite stylish.
(8) Twelve Red Dragon Eyes
The body is silvery white, and it is named after the red color of twelve places such as four-leaf tail fin, two pectoral fins, two ventral fins, two eyeballs and dorsal fins, and snouts. Its color is white and clean, red is gorgeous, very pleasing to the eye, and it is a relatively precious variety.
(9) Magpie flower dragon eye
The body of the fish is blue as the base color, the head, snout, eyeballs, and tail fin are all blue and black, and the abdomen is silvery and bright, resembling the color of a magpie. Its posture is handsome and moving, but it is easy to fade during the breeding process, so it is stable in color and luster as the top product.
(10) Panda goldfish
It is bred by the tail of the ink butterfly and has the characteristics of a dragon species. The body is short and round, the caudal fin is butterfly-like, except for a silver-white patch on the abdomen and on both sides, the head, eyes, pectoral fin, dorsal fin, abdominal fin, fin are all black, and some eyes have white circles around them, black and white, resembling pandas. Its posture is thick and dignified, and it is very popular.
(11) Transparent scaly dragon eyes
It has a dorsal fin, transparent scales, mostly red in color, and the dragon's eye ball has the characteristics of the dragon's eye and pompom. The nasal septum is particularly well developed, protruding beyond the nostrils, forming two fleshy pompoms. Swinging left and right while swimming is very moving. According to its body color, the dragon eye ball can be divided into red dragon eye ball, ink dragon eye ball, purple dragon eye ball, blue dragon eye ball, purple blue flower dragon eye ball, red and white flower dragon eye ball, magpie flower dragon eye ball, zhu ball ink dragon eye and so on.
(12) Four-ball dragon eye
It has the characteristics of the dragon eye ball, but the nasal septum is mutated into 4 balls protruding from the nostrils, hence the name. Its body color is the same as the color of pompoms, but there are also inconsistencies.
(13) Red-headed dragon's eye
The body is as white as silver. Only the top of its head is scarlet as blood, red and white are bright and pleasing to the eye, the dorsal fin is high, and the tail is long and large. The posture is soft when swimming, ethereal and beautiful.
(14) Dragon's eye high head
Also known as the Dragon Eye Hat. Between the eyes, there is a pile of sarcoma growing on the top of the head, which resembles a strawberry, with the developed and thick sarcoma and the correct position as the top product. According to its body color, it can be divided into purple dragon eye high head, blue dragon eye high head, red dragon eye high head, white dragon eye high head, red and white flower dragon eye high head, purple and blue flower dragon eye high head, ink red flower eye high head, cinnabar eye dragon eye yellow high head and so on.
(15) Red-headed dragon's eye is high-headed
Its characteristics are basically the same as the red-headed dragon's eye, which is a variety of its head mutation, that is, the head has a sarcoma pile, which is red.
(16) Red Dragon Eye Tiger Head
Its characteristics are basically the same as those of the red dragon's eye, except that the sarcoma of its head is well developed, and in addition to the head being wrapped by sarcoma, it also extends down to the cheek jaws of the two articles, resulting in the mouth being wrapped and appearing somewhat sunken [
(17) Lion's head
Its characteristics are basically the same as those of the red dragon's eye tiger head, but the sarcoma is more developed and the bulge is thicker.
(18) Ink Dragon Eye Lion Head
Its characteristics are the same as the red dragon's eye lion's head, but the whole body is black like satin, and it is regarded as a treasure
(19) Dragon's eye flipper
It has the characteristics of a dragon's eye, but the gill lid is flipped outwards, and part of the gill filament is exposed. According to its body color, it can be divided into red dragon eye flipper, ink dragon eye flipper, blue dragon eye flipper gill, five-flower dragon eye flipper and so on.
(20) Dragon's eye ball flipping gills
It is a variant of the dragon's eye gill, that is, in addition to the characteristics of the dragon's eye gill, the nasal septum mutation is pompom-shaped, protruding from the nostrils. According to its red dragon eye ball flipping gills, purple dragon eye ball flipping gills, blue dragon eye ball flipping gills, ink dragon eye ball flipping gills, five-flowered dragon eye ball flipping gills and so on.
(22) Looking at the sky fish
It is a variant of the arowana. The eyeball is turned upwards at an angle of 90 degrees, the pupil is facing upwards, the dorsal fin disappears, and the eye circles are crystal clear. When watching the fish, there is a premonition to see its light. According to its body color, it can be divided into red looking at the sky, blue looking at the sky, red and white flowers looking at the sky, vermilion fin white looking at the sky and so on.
(23) Looking at the celestial sphere
It is a variant of the sky fish, and the main feature is that the nasal septum is mutated with a pompom-like concave that comes from the outside of the nostrils. According to its body color, it can be divided into red sky sphere, five flowers looking at the sky ball and so on.
(24) Red Dragon Back
There is no dorsal fin, the pupil is lateral, and the gill cap, head, and nose are normal. The head and body are red.
(25) Red Dragon back ball
With the exception of the nasal septum, which is varied with velvet-shaped concave ventricles from the nostrils, the rest of the features are the same as those of the red dragon's back.
(26) Red-headed dragon's eye is high-headed
The gills have dorsal fins, normal nose and scales, the gill lid is turned outwards, some of the gills are exposed, and the head has a pile of sarcoma, strawberry-shaped, red color, and fish body
(27) Red Dragon's Eye High-headed Gills
It has the characteristics of a high head, but the gill lid is flipped outwards, some of the gill filament is exposed, and the head body is red
(28) Red Dragon Eye high-headed ball flipping gills
Goldfish(2)
In addition to the characteristics of the high-headed gills of the red dragon's eye, it is the nasal septum that mutates into a pompom-shaped concave out of the nostrils.
Species of fish
The main characteristics of the fish are short and rounded, the head is flat and narrow, the mouth is pointed, the eyes are small, the tail is large, and the tail fin fork is more than four lobes. The body color is mostly red, red and white, purple, blue and yellow, five-colored variegated spots and so on. The tall head (called "hat" in the north) and the pearl are its representative species. The tall head body is short and round, the head is wide, and strawberry sarcoma grows on the top of the head, and from the growth site and development degree of its sarcoma, it can also be divided into two types: goose-headed high-headed and lion-headed high-headed. The former's sarcoma is limited to the head range; the latter's sarcoma also extends to the cheek jaws. According to the morphological characteristics of its main varieties, it can be divided into many species. Pearl fish is also known as pearl scales, and its scales are like beads, hence the name. Pearlfish are spherical and olive-shaped, and there is a distinction between large tail and short tail. According to its body color, it can be divided into many types
(1) Red high head
There are sarcoma piles growing on the head, and the gills and nasal septum are normal. The whole body is red.
(2) Five flowers high head
There are sarcoma piles on the head, and the gills and nasal septum are normal. Some of the whole body have red as the background color, inlaid with blue, white, yellow, black spots, or blue as the base, inlaid with red, white, yellow, black spots. Its colors and patterns are extremely beautiful, and the proportion of red on a blue background and large proportions of yellow spots is the most pleasing to the eye.
(3) Red and white flowers with high heads
Strawberry sarcoma grows on the head. The body surface pattern consists of reddish-white patches of irregular size and shape
(4) Soft scale red and white flowers high head
The main feature is that it has thin and tender soft scales, red and white spots all over the body, and the eyes are black and shiny, which is a precious species of goldfish.
(5) Red head high head
Also known as crane top red. The body is silvery-white, and the sarcoma on the head is red, resembling a red crown of crane tops, so it is named "crane top red", also known as "red luck when the head". In people's minds, it is a symbol of happiness, auspiciousness and happiness, and is deeply loved by people.
(6) Yellow head high head
The sarcoma at the top of the white head is yellow.
(7) Vermilion violet robe
It is a mutant of a purple high head, with a dark purple body and only the sarcoma part of the head that is bright red. The form is dignified and quiet, graceful and luxurious, and it is a precious species among goldfish.
(8) Jade-topped violet robe
The strawberry sarcoma on the head is as white as jade, and the body is dark purple.
(9) Jade print head
Also known as jade top high head, it is mutated from the red high head. The whole body is red, and only the middle of the head has a silver-white sarcoma pile, like a square jade seal, very rare and very precious.
(10) Ink Lion Head
Mutated from a tall head. The head sarcoma is developed, appears very thick, and extends directly from the top of the head to the cheeks of the jaw and the gill cover, often making the mouth and eyes concave in the sarcoma, because it resembles a mighty male lion and is black. When swimming in the water, the light flickers and is loved by people.
(11) Red high head ball
The head has a pile of sarcoma, the nasal septum is pompom-shaped, and the head and body are red.
(12) Red high-headed ball flipper
The head has an internal tumor pile, the nasal septum is varied in a pompom shape, the gill lid is flipped, and the whole body is red.
(13) Red high-headed flipper
The head has a heap of sarcoma, the gill lid is flipped, the nasal septum is normal, and the whole body is red.
(14) Red pearls
The body color is vermilion or orange-red, and the scales are white or beige protruding, shaped like pearls, and neatly arranged, glittering pearl-like brilliance when swimming
(15) Purple pearls
The body is purple, shining with dark brown or copper luster, and the bead scales are pale yellow, and the two colors are complementary, which is quite antique.
(16) Five-flower pearl
It is characterized by pearls, but the color of the body surface is composed of irregular markings such as red, white, yellow, blue, and black.
(17) Ink Dragon Eye Pearl
The whole body is black and shining, and the bead scales are also black, which is integrated with the body of the fish. The two big eyes like abacus beads are very similar to the eyes of a dragon, which is very beautiful. Other features are the same as red pearls.
(18) Red Dragon Eye Pearl
It has the characteristics of dragon eye fish and pearl fish, and its whole body is red.
(19) Red pearl flipping gill blisters
The body color is bright red, bead scales beige, very eye-catching. It combines the characteristics of three varieties of pearl gills and blisters, so it is very precious.
(20) Red light back pearl
It has no dorsal fin, its scales are papillary, and its whole body is red.
Egg breeding fish
Goldfish(4)
The main characteristic of egg species fish is short and fat, shaped like a duck egg, without dorsal fins. There are pairs of caudal and fins. Fins vary greatly in length, shortness and shape. In general, the fins of pompoms, blisters, tiger heads, etc. are short and round; the fins of Danfeng, flipper gills, redheads, etc. are longer and larger.
(1) Blisters
It is a valuable species among goldfish. There is a pair of specially constructed eyes, that is, a large bubble containing liquid translucent growth around the eyeball, so it is called "blister eyes". The bubble film of the blisters is very thin and clear, like two beads hanging on either side of the fish's head. When the blister fish swims, the two blister eyes are like two large lanterns, fluttering left and right, coupled with the fluttering of the double open tail fins, which is very charming. According to its body color, blister fish can be divided into red blisters, silver blisters, five-flower blisters, red and white flower blisters, ink blisters, yellow blisters, blue blisters, purple and blue flower blisters, magpie flower blisters and other different varieties. In addition, there are red blister hats, yellow blister hats, red and white flower blister hats, etc., which are different from other blister fish in that they have strawberry-shaped sarcomas under the head.
(2) Pompoms
Its main feature is the mutation of the nasal septum to form a pair of fleshy bulbs. According to its body, it can be divided into red pompoms, white pompoms, purple pompoms, red and white flower pompoms, and five flower pompoms (covered with five color markings, even the fish fins are also five flowers). Whatever the variety, it is large, firm, round, fleshy balls that cling to the nostrils and are symmetrical left and right
(3) Tiger head
The head has a more developed sarcoma than the tall head, and in addition to wrapping the top of the head, it is also wrapped around the cheeks and forehead, and the eyes and mouth are also trapped in the sarcoma. A concave pattern of the word "king" can be faintly seen on the sarcoma of the head neck, which looks mighty and majestic. Its head is large, and when it swims like a waddling elder, it is quite a highly respected person. According to its body color division, there are red tiger head, silver tiger head, yellow tiger head, white tiger head, red and white flower tiger head, five flower tiger head and so on. In addition, there is a red-eyed yellow tiger head, and the difference with the above various "tiger heads" is that there is a circle of red color film wrapped around its large black eyes, which looks like a gem set in the beige sarcoma pile of the head, which is very pleasing to the eye.
(4) Turning gills
The back of the two gill covers is reversed from the inside and outside, and the gills of the fish are exposed, and the appearance is like a half-moon-shaped wound, which is darker than the body. When choosing, it is preferable to have the degree of the gill cover flipped left and right. It is common to see red flipper gills, and there are also varieties such as five-flowered flipper gills.
(5) Dan Feng
Scales, gill caps, nose and head are normal. The body is short, the head is flat, and the tail fin is particularly long, as thin as a cicada wing, and it flies like a light yarn when swimming, just like the phoenix tail described in mythology. Much like the phoenix tail described in mythology, it was named "Dan Feng".
(6) Redhead
The body color is silver and white, the fins are yellowish, and the top of the head has red patches, and the shape is curved, like a yuan treasure. When choosing, the shape of the color block is required to resemble a yuanbao, and the color should also be bright.
(7) Dragon back species
There is no dorsal fin and the back is bowed. Protruding eyeballs, such as: "Looking at the Sky Eye (cultivated in 1870)" and so on.
Its evolutionary process is: wild crucian carp first evolved into golden crucian carp, and then developed the species of grass goldfish, after the two links of grass goldfish and golden crucian carp, then developed into a literary species, and finally evolved the two close relatives of dragon species and egg species.
4 Evolutionary HistoryEdit
Goldfish in the wild, the body is greenish brown or gray, but there are a variety of goldfish variations, can appear black, flower color, gold, white, silver white, as well as three-tailed, dragon's eye, or no dorsal fin and other mutations. Centuries of selecting and breeding such abnormal individuals have produced more than 125 goldfish species.
Omnivorous, feeding on plants and small animals. Small crustaceans are also eaten in captivity and can be supplemented with chopped mosquito larvae, cereals and other foods. Spawning is carried out in the spring and summer, and in this season, the body color begins to become bright, the female belly expands, and the male fish can chase stars the size of a needle on the gill cover, back and pectoral fin. The eggs attach to aquatic plants and take about a week to hatch. Ornamental goldfish are known to live for up to 25 years, but the average lifespan is much shorter. In many parts of the eastern United States, goldfish escaping from parks and garden ponds have rewired. After wild, it regains its original color and can grow from 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) raised in pots to 30 cm.
Goldfish is an ornamental fish that our people are happy to raise. Its strange posture and brilliant colors can be said to be a natural living work of art, so it is loved by people. According to the historical records and the data of modern scientific experiments, scientists have found out that goldfish originated from the wild crucian carp commonly eaten in China. It first changed from a silver-gray wild crucian carp to a red-yellow golden crucian carp, and then after different periods of domestic rearing, it gradually changed from a red-yellow golden crucian carp to a variety of goldfish.
As an ornamental fish, red crucian carp has been recorded as far back as the Jin Dynasty (265-420) in China. In the "release pond" of the Tang Dynasty, red and yellow crucian carp began to appear, the Song Dynasty began to appear golden crucian carp, people began to use the pond to raise goldfish, and the color of goldfish appeared white flowers and spots. To the Ming Dynasty goldfish moved into the fish basin. In animal taxonomy, it is a teleost fish belonging to the phylum vertebrate, the head subphylum, the jaw, the fish, the euphalinis, the cyprinid, the cyprinid, the cyprinid family, and the crucian carp genus. Goldfish and crucian carp belong to the same species, scientifically using the same scientific name (Carassius auratus).
Fish and humans are very closely related, as early as the Stone Age, people caught fish for food. More than 3200 years ago, China has a record of fish farming (according to the oracle bones unearthed in Yin Ruins), due to long-term fishing, fish farming, there are many opportunities for contact with fish, which is to observe fish very much, there are many understandings, so it is easy to find that the species that mutate in wild fish, especially the species that become golden or red, are more likely to attract people's attention. At that time, people referred to golden or red fish collectively as "goldfish".
Li Shizhen, a great Materia Medica scholar of the Ming Dynasty in China, wrote in his "Compendium of Materia Medica" that "goldfish have several species of carp and crucian turtles, turtles are particularly rare, and the golden carp is durable, and it is rare in ancient times"... There are originally four kinds of fish called "goldfish", "golden crucian carp" that is, crucian carp whose color has changed to yellow and red, and later due to the cultivation of golden crucian carp alone, the change is getting bigger and bigger, so the name "goldfish" only represents the various mutants cultivated by the golden crucian carp, that is, today's goldfish.
The home of the goldfish is Jiaxing and Hangzhou in Zhejiang and Zhenping in Henan. According to the study of the Japanese scholar Matsui Yoshiichi (1934), the earliest record of Chinese goldfish reaching Japan is in 1502. Goldfish spread to England at the end of the 17th century, and by the middle of the 18th century, the double-tailed goldfish had spread throughout Europe and the United States in 1874.
The external morphology of goldfish is very different from that of crucian carp, and there is hardly a single trait that has not mutated. The variation of body shape includes body color, body shape, number of scales, scale morphology, dorsal fin, pectoral fin, ventral fin, fin, caudal fin, head shape, eyes, gill cap, nasal septum and other variations. Here are the main examples of body color variation, head shape variation, and eye variation.
5 Feeding Methods Edited
fodder
Basics
Although the goldfish is an omnivorous fish that has been completely domesticated by humans, like other fish such as crucian carp, whether the feed selection is reasonable and whether the feeding is correct can directly affect the growth and development of the goldfish, the shade and brightness of the color, the appearance of characteristics, the fullness or not, as well as the number of eggs laid, the hatching rate and the disease resistance of the goldfish. Therefore, in the feed of goldfish, it must have nutrient-rich proteins, fats, carbohydrates, various vitamins and a certain amount of inorganic salts and trace elements. For example, under the condition that other conditions are exactly the same, those who can feed fresh and live red worms every day will grow and develop very large, especially the characteristics such as lion heads and blisters (referring to sarcoma and blisters) are more developed, which may be the reason why red worms contain a large number of animal proteins, fats, carbohydrates and other rich nutrients.
It is better to raise it in 0.5% salt water, there is chlorine in tap water, and it should be exposed to the air for half a day to remove chlorine, or use commercially available neutralizing liquid or vitamin C candy to neutralize the toxicity four to five times. [2] Well water has more harmful substances, which also need to be noted.
In addition, there is also a feeding method called "green water" among goldfish keepers, which controls the amount of phytoplankton and algae in the water tank, so that the water is maintained in a somewhat transparent green tea color. By eating phytoplankton in the water, the body color of the goldfish can become more colorful, and it can also alleviate the drastic changes in water quality when changing water. However, if there is no proper management, the excessive reproduction of phytoplankton makes the color of green water too strong, but it is easy to cause lesions of goldfish.
Animal nature
Animal feed is one of the most popular and nutritious feeds for goldfish. It has many varieties, and the common ones are:
(1) Fish worms (commonly known as red worms, scientific name water fleas)
It is a zooplankton that breeds in sewage pits, ponds and rivers, and is a common name for various water fleas. Its body size is large and small, like the red spider worm, its body color is blood red, the body shape is small, it is not only rich in nutrients, and it feeds on phytoplankton, which is conducive to purifying water quality, so we often use fresh red insects to properly feed (referring to not excess) Goldfish develop faster than goldfish fed with other substitute feeds, and the color is bright and the incidence of fish diseases is correspondingly reduced.
(2) Sword water fleas, blue-gray body (commonly known as green jump)
It is a copepod of crustaceans. Its advantage is that it has strong vitality, swims fast, and can survive for several days without dying. But the disadvantage is that the body size is small, if used to feed the old relatives of several years old, because they swim fast, it is more difficult to prey, and the sword flea can also bite the small fry, so when feeding the sword flea, it is best to boil it with boiling water.
(3) Grasshopper (commonly known as Shuishui)
It is a colloquial name for several protozoa in plankton. Grasshoppers can be cultured with straw and are best fed to freshly hatched fry. Rotifers, which are single-celled animals (i.e., many cells make up itself), such as tortoiseshell worms, water wheelworms, columnar rotifers, bubble rotifers, and so on.
(4) The widow, that is, the larvae of mosquitoes (called blood worms in the south, and oil jumps in the northern regions)
Is the larvae of the mosquito, the body color blood red, so it is named blood worm, its nutrition is rich, the price is also more expensive, not easy to preserve, need to refrigerate, the general enthusiast directly freeze it and feed it.
(5) Water earthworm
Goldfish (8)
There are many kinds of it, and the water earthworm goldfish are the most popular, they are rich in protein, fat and vitamins. They generally live in the surface of the sludge of fertile rivers or gutters of flowing water, one end sticks into the sludge, the other end swings with the water, its individual is small, soft, bright red or dark red, easy to be swallowed by goldfish, but it must be repeatedly rinsed before feeding, if possible, it must be raised for a few days, and the water earthworm spits out the mud before feeding.
Vegetative
Of course, the feed of goldfish is the most ideal animal feed, but in the absence of animal feed for various reasons, plant feed can become emergency or life-sustaining auxiliary feed. Common ones are wu ping, aquatic weed, etc., of which wu ping is one of the smallest species of seed plants. The plant body has no rhizomes as small as sand, and the nutrient content is also better. The other is small duckweed, which has a filamentous root, goldfish should also eat when hungry, generally only larger goldfish can be fed, but not more, before feeding to carefully check for harmless insects and eggs, or with a low concentration of potassium permanganate solution soaked for a while and then fed, otherwise it is easy to bring in germs and insect pests.
synthesis
The development of large-scale goldfish aquaculture, relying solely on the fishing of natural bait fish insects can not meet the needs, in addition to the artificial cultivation of fish insects, but also must develop with the production of pellet feed, supply to the market, on the one hand, can solve the feed source of the farm, on the other hand can also meet the needs of goldfish lovers family to play with goldfish. With artificial feed, it is much more convenient for families to raise goldfish.
With pellet feed requires complete nutritional components, in line with the needs of goldfish growth and development, the main components should include protein, sugar, fat, inorganic salts and vitamins and other 5 categories.
1. Protein
It is the main component of the goldfish's body, and its role in the body is to grow new tissues, repair old tissues, and also be a component of the supply of heat energy. There must be enough protein in the bait to promote the rapid growth of goldfish.
2. Sugars
It is the main substance of heat energy in the body of goldfish and is the main feed component of goldfish.
3. Fat
It is the food with the highest stored thermal energy, and its physiological function is the same as that of sugar, which is oxidized in the body to supply energy. Generally speaking, the lack of fat in the feed, the slow growth of goldfish, the small size of the individual, will reduce the endurance of the fish body to low temperature, lack of oxygen, easy to cause death during wintering; too much fat, the fish body is too fat, will hinder the development of gonads.
4. Inorganic salts
It is the main element that makes up the color skeleton, such as calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Fish also contain a certain amount of calcium and phosphorus in their blood and muscles. The feed contains a certain amount of calcium and can promote digestion and help the absorption of fat and phosphorus. In addition to obtaining calcium and phosphorus from feed, goldfish can also penetrate calcium and phosphorus from water into the body through skin and gills. Goldfish also need iron, copper, magnesium, sodium, potassium, diamonds and other trace elements, the lack of these elements will grow slowly, diseases. In order to ensure the normal growth of goldfish, the feed should contain these elements.
5. Vitamins
This is also necessary for the growth of goldfish. Long-term lack of vitamins, fish body stunted, slow or completely stopped growth, and even deformities, reduced resistance to the external adverse environment and various fish diseases. Lack of vitamin A, will cause color fin breakage, fish body pigment disappeared, body color faded, not bright; lack of vitamin E, will make gonadal dysplasia or not develop, while the resistance to aquatic fungi in the reduction, in the feed to add a small amount of vitamin B12, can promote growth.
Culture technology
Breeding location selection
Whether it is a garden, a fish farm or an individual professional household to establish a goldfish breeding site, water source, power supply must have a plan, even if goldfish enthusiasts build a few small fish ponds in the garden, they must also be designed according to local conditions. Because the selection and planning of the site and water source for raising goldfish can directly affect the growth and development of goldfish and the future scientific and technological management, it is necessary to comprehensively investigate and plan in advance.
1. Fish farming sites are best to choose sunny and well-ventilated places, especially to choose suburbs, gardens and reinforced roofs and balconies that can be basked between 6 a.m. and 12 noon, and have good ventilation conditions.
2. Fish farms must be close to water sources and power sources If the water quality of rivers, lakes and rivers is not polluted, in order to reduce the cost of fish farming, natural water sources can also be used according to local conditions, and can be used after inhalation filter pond treatment. If the water quality of rivers, rivers and lakes is polluted and groundwater (deep well water) or tap water is used, the fish farm should choose a place with a high groundwater level or a place nearby where water pipes can be connected.
3. Fish farms should be selected in places with convenient transportation, such as the place that can be close to the airport, station, and ship terminal, which is the most ideal. This allows you to take advantage of your transit or transportation. It can reduce the cost of export transportation and play a very positive role in improving the survival rate of goldfish transportation.
4. Fish farms are close to feed sources Sufficient feed can raise goldfish well, if there is a shortage of food, goldfish will get sick due to physical problems.
Site selection and preparation
1. Site selection and preparation
It is advisable to choose waters with a scale of more than 3.33 hectares and a water depth of more than 3 meters, and the water quality should be fresh and pollution-free. The cage is rectangular or square in shape, and the cage should be covered with a net to protect against predators such as birds. The box is made of polyethylene mesh sheet, the mesh size is 1 cm, surrounded by moso bamboo or steel frame as a frame, bags of waste foam or plastic floating buckets as floats, bricks, stones or steel rods as sinkers, and finally steel ropes or anchors to fix it as a whole in the water body, can also be fixed by piling. The cage should be fixed in a place where the water is deeper to ensure that the water flow is smooth and the dissolved oxygen is sufficient. The grid frame can be set up in the shape of "field" and "product", and the spacing is appropriate to 20 cm. When the new cage is used, it should be soaked in the aquaculture water for 1 week, so that some moss grows on the cage, the cage becomes smooth, and then the fingerlings are released so that the fish body is not damaged.
2. Stocking of seedlings
First of all, we must select goldfish species that are suitable for breeding in cages, such as lion's head, top red, pearl, chaotian, and gold. In general, it is better to choose to stock only the same species of the same size in a cage.
The size of stocking fry is generally 4-5 cm, the stocking density is 150-220 fish / m2 when breeding large fish, the stocking density is 400-500 / m when breeding small fish, when breeding pearl high-headed species (red lion and top red) and other species of goldfish, the cage made should be too deep, and the stocking density should be slightly larger, otherwise the cultured pearl goldfish will be longer in size, and the sarcoma of the red lion and the top red head will not be obvious.
3. Breeding management
(1) Feed is fed with compound feed. The amount of bait should be based on the weather, season, water temperature, fish body size, feeding conditions, water quality conditions, in the goldfish growth season that is, June to September, bait 4 times a day, the amount of bait is 6% of the goldfish body weight. In order to prevent the loss of bait or the snatching of other wild fish, a 40 cm X 40 cm bait frame is made of foam in the cage.
(2) Daily management regular inspection, careful observation of goldfish activities and eating conditions every day. Check the cage frequently to prevent predators such as turtles and water rats from biting through the net, repair the holes in time, or move them to the spare cage in time. If possible, the perimeter of the cage culture area can be surrounded by a net to prevent goldfish from escaping elsewhere. Every half a month, regular prevention is carried out with enemy insects and bactericidal drugs, and fish diseases are found to be examined in time and the right medicine is prescribed.
Feeding time and method
Whether it is live feed or artificial feed, the feeding time of goldfish must master the following principles:
1. The number of feedings per day only needs to be 1-2 times, and each feeding amount should be eaten within 1-2 hours. The weather and water quality are normal, and the amount of feeding can be appropriately increased for the fish of species with strong vitality.
2. Feeding time Spring and summer should be early, generally around 6-7 o'clock in the morning, when the sun begins to dry and the fish pond (tank) is feeding. Late autumn and winter feeding time can be slightly later, generally around 7-8 o'clock, and the cold winter season can even be delayed until around 10 o'clock feeding. But don't eat a lot in the evening. Even if the fish are obviously foraging, it is better to feed in small quantities around 3 p.m. After November, the water temperature drops significantly, and the appetite of goldfish has decreased, and it is not suitable for feeding in the evening.
3. As the goldfish grows up, the amount of feeding should be gradually and appropriately increased, but it cannot be blindly fed, especially artificial feed, and it should be strictly controlled. Household fish farming can take the way of feeding the daily amount into 1-2 times to avoid too much feed at one time, accumulating ponds (tanks), and destroying water quality.
Feeding precautions
One. Pick healthy goldfish
Healthy fish swim in the middle and lower layers of the water body, foraging for food, swimming naturally and leisurely, and the tail fin is clear and transparent, flowing.
Two. Don't rush into the tank after the goldfish is bought home
First put the plastic bag containing the fish into the fish tank for 10 to 20 minutes and then open it, so that the water in the tank is poured into the bag several times, and the original water in the bag is gradually mixed, so that the goldfish gradually adapts to the water temperature and water quality. If there is illumination, the light should be turned off. In the dark, the fish are quieter and less alarmed.
Three. The temperature of the water cannot be drastically changed
When buying fish, pay attention to the water temperature of the aquarium shop and the water temperature of your fish tank, the deviation should not be too large, generally within 4 ° C is allowed.
Four. Do not change too much water at one time
Fresh water must first be stored for a day or two. The purpose is to remove part of the chlorine gas from the water, but also to make the temperature of the new water and the old water close.
Disease prevention and control
overview
To heal a sick fish, it is necessary to know the source and condition of the disease, and if there is no experience, it is difficult to accurately judge the disease. The most basic approach is to classify the disease and then implement appropriate treatment. When it is impossible to know what kind of disease the goldfish is suffering from, it is necessary to implement a wider range of treatment methods and take drugs with a wide range of medicinal properties. If one of the goldfish in the tank is found to be sick, the sick fish should be immediately moved to another isolation treatment tank to prevent other goldfish from being infected. The following is an introduction to the treatment of goldfish disease:
Rotten tail and rotten fins
Rotten tails and rotten fins caused by bacteria are extremely contagious, starting with fins and then decaying the body to death. There are two signs of this type of fin rot, the first is to decay from the edge of the fin and then extend inward, and the second is to start from the central part of the fin and spread in all directions. The affected area turns white and finally falls off. After the goldfish are transported or spawned, the body's resistance weakens, and it is most susceptible to the disease. Once the diseased fish is found, it must be isolated immediately and treated with antibiotics or agents such as ding-yellow. When the symptoms of fin rot appear more slowly, treatment is to replace part of the tank water, wash the filter and add a little salt into the tank, and stop feeding for several days. The role of table salt therapy is to increase the specific gravity of water, change the osmotic pressure in the water, and kill bacteria and other pathogens through changes in osmotic action. It can also be treated directly with the commercially available Sera bacteriotic insecticide, Mellician mycoxim, Queen Whale Goldfish Disease Agent, Queen Whale Bacteriocin agent and AZ00 bacteriological agent.
Bacterial gill disease
Goldfish infected with bacterial gill disease, the initial symptom is loss of appetite, often stop under the water surface, and shortness of breath, if you lift the gill cover trailing edge, you will see a white broken strontium wire. Especially in crowded fish tanks, when the water quality deteriorates, goldfish are most susceptible to this disease, and the contagion is very high, so it is necessary to isolate the sick fish. The methods and agents for the treatment of this disease are the same as bacterial tail rot and rotten fin disease, but salt should be added to the water (two grams of table salt are added for every 100 liters of water) to reduce the loss of goldfish body fluid from rotten strontium filament to the outside of the fish, resulting in dehydration and death of goldfish. Fungi can also cause gills, so water quality needs to be improved so that the condition can be controlled. The filter removes suspended particles, prevents bacteria and fungi from growing, and keeps the tank water clean, so strengthening the filtration system can prevent the occurrence of gill disease.
Erectile scale disease
In aquariums, goldfish can often be found to protrude and fall off their scales due to disease. Most of the scales of the sick fish will almost all stand up, only a few sick fish will have partial scales, if you rub the surface of the sick fish, the original loose scales will fall off. The pathogen that causes the disease is unknown, but it occurs mostly in winter and summer when water temperatures are low. The mortality rate of this disease is very high, and if it is detected early, antibiotic treatment such as mellijian fungicide and AZ00 bacterial agent can also cure sick fish. The disease is not contagious, but caring for sick fish is quite troublesome.
Red dot disease
The most important feature of the diseased fish is the obvious erythematous spots on the side of the body and on the abdomen. If the bacteria in the water increase in large quantities, the skin of the goldfish will be damaged and filled with blood, and the tank water should be replaced immediately, which can be healed without medicine. Severely ill fish need to be isolated and treated with antibiotics.
Bacteriologic diseases
Goldfish are warming animals, and their body temperature changes with the temperature of the water. When the water temperature decreases in winter, the fish's resistance also weakens, so infections with the bacteria are common. Diseased goldfish grow white cotton-like objects on their bodies, especially sarcomas on their heads that are most susceptible to infection. The tank water should be kept as clean as possible, and the affected area can be applied with methamene blue dye to speed up the healing, and the peacock green solution can also be applied, soaking the sick fish in a 100-liter water containing 0.2 grams of drug solution until it is healed, and can also be directly treated with Sera antibacterial insecticide, queen whale antibacterial agent, AZ00 antibacterial agent.
White spot disease
The disease is caused by protozoa, the pathogen is called white spotworm, it will penetrate deep into the cells of the skin, asexual reproduction, forming a small white dot-like sac. Goldfish with this disease are covered with white spots, each white spot cell sac contains many young white dots, white dot worms absorb the nutrients of the fish body tissue and grow and increase the number, and then break out of the sac, swim into the water, and then return to the fish body to invade the skin, forming more small white dots. In the early stage of the disease, the sick fish will rub the hard object with the body, hoping to remove the nasty pathogen on the body, if not treated immediately, the sick fish body will quickly be seriously damaged and die. When the white dot worm invades the fish body, the drug treatment does not work, and only when the small white dot worm multiplies in the fish body and the new individual swims into the water, the potion can kill them. The treatment method is to use a 0.01% concentration of peacock green solution, soak the diseased fish for many days until the small white spots disappear completely, the peacock green solution is very toxic, can not be used in excess, otherwise the goldfish will also be poisoned, or use the commercially available Sera white spot treatment, American li white spot, Queen Whale white spot treatment, AZ00 ectoparasite agent treatment.
Physiotherapy for white spot disease, the use of drugs to treat goldfish white spot disease novice is not easy to master, and the treatment effect is not good. The recommended physical treatment method is to use a heater to gradually heat the water temperature to 28 degrees Celsius very slowly and maintain it for 3 days, and then gradually return to normal water temperature and replace the new water, and all the white spot protozoa are separated within a week. The method is simple and easy to operate, with few side effects and very good treatment effect.
Fish lice disease
Fish lice: Fish lice are parasitic crustaceans that parasitize goldfish most of the time, and only larvae and adults flow into the water during the spawning period. There are two suction cups on the belly surface of the fish lice, which are used to adsorb on the body of the goldfish. The mouth is needle-shaped and is used to pierce the fish and suck blood, making the bleeding in the affected area red, making it susceptible to bacterial infection. Unless goldfish are attacked by a large number of fish lice, it is not easy to die from this disease. Organophosphorus insecticidal qi is a special medicine for fish lice, but it is also harmful to goldfish, the best way is to use sharp tongs to remove the fish lice one by one, or with Sera fish pond insect treatment agent, American insecticide, American desinklasting special ingot, Queen Whale treatment parasite agent, AZ00 ectoparasitic agent treatment.
Fluke disease
There are many species of trematodes that invade the skin, strontium and other organs of goldfish, but the more common ones are cutaneous flukes and strontium flukes. When goldfish are invaded by the above-mentioned trematodes, the body will spasm, the appetite will decrease, and the swimming will be sluggish. If the gills are severely infected, the goldfish will suffocate because they cannot absorb oxygen. Adults and juveniles are treated differently, adults can be put into the dilute formaline solution for thirty minutes, the juvenile fish with a concentrated salt solution instead of the fumarine solution, the parasitic trematodes will be killed or stimulated and detached from the fish body, or with the commercially available Sera antibacterial insecticide, American insecticide and desincus desmolarization special ingots, Queen Whale parasite agent, AZ00 ectoparasitic agent treatment.
Hypoxia
Goldfish is sucked bath dissolved oxygen to breathe survival, each liter of water should have five mg dissolved oxygen, otherwise the goldfish will be suffocated due to insufficient oxygen, slight hypoxia will cause floating head, goldfish floating to the surface of the water to breathe, so the use of an air pump to breathe into the water to ensure that the goldfish get sufficient oxygen.
Fish maw disease
Goldfish suffering from this disease cannot maintain the balance of their bodies, and sometimes there are upside-down onions-like tumbling heels, and finally they either sink to the bottom of the water or float on the surface of the water. Goldfish with short abdomen and enlargement are the most commonly affected by this disease, and the diseased fish also have a normal appetite and can survive for a long time, but lose their ornamental value. This disease can not be treated, the way to prevent and treat is that the water temperature should not rise and fall sharply.
Water mold disease
Saprolegniasis often infects injured tissues and dead eggs on the surface of the body, forming a gray-white cotton-like covering, also known as cotton-covered disease or water-cotton disease. Also known as skin mold or white disease, is one of the fungal diseases of aquatic fish, the pathogens that cause this disease have been found in more than a dozen kinds, the most common of which are water mold and cotton mold. The disease is caused by fungal parasitic fish body surfaces, mainly fungal phylum Algae molds Of the order Water mold Mold family Water mold and mildew mold genus.
Water mold is widely stored in fresh or brackish water waters and moist soils around the world, saprophytic on the dead organic matter, is a kind of mold that is always present, mainly water mold (Saprolegniales), downy mildew (peronosporales) and water section mold (Leptomitales), etc., and water mold (Saprolegnia) is the most common, at 10 ~ 15 ° C is the most suitable for growth, Zoospore (zoospore) are less fertile and less susceptible to infection at temperatures above 25°C, and can occur in trout almost all year round.
The occurrence of water mold disease is mainly due to the urgent caused by the secondary infection, fish only due to crowding, movement or other adverse environmental factors, resulting in body surface tissue injury, water mold zoospores in the water that is waiting for the opportunity to attach, on the necrotic tissue began to germinate to form hyphae, hyphae in addition to parasitizing necrotic tissue, can still spread into the nearby normal tissue, secrete digestive enzymes to decompose the surrounding tissues, but also through the dermis deep into the muscles, so that the skin and muscle necrosis disintegration. The superficial hyphae extend outwards , forming a cotton-like covering , and form sporangia at the end , releasing zoospores into the water and spreading them through the water.
symptoms:
1. The infection site forms a gray-white cotton wool cover.
2. The lesion site is round at the beginning, and in the later stage, it is irregular plaque, and the skin is broken and the muscles are exposed in severe cases.
3. Gill tissue will also be invaded and infected, resulting in death.
6 Living Environment Editing
In the practice of raising goldfish, the water temperature is at the most suitable temperature, bacteria are easy to breed, water quality quickly deteriorates, and frequent water changes are needed, otherwise goldfish will get sick and die, bringing trouble to management. At the water temperature of 15-20 degrees Celsius, the life activity of goldfish is also normal, but it is not as strong as the optimal temperature, but the water quality can be maintained for a long time at this temperature. Therefore, the water temperature can be controlled at 15-20 degrees Celsius.
In actual breeding, in order to keep the water clear and oxygenated, it is necessary to change the water of the fish tank frequently. In order not to change the water quality and water temperature sharply, the water exchange method is used to replace the water, do not replace all the water at once, so as not to produce water quality and water temperature of the goldfish is not adapted to the disease. If food scraps and excrement can be filtered out, replace one-tenth of the water every day. If you can not filter out food residues and excrement, then replace one-third of the water every day, the temperature is high and the water quality deteriorates quickly, you can appropriately increase the number of water changes and water changes every day, but you need to pay attention to drying new water to ensure that the dissolved oxygen is sufficient.
When feeding goldfish, try not to throw greasy bait, the oil star will block the liquid level of the fish tank, resulting in insufficient dissolved oxygen in the water, which is likely to suffocate the goldfish to death. If you throw live food such as bread worms, you must pay attention to ensuring that live food does not carry germs, otherwise it is easy to make goldfish sick. Do not throw a lot of bait to prevent excess bait from polluting the water quality, throw bait once or twice a day, and each time the amount of bait is enough for goldfish to eat for about 10 minutes. Do not feed a single bait for a long time, but mix the bait to ensure that the nutrition is comprehensive and adequate.
Goldfish are docile pet fish, and there are few fights in which big fish attack small fish. However, the temperament of goldfish during pregnancy and childbirth may change greatly and become fierce and aggressive, so goldfish during pregnancy and childbirth should be raised in a separate fish tank.
Grow and reproduce
In general, the female during the spawning period has a large belly, and the male's abdomen does not change much. However, a closer look reveals that there are a few small white spots on the front bone spurs of the male's left and right front fins, especially during the spawning period, while the females absolutely do not.
In addition, in the spawning period, the male fish always chases after the tail of the female, at this time the spawn is about to spawn, this pair of fish should be placed alone in a fish tank, and a little more aquatic grass is placed in the tank, so that the fish eggs can be adhered to the aquatic grass, otherwise the fish eggs sink into the water and are eaten by the fish, and the female fish after spawning is temporarily not polycultured with any male fish, so that it can fully rest and recuperate to protect the female.
Place the aquatic weeds with milky white fish eggs in a fish tank with fish water (preferably a tile tank) and place it where the sun can shine. The breeding season for goldfish is at the turn of spring and summer. The south of China is 1-2 months earlier than the north, spawning between March and April in the south, and the end of April to the end of June in the north. Goldfish usually mature and spawn in 1 year, which means that they can breed 1 generation in 1 year. If the temperature is raised in winter and the management of feeding is strengthened, goldfish can also spawn early in the cold winter when they are 7-8 months old, and they do not have to be 1 year (12 months old) to spawn and reproduce. Goldfish can spawn several times during the breeding season. It is delivered every 1 or 2 weeks, and 2-3 animals can be delivered. Where the irradiation is reached, small fish will hatch in a week or so.
artificial insemination
In general, goldfish broodstock with well-developed gonads are able to marry naturally and lay healthy fertilized eggs. But when people want to cross new varieties, or when there are many females in a certain species and the males have only one or two tails, we can take the method of artificial insemination and carry out goldfish breeding. Artificial insemination can make up for the lack of natural fertilization, greatly improve the utilization rate of sperm and eggs, and consciously cultivate new varieties of superior grade according to production needs.
There are two methods of artificial insemination of goldfish, which can be carried out with water or dehydrated.
(1) Insemination with water: Use a large shallow bottom white basin, fill 1/2 of the deep clean dried tap water, and put an appropriate amount of goldfish algae or foxtail algae bunches to make it float in the water. Then, the left and right hands in the water to lift the identified standard broodstock, so that they cloaca permutation holes opposite, and with the thumb gently squeeze the male broodstock abdomen, extruding milky white semen, at the same time, the other hand thumb also gently squeeze the female broodstock abdomen, squeezing out the mature fish eggs. The sperm and egg complete the fertilization process in the water, at which time the fertilized egg will immediately adhere to the aquatic grass. In order to ensure the normal hatching of the fertilized eggs, the aquatic weeds adhering to the fish eggs should be immediately moved into another water body with better conditions to incubate the seedlings.
(2) Water insemination method: take out a pair of female and male broods that have been determined by the standard, dry the fish body with soft gauze, gently press the male's abdomen with your thumb, squeeze out the semen in a dry glass container, and then quickly squeeze the female's abdomen with your thumb, squeeze the mature egg into the glass container containing semen. At the same time, take a dried feather and stir the sperm and eggs with each other. The fertilized eggs are then spilled on the nest, and the fertilized eggs will become sticky when they encounter water, and will immediately adhere to the aquatic grass, and then send them to hatch. Insimation from water, the semen of one male can be fertilized by the eggs of multiple females, which can fully save the amount of males.
About hybridization
Goldfish and crucian carp can theoretically be hybridized, and goldfish themselves are selected from wild crucian carp, which are biologically different species of the same species. But in fact, it is difficult to cross goldfish and crucian carp, because the two have undergone great changes in appearance and living habits, and when polyculture together, crucian carp has obvious physiological advantages, and it is difficult to naturally pair fish with obvious advantages.
Theoretically, artificial insemination of goldfish and crucian carp can achieve reproductive success, but no one will do that, because the offspring of both will neither be better looking than goldfish, nor will they have the strong life ability of crucian carp, and neither will be excellent.
7 Notes on Editing
Feeding water quality
Goldfish breeding predecessors have long had the experience of "raising fish before raising water", which shows that the quality of water will directly affect the normal growth and development of goldfish. The purpose of water change is to remove dirt in the water (garbage, fish feces and residual feed, stale impurities), keep the water clean, adjust the water temperature, increase oxygen in the water, and thus stimulate the growth and development of goldfish.
If you want to raise goldfish well, you must have a preliminary understanding of fish farming water:
New water
Refers to the tap water that has just been released, which is the most ideal water for fish farming. However, it should be noted that the water temperature is often different from the water temperature in the fish pond (tank), and it is necessary to carry out temperature regulation treatment (in some areas, the tap water with more chlorine also needs to be dechlorinated).
Chen Shui
It is dirty water containing feces and dirt at the bottom of the fish pond (tank). Includes long-term unchanged feed water in the pool (tank). It has a great influence on the growth of fish.
Old water
It is a general term for the clean and tender green, green, old green or greenish brown water in the fish pond (tank). Among them, tender green water is the best. There are more green algae floating in the old water, and they are also a good auxiliary feed for goldfish. This kind of decomposition of organic matter in this water is less, dissolved oxygen is more, often with tender green and clean old water fish, the fish raised has the most exuberant appetite, the fish body is strong, bright color, and rapid development.
Back to clear water
If it is found that the old green water in the original pool (tank) suddenly becomes clear water, many green algae precipitate the bottom of the tank, this phenomenon is called back to clear water. This water is easy to cause fish diseases and needs to be replaced.
Water change method
(1) General water replacement Under normal circumstances, especially in the hot summer, as long as you insist on the feces and dirt at the bottom of the fish pond (tank) together with the old water, gently suck out 1/10-1/5 with a hose, remove the dust and floating feces on the water surface, and then slowly inject isothermal new water along the wall of the pool (tank) to keep the water quality clean. This method of water change is not easy to hurt the fish body, the method is simple and safe, and it is most suitable for the application of family fish tanks or small pond fish farmers.
(ii) Partial water exchange This water exchange method is mainly carried out in two cases. In a situation in the hot summer and early autumn, the feeding water in the fish pond (tank) has not changed for a few days, and the water color turns green very quickly (because the amount of feed is small), the water quality is still clean, in order to prevent the goldfish from scalding the tail, so you can fish out all the goldfish in the pool (tank), and then the water in the pool (tank) is rotated into a spiral, and after a moment of stillness, the dirt and old water in the center of the pool (tank) are sucked out 1/3-1/2 with a rubber pipe, and then inject equal temperature, equal amount of new water, and then fish the goldfish into the original pool (tank) for feeding.
Another situation is that the water in the pool (tank) has not been changed for a few days, the water color is still good, but because of the excessive amount of feeding on the day, in the case of floating heads, emergency measures must be taken. The method of changing the water is the same as mentioned above.
If it is a large fish pond in the fishing ground, it is not necessary to fish out the goldfish, but use the folding net to block the fish on the side, and then gently rotate the water in the pool with the fishing net for tens of seconds, wait for the water to stand still for a moment and then open the drainage gate to slowly release the water or use the straw to suck out the excess fish worms, feces and stale water in the center of the pond (tank), or use the fishing net pocket to fish out the excess fish worms from the center, and then put 1/4-1/2 of the old water, and finally inject the same amount, isothermal new water, this method is common in fish farms or households due to excessive feeding when the first aid method is used.
(3) Thorough water change This kind of water change is often a water change method that is carried out at the same time as turning the pond (tank) and selecting young fish or adult fish. It is often used when the water quality is severely corrupted or the moss is too long and the fish is too dense. There are two ways to do this:
1. In the absence of an idle pool, all the goldfish have to be fished into the basin or put the cage into the water adjacent to the pond for temporary breeding, and the oxygenator head is added to the basin or cage to increase oxygenation. Then, brush off the moss on the wall of the original pool, rinse thoroughly, re-inject the isothermal new water, let it sit for a while until the water temperature is equal, and then fish the fish into the original pool (tank).
2. If there is a free pool and new water, as long as all the goldfish are fished into the basin or cage, and the treatment is selected and handled separately, the sub-tank of the sub-pool, the water temperature of the non-sub-pool is equal, the goldfish can be moved into the new water for breeding. This method of water change should pay special attention to the water temperature, and it is best to choose to do it before 9 o'clock in the morning on a sunny day. However, this method is generally only suitable for adult fish or larger juvenile fish, and should not be used by juvenile fish. If conditions permit, before a thorough water change, it is better to fill the spare pool (tank) with water and then fish directly into the reserve pool (tank). This way the water temperature changes little, the fish are easy to adapt to the new environment, so that the fish are not from the pain of squeezing in the basin or cage. This method of water exchange is generally carried out every half month or so in the spring and autumn. Summer volt weather, water temperature up to 28 ° C or more, in the water color is very easy to thick color, water quality is easy to turbidity, generally 4-7 days should be completely changed once. In winter, the water temperature drops to about 4 °C, the goldfish activity is slow, the appetite is reduced, the water quality is not easy to deteriorate, and the water is generally not changed without special circumstances.
It should be noted that due to differences in density, body size, feed, feeding habits, and water quality maintenance equipment, the method of water change cannot be too dogmatic, and it should be appropriately adjusted according to the water quality and the state of the fish, which requires long-term experience in fish farming.